La lumière est incroyable polyvalente pour mesurer toutes sortes de grandeurs physiques : température, champ électrique, déplacement et déformation, etc. Les capteurs photoniques sont des candidats prometteurs pour les développements de nouvelles générations de capteurs en raison de leurs vertus de sensibilité élevée, une grande gamme dynamique, etc. Les capteurs intégrés et ceux placés en bout de fibre sur une couche mince de niobate de lithium seront ici étudiés en explorant l’électro-optique ainsi que les pyro-électronique afin de concevoir des capteurs de champs et de capteurs de température. / Light is incredibly versatile for measuring all kinds of physical quantities :temperature, electric field (E-field), displacement and strain etc. Photonic sensors are promising candidates for the new generation of sensors developments due to their virtues of high sensitivity, large dynamic range and compact size etc. Integrated and on-fiber end photonic sensors on thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) exploring the electro-optic (EO) and pyro-electric effects are studied in this thesis in order to design E-field sensors and temperature sensors (T-sensors). These studies aim to develop sensors with high sensitivity and compact size. To achieve that aim, sensors that are made of photonic crystals (PhC) cavities are studied by sensing the measurand through the resonance wavelength interrogation method. In integrated sensor studies, intensive numerical calculations by PWE method, mode solving technique and FDTD methods are carried out for the design of high light confinement waveguiding structures on TFLN and suitable PhC configurations. Four types of waveguide (WG) structures (ridge WG, strip loaded WG, slot WG and double slot WG) are studied with a large range of geometrical parameters. Among them, slot WG yields the highest confinement factor while strip loaded WG is an easier option for realizations. Bragg grating is designed in slot WG with an ultra compact size (about 0.5µm×0.7µm ×6µm) and is employed to design PhC cavity. A moderate resonance Q of about 300 in F-P like cavity where the mirrors are made of PhC is achieved with ER of about 70% of the transmission. Theoretical minimum E-field sensitivity of this slot Bragg grating structure can be as low as 200 µV/m. On the other hand, Si3N4 strip loaded WG is designed with 2D PhC structure and a low resonance Q of about 100 is achieved. Fabrications of nano-metrical WG such as ridge WG Si3N4 strip loaded are demonstrated. However, the realization of nanometric components on LN presents a big challenge.In the on-fiber end sensor studies, guided resonance, oftentimes referred to as Fano resonance due to its asymmetric lineshape, is studied with different PhC lattice types. A Suzuki phase lattice (SPL) PhC presenting a Fano resonance at the vicinity of 1500 nm has been studied and demonstrated as temperature sensor with sensitivity of 0.77 nm/oC with a size of only 25 µm × 24 µm. In addition, guided resonances on rectangular lattice PhC have been systematically studied through band diagram calculations, 2D-FDTD and 3D- FDTD simulations.

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour but de fabriquer des systèmes électro-optiques compacts en utilisant les propriétés des cristaux photoniques (CP).). Le niobate de lithium (LiNbO3) est très attractif pour les applications optiques (télécommunications optiques, biomédical, astrophysique) car il a de faibles pertes en propagation (0.1 dB/cm ou moins), une faible dispersion en longueur d’onde, une large bande de transparence (350-5000 nm), et des forts coefficients Electro-optiques, non-linéaires et acousto-optiques. Cependant, les composants optiques utilisant ce matériau présentent classiquement un encombrement supérieur au centimètre, ce qui est dommageable pour leur intégration dans des circuits optiques compacts. Nous cherchons à démontrer plus précisément la faisabilité de modulateurs électro-optiques ultra-compacts tout en gardant les performances des modulateurs de type Mach-Zehnder, telles que de faibles pertes d'insertion, une faible tension de commande et un fort taux d'extinction. Nous proposons de remplir ces objectifs par l'usinage de cristaux photoniques à haut facteur de forme sur des guides LiNbO3, en associant découpe à la scie circulaire de précision et gravure par faisceau d'ion focalisé. La configuration s’appuie d’une part sur une tranche fine (ridge) de LiNbO3 qui confine la lumière transversalement, et d’autre part sur l'usinage du CP à haut facteur de forme pour favoriser une forte sensibilité à la présence de champs électriques externes sur des longueurs actives de l'ordre du micromètre. Les hauts facteurs de forme seront obtenus en usinant les ridges sur leur sommet et sur leurs flancs. Un premier enjeu, technologique, est destiné à optimiser les technologies développées à l’institut FEMTO-ST en vue d’applications à l’optique intégrée. Le deuxième enjeu, scientifique, s’agit de mettre en oeuvre une nouvelle configuration de contrôle de la lumière à l’aide d’un cristal photonique, présentant un double usinage sur les flancs et le sommet. C'est la première démonstration expérimentale de nanostructures LiNbO3 à haut facteur de forme. / The main goal of this PhD thesis is to fabricate compact electro-optical devices in exploiting the properties of photoniccrystal (PhC). Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a very attractive material for optical applications (such as opticaltelecommunication, biomedicine, astrophysics) thanks to its low propagation losses (0.1 dB/cm or less), its weakwavelength dispersion, its large optical bandwidth (350-5000 nm), and its strong electro-optical, non linear and acoustoopticalcoefficients. However, classical LiNbO3-based optical components possess active lengths of several centimers,which is not benefic for their good integration in compact optical circuits.We will focus this study more precisely on the feasibility of ultra-compact electro-optical modulators while keeping theperformances of commercialized LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder type modulators, like their low insertion losses, their high extinctionratios, and their low power consumptions. To overcome this challenge, we will structure high aspect ratio photonic crystalson lithium niobate waveguides by combining optical grade dicing and focused ion beam milling. The main configuration isbased on the technology of LiNbO3 ridge waveguide in order to confine the light laterally and on the nano-structuration ofhigh aspect ratio photonic crystal on the ridge waveguide to enhance the sensibility to electric field stimuli on a fewmicrometers only. Structuring such high aspect ratio PhC will be possible thanks to focused ion beam milling from thetopside and the lateral side of the waveguide.The first issue is to optimize the technology developed in FEMTO-ST Institute for the fabrication of LiNbO3 integratedcomponents. The second issue is to create new configurations to control the propagation of light. This will be the firstexperimental demonstration of high aspect ratio LiNbO3 nanostructures.

Study of electric field in radiation detectors by Pockels effect (Master Thesis) by Michael Hakl Abstract Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) is a convenient candidate for room tem- perature detection of X-ray and gama radiation due to 1.5 eV band- gap energy and high atomic mass. Since CdTe has the highest linear electro-optical coefficient among II-VI compounds, the detector rep- resents a Pockels cell. Transmittance of the crystal is modulated by the internal electric field. Processing of infrared camera photographs results in an electric field profile between biasing electrodes. The elec- tric field in semi-insulting CdTe is influenced with deep level traps causing charge polarization under the electrodes. Occupation of traps is dependent on metal-semiconductor interface. Relation of charge accumulation and band bending for gold and indium contacts was studied. Repolarization/depolarization induced by additional illumi- nation with sub/above bandgap excitation laser was observed and ex- ploited for determination of the deep level energy. Results obtained by the Pockels-effect method were supported with luminescence measure- ments. Correlation between the occurrence of deep levels and surface point defects was discovered. Keywords: Pockels electro-optical effect, Cadmium Telluride ra- diation detector, Electric field, Schottky...

Orientador: Cláudio Kitano / Resumo: Os transformadores de potencial baseados em tecnologia óptica têm sido desenvolvidos com a finalidade de melhorar o desempenho na proteção e medição nos sistemas elétricos de potência. Estes transformadores de potencial podem ser projetados em torno dos moduladores eletro-ópticos de amplitude que, por sua vez, são baseados no efeito Pockels em cristal como o Niobato de Lítio. A expressão geral da transmissão (razão entre o retardo de fase e a tensão aplicada) de um modulador eletro-óptico de intensidades é idêntica à expressão do sinal de saída de um interferômetro de dois feixes. Através de processamento eletrônico de dois sinais interferométricos de saída, com fase relativa de 90o entre si, consegue-se demodular o sinal, independentemente das derivas ambientais. Esses interferômetros, chamados de interferômetros de quadratura, são amplamente utilizados em laboratórios de metrologia. Assim, em 2014, um método de detecção interferométrica de fase óptica foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Optoeletrônica (LOE) da FEIS-UNESP, constituindo uma versão melhorada da técnica de phase-unwrapping. Este método é imune ao fenômeno de desvanecimento, consegue medir o tempo de atraso entre o estímulo e a resposta, tem ampla faixa dinâmica, reconstrói a forma de onda do sinal de modulação sem a necessidade de aplicação de filtros à saída interferométrica, possuindo, ainda, a capacidade de demodular sinais com formas de ondas não periódicas. Beneficiando-se dessas informações, promoveu-se a ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Optical technology-based potential transformers have been developed to improve performance in protection and measurement in electrical power systems. These potential transformers can be designed around amplitude electro-optical modulators which, in turn, are based on the crystal Pockels effect such as Lithium Niobate. The general expression of the transmission (ratio between phase delay and applied voltage) of an electro-optical modulator of intensities is identical to the expression of the output signal of a two-beam interferometer. By electronic processing of two interferometric output signals, with relative phase of 90o between each other, the signal can be demodulated, irrespective of the environmental drift. These interferometers, called quadrature interferometers, are widely used in metrology laboratories. Thus, in 2014, an optical phase interferometric detection method was developed at the FEIS-UNESP’s Optoelectronic Laboratory (LOE), constituting an improved version of the phase-unwrapping technique. This method is immune to the phenomenon of fading, can measure the delay time between the stimulus and the response, has a wide dynamic range, reconstructs the waveform of the modulation signal without the need of applying filters to the interferometric output, also possessing the ability to demodulate signals with non-periodic waveforms. Taking advantage of this information, the adaptation of the method to a high voltage optical sensor in a quadrature configuration was p... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by FERNANDO DA CRUZ PEREIRA (fernandocp.eng@gmail.com) on 2018-04-24T17:28:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Fernando da Cruz Pereira.pdf: 6132578 bytes, checksum: 5b74ffd75609af94d4d9dea04e13c167 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-24T17:59:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_fc_dr_ilha.pdf: 6132578 bytes, checksum: 5b74ffd75609af94d4d9dea04e13c167 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-24T17:59:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_fc_dr_ilha.pdf: 6132578 bytes, checksum: 5b74ffd75609af94d4d9dea04e13c167 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os transformadores de potencial baseados em tecnologia óptica têm sido desenvolvidos com a finalidade de melhorar o desempenho na proteção e medição nos sistemas elétricos de potência. Estes transformadores de potencial podem ser projetados em torno dos moduladores eletro-ópticos de amplitude que, por sua vez, são baseados no efeito Pockels em cristal como o Niobato de Lítio. A expressão geral da transmissão (razão entre o retardo de fase e a tensão aplicada) de um modulador eletro-óptico de intensidades é idêntica à expressão do sinal de saída de um interferômetro de dois feixes. Através de processamento eletrônico de dois sinais interferométricos de saída, com fase relativa de 90o entre si, consegue-se demodular o sinal, independentemente das derivas ambientais. Esses interferômetros, chamados de interferômetros de quadratura, são amplamente utilizados em laboratórios de metrologia. Assim, em 2014, um método de detecção interferométrica de fase óptica foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Optoeletrônica (LOE) da FEIS-UNESP, constituindo uma versão melhorada da técnica de phase-unwrapping. Este método é imune ao fenômeno de desvanecimento, consegue medir o tempo de atraso entre o estímulo e a resposta, tem ampla faixa dinâmica, reconstrói a forma de onda do sinal de modulação sem a necessidade de aplicação de filtros à saída interferométrica, possuindo, ainda, a capacidade de demodular sinais com formas de ondas não periódicas. Beneficiando-se dessas informações, promoveu-se a adaptação do método a um sensor óptico de altas tensões em configuração de quadratura de sinais. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa aborda o estudo e o desenvolvimento de um sensor óptico de alta tensão com chaveamento de quadratura, baseado em célula Pockels, dando continuidade às pesquisas em desenvolvimento no LOE, de um sistema de sensoriamento eletro-óptico de alta tensão. O sensor de alta tensão com chaveamento de quadratura e realimentado por controle de fase, foi implementado e submetido a testes com aplicação de tensões entre 200 V e 8,4 kV (de pico) em 60 Hz, apresentado excelente linearidade na faixa de interesse e boa precisão na medição do conteúdo harmônico dos sinais. Tais resultados evidenciam o potencial do sistema para operar na análise da qualidade de energia elétrica em sistemas da classe de 13,8 kV. / Optical technology-based potential transformers have been developed to improve performance in protection and measurement in electrical power systems. These potential transformers can be designed around amplitude electro-optical modulators which, in turn, are based on the crystal Pockels effect such as Lithium Niobate. The general expression of the transmission (ratio between phase delay and applied voltage) of an electro-optical modulator of intensities is identical to the expression of the output signal of a two-beam interferometer. By electronic processing of two interferometric output signals, with relative phase of 90o between each other, the signal can be demodulated, irrespective of the environmental drift. These interferometers, called quadrature interferometers, are widely used in metrology laboratories. Thus, in 2014, an optical phase interferometric detection method was developed at the FEIS-UNESP’s Optoelectronic Laboratory (LOE), constituting an improved version of the phase-unwrapping technique. This method is immune to the phenomenon of fading, can measure the delay time between the stimulus and the response, has a wide dynamic range, reconstructs the waveform of the modulation signal without the need of applying filters to the interferometric output, also possessing the ability to demodulate signals with non-periodic waveforms. Taking advantage of this information, the adaptation of the method to a high voltage optical sensor in a quadrature configuration was promoted. In this way, the present research deals with the study and development of a high voltage optical sensor with quadrature switching, based on Pockels cell, giving continuity to researches in the LOE of a high voltage electro-optical sensing system. The high voltage sensor with quadrature switching and phase controlled feedback was implemented and submitted to tests with voltage between 200 V and 8.4 kV (peak) at 60 Hz, with excellent linearity in the range of interest and good accuracy in measuring the harmonic content of the signals. These results show the potential of the system to operate in the analysis of electric power quality in systems of the class of 13.8 kV.

