Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Power grid and system protection advancement greatly depend on technological advances. Advent technologies like digital microprocessor type protective relays facilitate paradigm shifts, providing inimitable beneficial engineering adaptations. Phasor measuring technology provides one such technological advance. The onset and rapid development of the Phasor Measuring Unit (PMU) provides an excellent platform for phasor-based, power system engineering. Power transmission constitutes a critical section in the electric power system. The power system transmission lines are susceptible to faults which require instant isolation to establish and maintain consistent system stability. This research focuses on the study of transmission line protection based on P-Class synchrophasor measurements. The IEEE C37.238-2011 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) paradigm shift facilitates practical application of synchrophasors in protection schemes. Synchrophasor procession and accurate data alignment over wide areas support the hypothesis of a phasor-based transmission line differential protection. This research aims to directly implement P-Class synchrophasors in transmission line differential protection, employing synchrophasors to determine fault conditions and administer corresponding protective actions in wide area transmission lines. The research also aims to evaluate the operational characteristics of the synchrophasor-based transmission line differential protection scheme. The research deliverables include a laboratory scale Test-bench that implements the PMU-based transmission line differential protection scheme, and a differential protection utility software solution that follows guidelines specified by the C37.118-2011 standard for synchrophasors. The findings stand to evaluate performance of the PMU-based line differential protection scheme, verifying the protection model as an alternate, practical and feasible backup protection solution. The research deliverables include a synchrophasor-based current differential algorithm, software utility for implementing the PMU-based protection scheme and a Test-bench for concept and feasibility validation.

D.Ing. / Alternating current systems employing single-frequency sinusoidal waveforms render optimal service when the currents in that system are also sinusoidal and have a fixed phase relationship to the voltages that drive them. Under unity- power factor conditions, the currents are in phase with the voltages and optimal net-energy transfer takes place under minimum loading conditions, i.e. with the lowest effective values of current and voltage in the system. The above conditions were realised in the earlier years, because supply authorities generated 50 Hz sinusoidal voltages and consumers drew 50 Hz sinusoidal currents with fixed phase relationships to these voltages. Static and rotating electrical equipment like transformers, motors, heating and lighting equipment were equally compatible with this requirement and well-behaved AC networks were more the rule than the exception. The fact that three-phase systems conveyed the bulk of the power from one topographical location to the next did not constrain the utilisation of that concept at all, even though poly-phase transmission systems were necessary to increase the economy of transmission and to furnish non-pulsating power transfer. Also, additional theory had to be developed to handle unbalanced conditions in these multi-phase systems and to take care of complex network analysis and fault conditions. Difficulties begin to manifest themselves when equipment not meeting these requirements is connected to the network and when the currents it draws are not sinusoidal. An increasing number of applications demand DC-voltage supplies from which DC-currents are to be drawn. Because power transmission is carried out by means of AC networks, the DC is furnished by converting or rectifying the AC-supply. Power-electronic circuits, of which the R 2P2 power supplies the AEC employs are no exception, employ line-commutated AC/DC converters in their front-ends, and fall into that category. Although these line-commutated, phase-controlled AC/DC converters are capable of handling giga-watt power levels, line-frequency commutation causes the currents they draw on the AC-side to be distorted, even though still to be periodic. These non-sinusoidal currents, drawn from the source, along the transmission lines and through other distribution system immittances, also give rise to non-sinusoidal voltage drops between the source and the load, which results in distorted voltage waveforms at other nodes and at the load. Harmonic penetration studies are essential to evaluate the performance of transmission systems in the presence of current distortion sources. These sources do not only bring about voltage distortion within the confines of their own borders, but extend their influence outside into those of other consumers as well. Supplyutilities are wary of the distortion introduced into their networks by consumers and initial recommendations have now given way to rigid standards for curbing harmonic pollution by consumers Because conventional steady-state alternating current circuit theory fails in the presence of distortion there are only two ways in which harmonic penetration studies can be carried out. Numerical integration methods are mandatory in the study of transient performance of electrical networks during switching and similar occurrences, but become cumbersome when the networks contain more than just a few nodes and are impossible to use when several tens or hundreds of nodes are encountered. Fortunately, harmonic penetration studies can be confined to steady-state operating conditions in a network in which voltages and currents are distorted but remain periodic and are therefore Fourier transformable. When viewed in the frequency-domain, non-sinusoidal but periodic current and voltage waveforms can be represented by discrete frequency spectra. Frequency-domain analysis offers a number of advantages. From the frequency-domain point of view, distortion can be quantified in terms of complex phasor values of voltages and currents at discrete harmonic frequencies that individually lend themselves to conventional circuit theory, permitting calculations to be carried out in extensive networks. Solutions that apply to these individual harmonic frequencies can then be summated across the spectrum to furnish aggregate or joint parameters of currents, voltages and powers and can also be transformed back into the time-domain for the reconstruction of the relevant time-dependent waveforms. Both the frequency and time-domain waveforms, of voltage and current, constructed in the above manner are concise and convey the same numerical information. When attempting, however, to quantify the circuit behaviour in terms of the classical definitions of active, reactive and apparent power, it is soon discovered that different definitions are possible. The different definitions, unfortunately, lead to divergent results and it is impossible to assess the utility of each different theory on a general basis. Only by applying the different theories in dedicated measurements, can their relative worth be established in terms of specific circumstances. That is the main theme of this dissertation.

