No description available.

The design, synthesis, characterization and application of carbene-based metallopolymers are described herein. Metallopolymers have found wide applications in the fields of photovoltaics, energy storage and electrochromic windows. The incorporation of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) functionalities into a polymerizable scaffold would allow for many different metals to be attached in a facile and high-yielding manner. Such complexes could be functionalized onto surfaces and utilized as either spectroscopic or antimicrobial devices. Early attempts in our lab focused on utilizing bis(thiophene) diimines (instead of NHCs) as scaffolds for metal chelation and polymerization. This approach was unsuccessful due to the lability of the diimine moiety under electrochemical cycling and the thiophene moieties were not able to undergo polymerization. In order to more fully understand the key transformation in synthesizing the thiophene-substituted diimines, a comprehensive investigation of the aldimine coupling transformation was undertaken. A high concentration of substrate and catalyst was determined to be the most important factor in obtaining high yields of the dimerized products. Green solvents such as acetonitrile and hexanes could be used for the dimerization reaction when the cyanide counteranion was changed from sodium to tetrabutylammonium. The steric limitations were systematically identified and a series of possible substrates have been ruled out as viable candidates for dimerization. Applying the experience gleaned from earlier reports, the first example of an NHC polymer was prepared in which the monomer features an NHC functional group orthogonally connected to its main chain. A polymerizable imidazolylidene-AuCl complex containing pendant bithiophene moieties was prepared by a high yielding, multistep procedure. Oxidative electropolymerization of this monomer afforded the desired polymer (Au[NHC]Cl)n, which was characterized on the basis of electrochemical studies as well as by X-ray crystallography, photoelectron and UV-vis spectroscopy. The methodology described above was expanded to develop a series of analogous poly(N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes with appended entities (M = Ir, Au, Ag, or S)and found to be electrochromic. Most of the polymers exhibit an intense absorbance wave at 700 nm under oxidative conditions which is attributable to the formation of polaron excitations along the polymer main chain. The presence of a transition metal significantly increased the electrochromic character of the polycarbene system. The iridium-containing polymer was found to possess significant near-infrared (NIR) absorbance at 1100 nm in which the metal moiety effectively functions as an electron sink. Electrochemical analysis of the polymer thin films revealed that they exhibit highly reversible electrochromic activities. / text

The completion of the color palette has yielded a family of electrochromic polymers (ECPs) each able to absorb in unique regions across the visible spectrum. Synthetically, by varying the electronic content of phenylene type moieties coupled with the donor 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT), high band gaps can be achieved absorbing short wavelength light, yielding a family of yellow-to-transmissive electrochromic polymers. Using the synthetic approach to tune specific absorptions in a discrete region of the visible spectrum, a family of electrochromic polymers that possess sharpened or broadened absorption spectra relative to electrochromic materials previously produced has been developed. By varying the steric hindrance of dioxythiophenes along a conjugated backbone, new hues of magenta and blue have been achieved. Through progressively adding more steric hindrance and twisting the polymer backbone, the absorbance of a polymer can be pushed towards shorter wavelengths, allowing more red light and less blue light to pass through a film. This unequal passing of long and short wavelengths reduces the overall purple color that is normally exhibited by a previous magenta ECP, thereby giving brighter, truer magenta colored materials. By reducing steric hindrance and relaxing the polymer backbone, the opposite can be achieved: pushing the absorbance of a polymer to longer wavelengths allows more blue and less red light to transmit. These polymers also exhibit highly transmissive oxidized states that are attainable at low potentials. In the quest to achieve black (or dark as defined by low L*) to transmissive ECPs with suitable contrast for window or eyewear applications, a relaxed donor-acceptor architecture has been explored. These materials give broad neutral state absorptions with a %Tint (380-780 nm) > 50 %, bringing these materials closer to realization.