This thesis deals with the aspects of methods for pulsed high-level EM quantities measurement. Methods for current and voltage measurement in pulsed power generator and power measurement in pulse microwave generator are discussed. New approaches to single-shot measurement methods application are proposed. The theoretical analysis of suitable sensor designs is performed. The magneto-optic measurement method has been experimentally realized. On the basis of experimental results a fiber-optic current sensor has been designed and theoretically analyzed. For identification and measurement of the free-space electromagnetic pulse a combined calorimetric sensor has been designed and built.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:16:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5339.pdf: 3033412 bytes, checksum: 3e684081236853aacfacccef70bd4635 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-02 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Lead titanate zirconate modified with lanthanum, or PLZT, is one the most ferroelectric compounds utilized in electronic devices, due to its versatility and low production costs in comparison with single-crystalline materials. When adequately prepared, this system presents good optical (high optical transmission) properties, in the visible and near infrared range, and can be electro-optically characterized. Recently, in the end of 90 s, it was verified its high potential as host of photoluminescent ions, as the lanthanide (rare-earth) family. The possibility to use its electro-optic properties (due to its ferroelectric characteristics) and its photoluminescent properties (achieved by the doping process) together ,enlarges the range of application of this system. In this way, the electro-optical characterization of doped PLZT ceramics becomes essential, besides the photonic characterization. In this work, the Senarmont compensator method for electro-optical characterization, or dynamic method, was instrumented, and the values of the induced (due to the quadratic electrooptic effect, Kerr) and permanent (due to the linear electro-optic effect, Pockels) birefringence were determined as a function of the temperature, wave-length and electric-field frequency, of the rare-earth (Nd2O3, Ho2O3, Er2O3, Tm2O3 e Yb2O3) doped PLZT, with La/Zr/Ti=9/65/35, ceramics. The results shown a relationship between of the electro-optic (electro-optic coefficients, or birefringence values) and the dielectric, ferroelectric and structural properties (studied in others works) of the ceramics, that were related with the site occupancy and the structural defects due to the aliovalent dopant. It also can be identified two distinct birefringence dependence as a function of the electric field, for the same electro-optic effect (Kerr, or Pockels), identified as a function of the doping process. In the case of electro-optical characterizations in function of the variable frequency, was observed an agreement with the characterization ferroelectric results made in other works in GCFerr, being evidenced the reduction of electro-optical properties with increasing frequency, where if it observed the occurrence of anomalies in the Pockels response with direct influence on the response Kerr. The characterization as a function of wavelength showed the occurrence of two types of behavior depending on the dopant ion used, being one of them the reduction of the values of birefringence with increasing wavelength (the samples pure and doped ions neodymium (Nd) and ytterbium (Yb)), with a tendency to expected behavior in the literature, however, in the second was seen irregular increase birefringence with increase wavelength (for samples doped with ions holmio ( Ho), erbium (Er) and thulium (Tm),not existing relation with to the theoretical models adopted. In relation the characterization as a function of temperature, this was carried through in a temperature interval that understood the characteristic temperatures of systems relaxores (freezing temperature (TF), the maximum dielectric permittivity (TM (e)) and Burns (TB)), except for the sample doped with neodymium ions, whose freezing temperature is below interval worked. By the curve of birefringence (Δn) as a function of temperature was possible to determine the temperature of maximum birefringence for each of the samples, correlated them with each other. Through the curve (d Δn / dt) vs. T was possible to identify a relationship between the maximum variations, positive