The specific manner in which ions associate with a peptide surface is a subject of much research. The models currently proposed tend to rely either on computational results from overly simplified systems, or on observations of bulk solution behavior not applicable to peptide solvation. Herein we demonstrate a new platform for directly measuring specific ion interactions with peptides and use a pair of highly conserved model peptides to investigate specific mechanisms by which ions interact with a peptide surface. A system for investigation of charge selective ion-peptide interactions using a conical glass nanopore was designed. The glass nanopore was coated using layer-by-layer depositions of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride and sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) to control the size and charge selectivity of the nanopore. The tip of this nanopore probe was encapsulated in a 5% agarose gel to prevent peptide fouling. This probe was then used to measure the partitioning of cations to or from the surface of two model peptides: nonpolar V5-120 and positively charged KV6-112 elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). Partitioning was measured by clamping the current through the pore at zero amps and measuring the resulting potential across the nanopore. This potential was used to determine the bulk concentration of electrolyte in a 1 mg/mL peptide in 0.1 M electrolyte solution. Measurements were made with a patch clamp using chloride salts with the cations potassium, lithium, cesium, ammonium, and guanidinium at both room temperature and in an ice bath to ensure that the peptides were in their unfolded state and thus that all possible binding sites were exposed to the solution. All salts were observed to partition to the peptide surface with much less affinity than water, resulting in an increase in the bulk electrolyte concentration with the exception of ammonium, which showed a greater affinity than water for the KV6-112 ELP in the ice bath measurements. These results demonstrate that cations do not favorably partition to nonpolar or cationic peptide surfaces.

Besides collagen, elastin is the most common connective tissue structural protein in vertebrates and similar to collagen relatively resistant to non-specific degradation. Typical elastolytic proteases are the serine-dependent pancreatic and leukocyte elastases, the Zn-dependent matrix metalloproteinase 12, and several lysosomal cysteine proteases. Among the cysteine cathepsins, cathepsins S, K and V are highly potent elastases with cathepsin V displaying the highest activity among all known mammalian elastases. Despite a shared amino acid sequence identity of over 80% between cathepsins V and L and very similar subsite specificities, only cathepsin V has a potent elastase activity whereas cathepsin L lacks it. A series of chimera mutants containing various proportions of cathepsin V and cathepsin L were constructed in an attempt to define a specific region needed for elastin degradation. It was found that retaining the peptide sequence region from amino acids 89 to 119 of cathepsin V preserves the mutant’s elastolytic activity against elastin-Rhodamine conjugates whereas the region FTVVAPGK (amino acids 112-119) contributes approximately 60% of activity retention. Several additional mutant proteins involving mutual swapping of residues VDIPK (amino acids 113-117) of cathepsin L with residues TVVAPGK (amino acids 113-119) of cathepsin V, deletion of Glyl 18 from cathepsin V, and insertion of Gly between Prol 16 and Lysi 17 in cathepsin L were constructed and evaluated for their elastolytic activities. The results obtained with those mutant cathepsin proteins support the importance of the amino acid region spanning the residues from 112 to 119 in cathepsin V. Based on the 3-D structure of cathepsin V, this peptide region is located below subsite binding pocket S2 and forms a wall-like barrier which may act as an exosite for the productive binding of cross-linked elastin.

Currently used small diameter synthetic vascular grafts are prone to high rates of failure related to thrombosis and neointimal hyperplasia. Biomimetic materials, based on the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition of native tissues, represent an attractive solution to address these complications. The inherent low thrombogenicity and cell signalling properties of elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) make them a suitable option for these applications. In this thesis, ELP surface modification has been achieved through the use of elastin cross-linking peptide bioactive fluorinated surface modifiers (ECP-BFSMs). The synthesis of these low molecular weight fluorinated additives was described and their subsequent blending with a base polycarbonate-urethane (PCNU) was shown to successfully enrich the surface to allow for ELP surface cross-linking. The kinetic surface migration of fluorescent ECP-BFSMs was studied over a 2 week casting period by two-photon confocal microscopy. Contact angle and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the surface localization of the ECP-BFSMs. Changes in contact angle and XPS spectrums following ELP surface cross-linking confirmed the success of the surface modification approach. The novel ELP surface modified materials were demonstrated to inhibit fibrinogen surface adsorption and platelet adhesion under physiological flow conditions and inhibit bulk platelet activation following blood-material contact. Moreover, these ELP modified surfaces were shown to promote increased endothelial and smooth muscle cell adhesion, spreading and retention over a 7 day culture period relative to their non-ELP analogs. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells seeded on the elastin-like materials were shown to express endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) cell specific phenotypic markers, respectively. Furthermore, competitive inhibition experiments revealed that initial smooth muscle cell adhesion to ELP surface modified materials was mediated through elastin-laminin cell surface receptors binding to VGVAPG peptide sequences on the ELP molecules. Hence, these materials may have broad applicability in cardiovascular applications, from blood contacting materials to scaffold structures for vascular graft tissue engineering. Furthermore, this surface modifying additive approach represents a versatile technique that can be custom tailored for various biomimetic applications to generate stable bioactive ECM-like surfaces retained onto a relatively inert fluorinated background.