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do preparo e caracterização de janelas eletrocrômicas (ECD) contendo filmes finos de WO3 como camada eletrocrômica, CeO2-TiO2 como contra-eletrodo e eletrólitos a base de polímeros naturais plastificados. Os filmes finos de CeO2-TiO2 e WO3 foram preparados pelo processo sol-gel e usados para montagem de dispositivos (janelas) eletrocrômicas com variados eletrólitos poliméricos. Os filmes finos e as janelas foram caracterizados através de medidas de densidade de carga, voltametria cíclica e transmitância. Os filmes de CeO2-TiO2 e WO3 apresentaram respectivamente, valores de densidade de carga de 11,8 e 27,8 mC/cm2, e razão de carga anódica/catódica de 0,98 e 0,85. As análises voltamétricas dos filmes finos revelaram picos característicos dos processos de oxidação e redução e as análises espectroscópicas a transmitância de 80 e 78 %, respectivamente. Foram preparadas e caracterizadas janelas com eletrólitos a base de gelatina com ácido acético; gelatina com LiI/I2; gelatina com agar; gelatina com líquidos iônicos; gelatina com líquidos iônicos e triflato de európio; poli(vinil butirato) (PVB) com LiI/I2; PVB com LiClO4; agar com LiClO4; agar com líquidos iônicos; DNA; DNA com LiClO4; DNA-cloreto de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (DNA-CTMA) com azul da Prússia; DNA com PEDOT:PSS (poli(3,4-etilenodioxitiofeno):poli(sulfonato de estireno)); DNA-CTMA com PEDOT:PSS. Os melhores resultados de densidade de carga de 5,4 e 6,0 mC/cm2 foram obtidas para os dispositivos com eletrólitos de gelatina com agar e agar com LiClO4. A razão de carga anódica/catódica desses dispositivos foi de 0,98 e 0,99. Os voltamogramas cíclicos das amostras estudadas revelaram picos anódicos e catódicos referentes à extração e inserção de íons lítio e elétrons no filme de WO3. As análises de transmitância em 550 nm entre o estado colorido e descolorido das janelas mostrou os valores de 28% para a janela contendo eletrólito a base de PVB com LiI/I2. Além disso, também foi verificada a estabilidade dos dispositivos revelando a duração entre 100 a 400 ciclos cronoamperometricos, dependendo do eletrólito usado. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as janelas estudadas são potenciais candidatas às aplicações práticas. / This work presents the results of the preparation and characterization of electrochromic windows (ECD) containing thin films of WO3 as electrochromic layer, CeO2-TiO2 as the counter electrode and natural polymer-based electrolytes. Thin films of CeO2-TiO2 and WO3 were prepared by the sol-gel process and used to assembly the electrochromic devices (windows) with different polymer electrolytes. The thin films and windows samples were characterized by charge density, cyclic voltammetry and transmittance measurements. CeO2-TiO2 and WO3 thin films revealed charge density values of 11.8 and 27.8 mC/cm2, and anodic/cathodic charge relation of 0.98 and 0.85, respectively. The cyclic voltammograms revealed the peaks characteristic of the processes of oxidation and reduction and the spectroscopic analysis the transmittance of 80 and 78%, respectively. Electrochromic windows were assembled with electrolytes based on gelatin with acetic acid; gelatina with LiI/I2, gelatin with agar, gelatin with ionic liquids, gelatin with ionic liquids and europium triflate, PVB (poly (vinyl butyrate)) with LiI/I2; PVB with LiClO4; agar with LiClO4, agar with ionic liquids; DNA, DNA with LiClO4; DNA-CTMA (hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride) with Prussian Blue; DNA with PEDOT:PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) ) and DNA-CTMA with PEDOT: PSS. The best results of charge density of 5.4 and 6.0 mC/cm2 and anodic/cathodic charge relations of 0.98 and 0.99 were obtained for the samples containing electrolytes based on gelatin with agar and agar with LiClO4, respectively. The cyclic voltammograms of the electrochromic windows showed cathodic and anodic peaks related to the insertion and extraction of lithium ions and electrons in the film of WO3. The transmittance measurements at 550 nm revealed 28% between the colored and discolored state of the windows with PVB-LiI/I2 electrolyte. Moreover, the stability measurements showed that the ECD remain their transmittance difference during of 100 to 400 of chronoaperometric cycling, depending on the electrolyte used. The obtained results indicate the possibility of use the naturalmacromolecules-based electrolytes in practical electrochromic windows.