and negative birefringence with the temperature characteristics TF and TB. / Entre os sistemas ferroelétricos, o sistema titanato zirconato de chumbo modificado com lantânio (PLZT) é um dos mais amplamente utilizados em dispositivos eletrônicos, dada sua versatilidade em aplicações e relação de custo quando comparado aos materiais monocristalinos utilizados nessa mesma área. Quando preparado pelo devido método de síntese, apresenta excelentes propriedades óticas (altos valores de transmissão ótica) desde a região do visível ao infravermelho próximo, possibilitando uma adequada caracterização de suas propriedades óticas e eletro-óticas. Recentemente, a partir do final da década de 90, foi verificada sua alta potencialidade como matriz hospedeira para íons fotoluminescentes, como os da família dos lantanídeos (ou terras-raras). A possibilidade do uso conjunto das propriedades eletro-óticas (dado seu caráter ferroelétrico) e de suas propriedades luminescentes (devido à incorporação de dopantes laser-ativos) aumentou ainda mais a possibilidade de aplicação desses materiais. Desse modo, a caracterização eletro-ótica das cerâmicas de PLZT dopado torna-se indispensável, além de sua caracterização fotônica. Sendo assim, neste trabalho foi instrumentado um sistema de caracterização eletro-ótica, utilizando o método do compensador Senarmont, também conhecido como método dinâmico, para determinar os valores da birrefringência induzida (devido ao efeito eletro-ótico quadrático, Kerr) e a permanente (devido ao efeito eletro-ótico linear, Pockels) em função da temperatura, comprimento de onda e frequência do campo elétrico de prova para composições cerâmicas de PLZT na razão La/Zr/Ti=9/65/35, dopadas com os óxidos terras-raras Nd2O3, Ho2O3, Er2O3, Tm2O3 e Yb2O3, na quantidade de 1,0% em peso. Os resultados mostraram que há uma relação entre as propriedades eletro-óticas encontradas (seja na forma de valores dos coeficientes eletro-óticos, ou na variação da birrefringência) com as propriedades dielétricas, ferroelétricas e estruturais (já observadas em outros trabalhos do grupo de pesquisa no qual esta dissertação foi realizada) das cerâmicas que, por sua vez, foram relacionadas com o tipo de ocupação e de defeitos gerados devido à incorporação dos dopantes. Além disso, foi possível observar que para uma mesma composição pode ocorrer a presença dos dois tipos de efeitos eletro-óticos - Kerr e Pockels - com proporções distintas em função do tipo de dopante. Através desse método, para esse conjunto de amostras, também foi possível identificar dois tipos distintos de variações da birrefringência em função do campo elétrico para um mesmo efeito eletro-ótico (Kerr, ou Pockels), que também puderam ser associados com o tipo de ocupação dos dopantes. Em se tratando das caracterizações eletro-óticas em função da variável frequência, foi observada uma concordância com os resultados da caracterização ferroelétrica, realizada em outros trabalhos no GCFErr, sendo evidenciada a redução das propriedades eletro-óticas com o aumento da frequência, em que se observou a ocorrência de anomalias na resposta Pockels com influência direta na resposta Kerr. A caracterização como uma função do comprimento de onda mostrou a ocorrência de dois tipos de comportamentos, dependendo do íon dopante utilizado, sendo um deles a redução dos valores da birrefringência com o aumento do comprimento de onda (caso das amostras pura e dopadas com os íons neodímio (Nd) e itérbio (Yb)), havendo certa tendência ao comportamento previsto em literatura, no entanto, no segundo caso foi constatado o aumento irregular da birrefringência com o aumento do comprimento de onda (caso das amostras dopadas com os íons holmio (Ho), érbio (Er) e túlio (Tm), não havendo relação com os modelos teóricos adotados. Quanto à caracterização em função da temperatura, esta foi realizada em um range de que compreendeu as temperaturas características de sistemas relaxores (de freezing (TF(e)), máxima permissividade dielétrica (TM(e)) e Burns (TB(e))), exceto para a amostra dopada com o íon neodímio, cuja TF(e) estava abaixo do intervalo considerado. Através da curva de birrefringência (Δn) em função da temperatura foi possível determinar a temperatura de máxima birrefringência para cada uma das amostras, correlacionado-as entre si. Através da curva de (dΔn/dt) vs. T, foi possível constatar uma relação entre as máximas variações, positiva e negativa, da birrefringência com as temperaturas características TF e TB.