Currently used small diameter synthetic vascular grafts are prone to high rates of failure related to thrombosis and neointimal hyperplasia. Biomimetic materials, based on the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition of native tissues, represent an attractive solution to address these complications. The inherent low thrombogenicity and cell signalling properties of elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) make them a suitable option for these applications. In this thesis, ELP surface modification has been achieved through the use of elastin cross-linking peptide bioactive fluorinated surface modifiers (ECP-BFSMs). The synthesis of these low molecular weight fluorinated additives was described and their subsequent blending with a base polycarbonate-urethane (PCNU) was shown to successfully enrich the surface to allow for ELP surface cross-linking. The kinetic surface migration of fluorescent ECP-BFSMs was studied over a 2 week casting period by two-photon confocal microscopy. Contact angle and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the surface localization of the ECP-BFSMs. Changes in contact angle and XPS spectrums following ELP surface cross-linking confirmed the success of the surface modification approach. The novel ELP surface modified materials were demonstrated to inhibit fibrinogen surface adsorption and platelet adhesion under physiological flow conditions and inhibit bulk platelet activation following blood-material contact. Moreover, these ELP modified surfaces were shown to promote increased endothelial and smooth muscle cell adhesion, spreading and retention over a 7 day culture period relative to their non-ELP analogs. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells seeded on the elastin-like materials were shown to express endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) cell specific phenotypic markers, respectively. Furthermore, competitive inhibition experiments revealed that initial smooth muscle cell adhesion to ELP surface modified materials was mediated through elastin-laminin cell surface receptors binding to VGVAPG peptide sequences on the ELP molecules. Hence, these materials may have broad applicability in cardiovascular applications, from blood contacting materials to scaffold structures for vascular graft tissue engineering. Furthermore, this surface modifying additive approach represents a versatile technique that can be custom tailored for various biomimetic applications to generate stable bioactive ECM-like surfaces retained onto a relatively inert fluorinated background.

Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)--University of Western Australia, 2007.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Elliot L. Chaikof; Committee Member: Ajit Yoganathan; Committee Member: Larry McIntire; Committee Member: Marc Levenston; Committee Member: Mark Allen. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Besides collagen, elastin is the most common connective tissue structural protein in vertebrates and similar to collagen relatively resistant to non-specific degradation. Typical elastolytic proteases are the serine-dependent pancreatic and leukocyte elastases, the Zn-dependent matrix metalloproteinase 12, and several lysosomal cysteine proteases. Among the cysteine cathepsins, cathepsins S, K and V are highly potent elastases with cathepsin V displaying the highest activity among all known mammalian elastases. Despite a shared amino acid sequence identity of over 80% between cathepsins V and L and very similar subsite specificities, only cathepsin V has a potent elastase activity whereas cathepsin L lacks it. A series of chimera mutants containing various proportions of cathepsin V and cathepsin L were constructed in an attempt to define a specific region needed for elastin degradation. It was found that retaining the peptide sequence region from amino acids 89 to 119 of cathepsin V preserves the mutant’s elastolytic activity against elastin-Rhodamine conjugates whereas the region FTVVAPGK (amino acids 112-119) contributes approximately 60% of activity retention. Several additional mutant proteins involving mutual swapping of residues VDIPK (amino acids 113-117) of cathepsin L with residues TVVAPGK (amino acids 113-119) of cathepsin V, deletion of Glyl 18 from cathepsin V, and insertion of Gly between Prol 16 and Lysi 17 in cathepsin L were constructed and evaluated for their elastolytic activities. The results obtained with those mutant cathepsin proteins support the importance of the amino acid region spanning the residues from 112 to 119 in cathepsin V. Based on the 3-D structure of cathepsin V, this peptide region is located below subsite binding pocket S2 and forms a wall-like barrier which may act as an exosite for the productive binding of cross-linked elastin. / Medicine, Faculty of / Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of / Graduate