L’objet de cette thèse sera de réaliser et d’évaluer un démonstrateur électrochrome dont l’architecture repose sur l’empilement des trois pixels primaires (C) (M) et (J). Chaque pixel est contrôlé indépendamment en imposant une faible tension entre l’électrode frontale (sur laquelle repose le polymère électrochrome) et une contre-électrode. Lors des commutations, le polymère passe d’un état coloré à un état transparent et ce de manière réversible lorsque la tension est inversée aux bornes du dispositif. Plusieurs architectures de la brique pourront être envisagées. Enfin parmi les architectures retenues, les caractéristiques du dispositif seront évaluées essentiellement en terme de coordonnées colorimétriques (CIE L*a*b*), et de contrastes entre deux états optiques. D’autres aspect techniques tels que la tenue au cyclage, le vieillissement, la tenue d’un état optique en circuit ouvert… seront également évalués au cours de projet. / The purpose of this thesis is to implement and evaluate an electrochromic demonstrator whose architecture is based on the stacking of three primary pixels (C) (M) and (J). Each pixel is controlled independently by imposing a low voltage between the front electrode (where the electrochromic polymer is) and the counter-electrode. During switching, the polymer changes from a colored state to a transparent state and reversibly when the voltage is reversed. Several architectures of the brick could be considered. Finally, among the chosen architectures, device characteristics will be primarily evaluated in terms of color coordinates (CIE L * a * b *), and contrasts between the two optical states. Other technical aspects such as cycling, aging and holding an constant optical state in open circuit, will also be evaluated during the project.

Neste trabalho calculamos inicialmente as propriedades ópticas de filmes compósitos de Me-NiO e Me-CoO, sendo os metais Me = Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pd e Pt, a partir da teoria de meio efetivo de Maxwell Garnett. Este estudo teórico possibilitou avaliar a viabilidade de se obter experimentalmente um material colorido na região do espectro visível, com absorção seletiva numa estreita faixa de comprimentos de onda. Os resultados mostraram que o candidato ideal para tal fim é o compósito a base de Au. A partir deste resultado iniciou-se o crescimento de filmes finos compósitos de Au-NiO e Au-CoO, utilizando diferentes estratégias experimentais: (i) deposição por DC magnetron sputtering reativo, (ii) deposição do filme de NiO, por DC magnetron sputtering reativo e Au pelos métodos de sol-gel e dip coating e (iii) deposição de ambos os filmes, NiOxHy e Au, por sol-gel e dip coating. Os resultados mostraram uma seletividade pequena (-5-10%) nos filmes crescidos pelo método de sputtering, devido ao caráter atomístico desse tipo de técnica, que conduz à formação de pequenos aglomerados de Au (menores que -3 nm), ao invés de agregados com tamanhos da ordem de algumas dezenas de nanômetros, obtidos facilmente pelo método sol-gel. O crescimento na forma de multicamadas proporciona uma melhor seletividade, em torno de 1 5%. Pós-tratamentos térmicos em filmes compósito s obtidos unicamente por sputtering induzem a aglomeração do Au, mas destroem as propriedades eletrocrôrnicas. No caso de filmes de Au crescidos por sol-gel, a seletividade espectral, decorrente da presença do Au aumenta, indo de 15% a 20% em filmes depositados sobre a matriz óxida crescida por sputtering e por sol-gel, respectivamente. Mediante processos eletroquímicos, os filmes de NiOxHy crescidos por sol-gel e dip coating apresentaram os melhores resultados de variação de transmitância (70%), devido à maior porosidade desses filmes. / In this work we initially calculated the optical properties of cermet films of Me-NiO and Me-CoO, being the metals Me = Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pd and Pt, by means of the Maxwell Garnett effective medium theory. This theoretical study allowed evaluating the viability to obtain, experimentally, a colored material in the visible spectrum region, with selective absorption in a narrow range of wavelengths. The results showed that the ideal candidate for such goal is the Au cermet. Looking at this result, the growth of Au-NiO and Au-CoO thin films was initiated using different experimental strategies: (i) deposition by reactive DC magnetron sputtering, (ii) deposition of the NiO, film by reactive DC magnetron sputtering and Au by the sol-gel and dip coating methods and (iii) deposition of both films, NiOxHy and Au, by sol-gel and dip coating. The films grown by sputtering showed a small selectivity (-5-10%), due to the atomistic character of this type of technique. It leads to the formation of small clusters of Au (smaller than -3 nrn), instead of aggregates with sizes of the order of some tenths of nanometers, easily obtained by the sol-gel method. Better selectivity, around 15%, is obtained in films deposited as multilayers. Post thermal annealing of the cermet films grown by sputtering induces the agglomeration of Au, but destroys the electrochromic properties. In the case of Au films grown by sol-gel, the spectral selectivity increases, due to the presence of Au, going from 15% to 20% in films deposited on the oxide matrix, deposited by sputtering and sol-gel, respectively. Under electrochemical processes, the NiOxHy films grown by sol-gel and dip coating presented the highest transmission variation (70%), due to larger porosity of these films.