D.Phil / The prediction of the expected transmission network loads as required for transmission network power flow studies, has become very important and much more complex than ten to twenty years ago. Therefore a single forecast is no longer the answer to the problem. The modelling of different long-term electrical forecasts makes it possible to compare a number of different forecasts. The modelling provides the further option that each expected load can be entered as a range and then the developed balancing algorithm checks for consensus (feasibility). If feasibility exists, then the different forecasts are reconciled (a feasible solution is determined). Factors such as international and national market trends, economical cycles, different weather patterns, climate cycles and demographic changes are studied. The factors that have significant impact on the transmission electrical loads are integrated in ten different forecasts. It thus gives more insight into the electrical industry and makes the forecast results more informative and therefore reduces the uncertainty in the future expected loads.

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Thesis (M.Eng.)--University of Wollongong, School of Electrical, Computer & Telecommunications Engineering. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 143-147.

A project submitted to the faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilments of the requirements for the degree of Master of science in Engineering Johannesburg, 1994 / The purpose of this document is to report on the development of Linear Programming function for the Generation Expansion Planning environment of Eskom. This was achieved by researching the modeling methods employed in this and related fields of work. After establishing the scope of the work to be performed all the options were carefully assessed and it was decided to develop the Production Scheduling function first, as this would serve as the foundation for future work. The requirements were specified after extensive discussion with the customer. These requirements were utilize to establish the formulae, including their bounds and constraints. These were in turn converted into the Linear programming function. To faci1itate the data input process a simple input facility was developed. To maximize the value of the results the report writer was developed to enable sensitivity studies to be performed. This work was later used as the foundation of the NewGex programme.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Pierre Dersin. / Ph.D.

This dissertation focuses on two specific problems related to the reliability of the modern power grid. The first part investigates the economic dispatch problem with uncertain power sources. The classic economic dispatch problem seeks generator power output levels that meet demand most efficiently; we add risk-awareness to this by explicitly modeling the uncertainty of intermittent power sources using chance-constrained optimization and incorporating the chance constraints into the standard optimal power flow framework. The result is a dispatch of power which is substantially more robust to random fluctuations with only a small increase in economic cost. Furthermore, it uses an algorithm which is only moderately slower than the conventional practice. The second part investigates “the power grid attack problem”: aiming to maximize disruption to the grid, how should an attacker distribute a budget of “damage” across the power lines? We formulate it as a continuous problem, which bypasses the combinatorial explosion of a discrete formulation and allows for interesting attacks containing lines that are only partially damaged rather than completely removed. The result of our solution to the attack problem can provide helpful information to grid planners seeking to improve the resilience of the power grid to outages and disturbances. Both parts of this dissertation include extensive experimental results on a number of cases, including many realistic large-scale instances.

The thesis presents a method of committing generating units in a hydro-thermal power system within practical computer resources such as computer time and data storage.