Atherosklerose ist ein wichtiger Faktor bezüglich der Pathogenese kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen, indem sie Einfluss auf die strukturellen und funktionellen Eigenschaften der Gefäße nimmt. Wegen dieser Bedeutung ist es wichtig, diese Erkrankung und deren Zusammenhänge genau zu erforschen. Einige Studien konnten zeigen, dass die Pulswellengeschwindigkeit mit Gefäßwand-eigenschaften, insbesondere deren Steifigkeit, zusammenhängt. So konnte in Untersuchungen von Gotschy et al.27 eine Zunahme der lokalen Pulswellen-geschwindigkeit, als Marker für Gefäßwandsteifigkeit, in Aortenanteilen von ApoE(-/-)-Mäusen im Zeitverlauf mittels MRT gezeigt werden, ohne dass makroskopische Veränderungen in frühen Stufen atherosklerotischer Entwicklung sichtbar waren. Dies wird nun als Ausgangspunkt herangezogen, um zu erforschen, durch welche histologischen Veränderungen des Gefäßes innerhalb der Atherogenese eine frühe Zunahme der lokalen PWV erklärt werden kann. Hierzu wird zum einen die mit der Gefäßwandsteifigkeit in Zusammenhang gebrachte Elastinfragmentierung innerhalb der elastischen Laminae der Aorta ascendens und abdominalis mittels histologischer Untersuchung quantitativ bestimmt. Die elastischen Schichten werden durch modifizierte Elastika-van-Gieson-Färbung dargestellt. Zur vergleichenden Bestimmung wird ein Quotient aus der Anzahl bei mikroskopischer Betrachtung erkennbarer Brüche der elastischen Laminae und bestimmter Gefäßwandquerschnittsfläche erstellt. Die Ausprägung der Elastinfragmentierung unterscheidet sich signifikant in den zwei höchsten Altersklassen der Test- und Kontrollmäuse in beiden untersuchten Aortenabschnitten, wobei die ApoE(-/-)-Tiere stets den höheren Wert aufweisen. Anhand der Ähnlichkeit hinsichtlich der Entwicklung der Messwerte von beschriebener lokalen PWV und der hier gezeigten Elastinfragmentierung kann vermutet werden, dass diese zu einer Erhöhung der Gefäßwandsteifigkeit beiträgt. Die gezeigten histologischen Parameter können so als Indikator für Veränderungen der Gefäßeigenschaften während der Atherogenese und als möglicher Grund einer Veränderung der Gefäßwandsteifigkeit mit konsekutiver Erhöhung der lokalen PWV angesehen werden. Als weiterer Einflussfaktor auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Blutgefäßsystems wird die Entwicklung des Kollagengehaltes anteilig an der Aortenwand bestimmt. Es wurde in vielen Publikationen beschrieben, welchen großen Stellenwert Kollagenfasern für die Gefäßwandsteifigkeit haben. Auch wird das untersuchte Kollagen hinsichtlich seiner Faserdicken nochmals genauer untersucht. Die Kollagenfasern werden mittels Pikro-Sirius-Rot gefärbt und anschließend unter zirkulär polarisiertem Licht analysiert. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeigen keinen eindeutigen Trend hinsichtlich ihrer Entwicklung. Sie lassen sich auch nicht mit der aufgestellten Hypothese in Übereinkunft bringen, da keine zeitliche Dynamik verglichen mit der Entwicklung der anderen Parameter nachgewiesen werden kann. Um den beschriebenen entzündlichen Charakter der Atherogenese ebenso zu berücksichtigen, wird das Einwanderungsverhalten von Makrophagen in die Gefäßwand betrachtet. Es wird die relative Fläche der durch Makrophagen besiedelten Gefäßwandanteile bestimmt und als Indikator einer Entzündungsreaktion angesehen, welche direkt oder indirekt Einfluss auf Gefäßwandeigenschaften haben könnte. Mittels eines Antikörpers gegen das makrophagenspezifische Protein CD68 und Kombination mit anti-antikörpervermittelt bindenden fluoreszierenden Substanzen, werden Makrophagen in einem Fluoreszenzmikroskop sichtbar gemacht und die besiedelte Fläche softwaregestützt bestimmt. Dabei kommt die vorliegende Untersuchung zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich die Makrophagenbesiedelung in beiden betrachteten Aortenabschnitten deutlich im Zeitverlauf bei den ApoE(-/-)-Tieren erhöht. Der relative Gefäßwandanteil der von Makrophagen besiedelten Flächen erreicht seinen höchsten Wert innerhalb der Aorta ascendens bei 18 Wochen alten ApoE(-/-)-Tieren; in der Aorta abdominalis bei 30 Wochen alten. Die absolute CD68-Fläche in beiden Aortenabschnitten steigt bis zum Versuchsende hin an, wobei der stärkste Anstieg in der Zeit von sechs zu 18 Wochen geschieht. Dagegen zeigt die Kontrollgruppe eine sehr geringe Zunahme dieser beiden Messgrößen, wobei diese stets auf einem sehr niedrigen Niveau bleiben und keineswegs mit der Entwicklung der Testtiere zu vergleichen sind. Besonders zu beachten ist, das bereits in der jüngsten Altersstufe von sechs Wochen ein höheres Maß an Makrophagenbesiedelung bei Aortenanteilen der ApoE(-/-)-Tiere zu verzeichnen ist, als bei den entsprechenden Kontrollen. Auf Grund dieser Beobachtung, lässt sich ein möglicher Zusammenhang mit der schon früh ansteigenden Gefäßsteifigkeit vor sichtbarer Plaqueentwicklung herstellen. Bei der Klärung der zentralen Fragestellung dieser Arbeit nach einem histomorphologischen Korrelat für die frühzeitige Erhöhung der lokalen PWV zeigt sich folgendes Ergebnis: Insgesamt können die gemessenen histologischen Charakteristika, vor allem die Entwicklung der Elastinfragmentierung innerhalb der Gefäßwand und der Grad der Makrophagenbesiedelung, frühe Indikatoren für Veränderungen morphologischer und funktioneller Gefäßwandspezifikationen sein. Sie kommen daher als denkbare Ursache für den Anstieg der lokalen Pulswellengeschwindigkeit in Betracht, besonders da die zuvor erwähnten histologischen Parameter zeitlich wie diese einen ähnlichen Verlauf hinsichtlich ihrer Entwicklung zeigen. Die Atherogenese und deren zahlreiche Einflussfaktoren bleiben weiterhin Forschungs-gegenstand und es gilt mehr denn je mögliche Mechanismen aufzudecken, um eine Gefäßwandschädigung frühzeitig und effektiv verhindern zu können. Hiervon würde ein Großteil der Bevölkerung profitieren, da die Atherosklerose durch ihre Folgeerkrankungen nach wie vor, nicht nur in Deutschland, die Todesursachenstatistik anführt. / Atherosclerosis is the most important and prevalently appearing pathological change of arteries with influence on their structural and functional attributes. The great relevance of that disease motivates to research this relation precisely. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of elastin fiber fragmentation, the collagen components and the inflammation in the aortic vessel wall on the aortic stiffness and the local pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the ApoE-/- mouse model. Therefore the histological fractures of elastic filaments, the inflammation (characterized by vessel wall Infiltration with macrophages) and the relative amount of collagen in the vessel wall were analyzed in a quantitative way and correlated with the characteristic of local PWV during aging and progressive therosclerosis. In the previous measurements of local PWV with MRI scan was an increase of the PWV detectable before a morphological correlate could be seen. We found a correlation between elastin fiber fragmentation, inflammation of the vessel wall and the local PWV.