<p>Since the discovery in 1977 that conjugated polymers can be doped to achieve almost metallic electronic conduction, the research field of conducting polymers has escalated, with applications such as light emitting diodes, solar cells, thin film transistors, electrochemical transistors, logic circuits and sensors. The materials can be chemically modified during their synthesis in order to tailor the desired mechanical, electronic and optical properties of the final product. Polymers are also generally possible to process from solution, and regular roll-to-roll printing techniques can therefore be used for manufacturing of electronic components on flexible substrates like plastic or paper. On top of that, the nature of conjugated polymers enables the creation of devices with novel properties, which are not possible to achieve by using inorganic materials such as silicon.</p><p>The work presented in this thesis mainly focuses on devices that utilize two rather unique properties of conducting polymers. Conducting polymers are generally electrochromic, i.e. they change color upon electrochemical oxidation or reduction, and can therefore be used as both conductor and pixel element in simple organic displays. As a result of the electrochemical reaction, some polymers also alter their surface properties and have proven to be suitable materials for organic electronic wettability switches. Control of surface wettability has applications in such diverse areas as printing techniques, micro-fluidics and biomaterials.</p><p>The aim of the thesis is to briefly describe the physical and chemical background of the materials used in organic electronic devices. Topics include molecular properties and doping of conjugated polymers, electrochromism, surface tension etc. This slightly theoretical part is followed by a more detailed explanation of device design, functionality and characterization. Finally, a glance into future projects will also be presented.</p> / ISRN/Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC-2005:50

SELENOPHENE DERIVATIVES FOR ELECTROCHROMIC APPLICATIONS Aydemir, Kadir M.S., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Levent Toppare February 2008, 60 pages A novel selenophene-based monomer / 1,4-di(selenophen-2-yl) benzene (DSB), synthesized via Stille coupling reaction of 1,4 dibromobenzene and tributyl (2-selenophenyl) stannane and corresponding conducting homopolymer (Poly (DSB)) was electrochemically synthesized in the presence of tetrabutylammoniumhexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) as the supporting electrolyte in dichloromethane. The resulting conducting polymer was characterized by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectrometry (FTIR) and Ultraviolet&ndash / Visible Spectrometry (UV-Vis Spectrometry). Spectroelectrochemistry analysis and kinetic studies of Poly (DSB) revealed &ndash / * transition (max) at 340 nm with almost zero percent transmittance (T%) concurrently with striking and rapid (0.6 s) absorbance change at near infrared region (1250 nm) with 35% percent transmittance, indicating that Poly (DSB) is a very suitable near infrared electrochromic material. Copolymer of selenophene with ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) was potentiostatically synthesized. Poly (selenophene-co-EDOT) was characterized by Cyclic Voltammetry, FTIR and UV-Vis Spectrometry. During spectroelectrochemistry studies, &ndash / * transition (max) was observed at 555 nm with a switching time of 1.4 s and 39% transmittance. Polaron and bipolaron bands were observed at 851 nm and 1299 nm, respectively. Switching time at 1299 nm was 1.8 s with a percent transmittance of 72. Copolymer of DSB with EDOT (Poly (DSB-co-EDOT)) was synthesized and characterized. max, polaron and bipolaron bands were observed at 457 nm, 696 nm and 1251 nm, respectively. A rapid switching time (0.2 s) with 12% transmittance was observed at 696 nm. At the near infrared region (1251 nm), satisfactory percent transmittance (35%) and a moderate switching time (1.75 s) were observed.

Neste trabalho calculamos inicialmente as propriedades ópticas de filmes compósitos de Me-NiO e Me-CoO, sendo os metais Me = Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pd e Pt, a partir da teoria de meio efetivo de Maxwell Garnett. Este estudo teórico possibilitou avaliar a viabilidade de se obter experimentalmente um material colorido na região do espectro visível, com absorção seletiva numa estreita faixa de comprimentos de onda. Os resultados mostraram que o candidato ideal para tal fim é o compósito a base de Au. A partir deste resultado iniciou-se o crescimento de filmes finos compósitos de Au-NiO e Au-CoO, utilizando diferentes estratégias experimentais: (i) deposição por DC magnetron sputtering reativo, (ii) deposição do filme de NiO, por DC magnetron sputtering reativo e Au pelos métodos de sol-gel e dip coating e (iii) deposição de ambos os filmes, NiOxHy e Au, por sol-gel e dip coating. Os resultados mostraram uma seletividade pequena (-5-10%) nos filmes crescidos pelo método de sputtering, devido ao caráter atomístico desse tipo de técnica, que conduz à formação de pequenos aglomerados de Au (menores que -3 nm), ao invés de agregados com tamanhos da ordem de algumas dezenas de nanômetros, obtidos facilmente pelo método sol-gel. O crescimento na forma de multicamadas proporciona uma melhor seletividade, em torno de 1 5%. Pós-tratamentos térmicos em filmes compósito s obtidos unicamente por sputtering induzem a aglomeração do Au, mas destroem as propriedades eletrocrôrnicas. No caso de filmes de Au crescidos por sol-gel, a seletividade espectral, decorrente da presença do Au aumenta, indo de 15% a 20% em filmes depositados sobre a matriz óxida crescida por sputtering e por sol-gel, respectivamente. Mediante processos eletroquímicos, os filmes de NiOxHy crescidos por sol-gel e dip coating apresentaram os melhores resultados de variação de transmitância (70%), devido à maior porosidade desses filmes. / In this work we initially calculated the optical properties of cermet films of Me-NiO and Me-CoO, being the metals Me = Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pd and Pt, by means of the Maxwell Garnett effective medium theory. This theoretical study allowed evaluating the viability to obtain, experimentally, a colored material in the visible spectrum region, with selective absorption in a narrow range of wavelengths. The results showed that the ideal candidate for such goal is the Au cermet. Looking at this result, the growth of Au-NiO and Au-CoO thin films was initiated using different experimental strategies: (i) deposition by reactive DC magnetron sputtering, (ii) deposition of the NiO, film by reactive DC magnetron sputtering and Au by the sol-gel and dip coating methods and (iii) deposition of both films, NiOxHy and Au, by sol-gel and dip coating. The films grown by sputtering showed a small selectivity (-5-10%), due to the atomistic character of this type of technique. It leads to the formation of small clusters of Au (smaller than -3 nrn), instead of aggregates with sizes of the order of some tenths of nanometers, easily obtained by the sol-gel method. Better selectivity, around 15%, is obtained in films deposited as multilayers. Post thermal annealing of the cermet films grown by sputtering induces the agglomeration of Au, but destroys the electrochromic properties. In the case of Au films grown by sol-gel, the spectral selectivity increases, due to the presence of Au, going from 15% to 20% in films deposited on the oxide matrix, deposited by sputtering and sol-gel, respectively. Under electrochemical processes, the NiOxHy films grown by sol-gel and dip coating presented the highest transmission variation (70%), due to larger porosity of these films.