No description available.

Elastin is an essential extracellular protein that is a key component of elastic fibres, providing elasticity to cardiac, dermal, and arterial tissues. During the development of the human cardiovascular system, elastin self-assembles before being integrated into fibres, undergoing no significant turnover during the human lifetime. Abnormalities in elastin can adversely affect its self-assembly, and may lead to malformed elastic fibres. Due to the longevity required of these fibres, even minor abnormalities may have a large cumulative effect over the course of a lifetime, leading to late-onset vascular diseases. This thesis project has identified important, over-represented repetitive elements in elastin which are believed to be important for the self-assembly and elastomeric properties of elastin. Initial studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the HapMap project and dbSNP resulted in a set of genetic variation sites in the elastin gene. Based on these studies, glycine to serine and lysine to arginine substitutions were introduced in elastin-like polypeptides. The self-assembly properties of the resulting elastin-like polypeptides were observed under microscope and measured using absorbance at 440nm. Assembled polypeptides were also cross-linked to form thin membranes whose mechanical and physical properties were measured and compared. These mutations resulted in markedly different behavior than wild-type elastin-like proteins, suggesting that mutations in the repetitive elements of the elastin sequence can lead to adverse changes in the physical and functional properties of the resulting protein. Using next-generation sequencing, patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms are being genotyped to discover polymorphisms which may adversely affect the self-assembly properties of elastin, providing a link between genetic variation in elastin and cardiovascular disease.