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do preparo e caracterização de janelas eletrocrômicas (ECD) contendo filmes finos de WO3 como camada eletrocrômica, CeO2-TiO2 como contra-eletrodo e eletrólitos a base de polímeros naturais plastificados. Os filmes finos de CeO2-TiO2 e WO3 foram preparados pelo processo sol-gel e usados para montagem de dispositivos (janelas) eletrocrômicas com variados eletrólitos poliméricos. Os filmes finos e as janelas foram caracterizados através de medidas de densidade de carga, voltametria cíclica e transmitância. Os filmes de CeO2-TiO2 e WO3 apresentaram respectivamente, valores de densidade de carga de 11,8 e 27,8 mC/cm2, e razão de carga anódica/catódica de 0,98 e 0,85. As análises voltamétricas dos filmes finos revelaram picos característicos dos processos de oxidação e redução e as análises espectroscópicas a transmitância de 80 e 78 %, respectivamente. Foram preparadas e caracterizadas janelas com eletrólitos a base de gelatina com ácido acético; gelatina com LiI/I2; gelatina com agar; gelatina com líquidos iônicos; gelatina com líquidos iônicos e triflato de európio; poli(vinil butirato) (PVB) com LiI/I2; PVB com LiClO4; agar com LiClO4; agar com líquidos iônicos; DNA; DNA com LiClO4; DNA-cloreto de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (DNA-CTMA) com azul da Prússia; DNA com PEDOT:PSS (poli(3,4-etilenodioxitiofeno):poli(sulfonato de estireno)); DNA-CTMA com PEDOT:PSS. Os melhores resultados de densidade de carga de 5,4 e 6,0 mC/cm2 foram obtidas para os dispositivos com eletrólitos de gelatina com agar e agar com LiClO4. A razão de carga anódica/catódica desses dispositivos foi de 0,98 e 0,99. Os voltamogramas cíclicos das amostras estudadas revelaram picos anódicos e catódicos referentes à extração e inserção de íons lítio e elétrons no filme de WO3. As análises de transmitância em 550 nm entre o estado colorido e descolorido das janelas mostrou os valores de 28% para a janela contendo eletrólito a base de PVB com LiI/I2. Além disso, também foi verificada a estabilidade dos dispositivos revelando a duração entre 100 a 400 ciclos cronoamperometricos, dependendo do eletrólito usado. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as janelas estudadas são potenciais candidatas às aplicações práticas. / This work presents the results of the preparation and characterization of electrochromic windows (ECD) containing thin films of WO3 as electrochromic layer, CeO2-TiO2 as the counter electrode and natural polymer-based electrolytes. Thin films of CeO2-TiO2 and WO3 were prepared by the sol-gel process and used to assembly the electrochromic devices (windows) with different polymer electrolytes. The thin films and windows samples were characterized by charge density, cyclic voltammetry and transmittance measurements. CeO2-TiO2 and WO3 thin films revealed charge density values of 11.8 and 27.8 mC/cm2, and anodic/cathodic charge relation of 0.98 and 0.85, respectively. The cyclic voltammograms revealed the peaks characteristic of the processes of oxidation and reduction and the spectroscopic analysis the transmittance of 80 and 78%, respectively. Electrochromic windows were assembled with electrolytes based on gelatin with acetic acid; gelatina with LiI/I2, gelatin with agar, gelatin with ionic liquids, gelatin with ionic liquids and europium triflate, PVB (poly (vinyl butyrate)) with LiI/I2; PVB with LiClO4; agar with LiClO4, agar with ionic liquids; DNA, DNA with LiClO4; DNA-CTMA (hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride) with Prussian Blue; DNA with PEDOT:PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) ) and DNA-CTMA with PEDOT: PSS. The best results of charge density of 5.4 and 6.0 mC/cm2 and anodic/cathodic charge relations of 0.98 and 0.99 were obtained for the samples containing electrolytes based on gelatin with agar and agar with LiClO4, respectively. The cyclic voltammograms of the electrochromic windows showed cathodic and anodic peaks related to the insertion and extraction of lithium ions and electrons in the film of WO3. The transmittance measurements at 550 nm revealed 28% between the colored and discolored state of the windows with PVB-LiI/I2 electrolyte. Moreover, the stability measurements showed that the ECD remain their transmittance difference during of 100 to 400 of chronoaperometric cycling, depending on the electrolyte used. The obtained results indicate the possibility of use the naturalmacromolecules-based electrolytes in practical electrochromic windows.