This thesis reports the design and control of the ??GreenWeeder??, a non-herbicidal autonomous weeding robot, in order to autonomously track crop rows for weeding through electrocution in the inter-row space. The four wheel mobile robot platform was designed and built with a motorised Ackerman steering system allowing the robot to steer up to 30 degree left and right. It was also equipped with an electronically geared rear wheel drive, a pair of stereo cameras, a SICK LMS-291 laser range finder to localize itself with respect to the crop rows, a GPS system for obtaining the robot position in the field and a long-range communication system for tele-supervision by operators. The first prototype of the robot electrocution system was also designed and constructed to ignite 22kV electrical arcs to destroy weeds. Its operation was tested in the research field of the University of Sydney and the results of this experiment were analysed to improve the efficiency of this first prototype. An improved prototype of the electrocution system was then constructed and attached to a cradle extending out at the back of the mobile robot platform. The testing of this improved prototype was conducted at Lansdowne farm, a research field of the University of Sydney. After the construction of the robot platform, the robot control was considered with the demands for robot localization with respect to crop rows, an autonomously tracking control system and a manual control mode in order to take the robot to transportation vehicles. Firstly, the robot localization was accomplished by utilizing SICK LMS-291 laser range finder sensor for the sensing and perception of the robot. Secondly, the robot control system was developed with a PID controller, a second order model of the robot system and a first order filter. The PID controller is in the standard form with the filtered derivative and the PI part being in automatic reset configuration. The second order model was identified using Matlab System Identification toolbox based on the robot kinematic analysis. The first order filter is utilized for filtering out the lateral deviations of the robot with respect to the crop rows received from the SICK laser sensor. A Simulink simulation model of the robot control system was also built in order to fine-tune PID and filter parameters. Thirdly, the manual control mode of the robot was produced. In this mode, a joystick can be attached to a notebook to wirelessly drive the robot around or it can be plugged into a USB port at the back of the robot to drive it without the notebook. After the robot control was implemented and simulated, some experiments were conducted with the robot autonomously tracking a strip of reflective tape mimicking a crop row stuck into the ground of a laboratory. Depending on distances from the row assigned to the controller, the robot tried to keep those distances away from the row. The results showed the lateral errors of the robot with respect to the row were approximately 4.5 cm which were sufficient for our current agricultural application.

This thesis reports the design and control of the ??GreenWeeder??, a non-herbicidal autonomous weeding robot, in order to autonomously track crop rows for weeding through electrocution in the inter-row space. The four wheel mobile robot platform was designed and built with a motorised Ackerman steering system allowing the robot to steer up to 30 degree left and right. It was also equipped with an electronically geared rear wheel drive, a pair of stereo cameras, a SICK LMS-291 laser range finder to localize itself with respect to the crop rows, a GPS system for obtaining the robot position in the field and a long-range communication system for tele-supervision by operators. The first prototype of the robot electrocution system was also designed and constructed to ignite 22kV electrical arcs to destroy weeds. Its operation was tested in the research field of the University of Sydney and the results of this experiment were analysed to improve the efficiency of this first prototype. An improved prototype of the electrocution system was then constructed and attached to a cradle extending out at the back of the mobile robot platform. The testing of this improved prototype was conducted at Lansdowne farm, a research field of the University of Sydney. After the construction of the robot platform, the robot control was considered with the demands for robot localization with respect to crop rows, an autonomously tracking control system and a manual control mode in order to take the robot to transportation vehicles. Firstly, the robot localization was accomplished by utilizing SICK LMS-291 laser range finder sensor for the sensing and perception of the robot. Secondly, the robot control system was developed with a PID controller, a second order model of the robot system and a first order filter. The PID controller is in the standard form with the filtered derivative and the PI part being in automatic reset configuration. The second order model was identified using Matlab System Identification toolbox based on the robot kinematic analysis. The first order filter is utilized for filtering out the lateral deviations of the robot with respect to the crop rows received from the SICK laser sensor. A Simulink simulation model of the robot control system was also built in order to fine-tune PID and filter parameters. Thirdly, the manual control mode of the robot was produced. In this mode, a joystick can be attached to a notebook to wirelessly drive the robot around or it can be plugged into a USB port at the back of the robot to drive it without the notebook. After the robot control was implemented and simulated, some experiments were conducted with the robot autonomously tracking a strip of reflective tape mimicking a crop row stuck into the ground of a laboratory. Depending on distances from the row assigned to the controller, the robot tried to keep those distances away from the row. The results showed the lateral errors of the robot with respect to the row were approximately 4.5 cm which were sufficient for our current agricultural application.

The main objective of the study was to determine the risk(s) associated with lockout/tagout of hazardous energy and propose a new LOTO procedure which tracks the implementation of LOTO to mitigate against identified risks as a basis for promotion of safety. The study focuses on electrical personnel working in PHCN. Only electrical accident risks are examined, not other types of risk e.g. mechanical, chemical, and nuclear. To gather material for this study, a questionnaire was distributed amongst electrical workers in PHCN and their supervisors were interviewed. Relevant literature and publications were studied as reference. According to electrical personnel experience, electrocution, arc flash, arc blast, burns and lockout and tagout of the wrong electrical circuit are seen as the biggest electrical safety risk with regards to LOTO of hazardous energy. The research reveals new information about electrical accident risks. This information is used to create a procedure for tracking LOTO of hazardous energy. The procedure can be utilized in the mitigation of electrical risks and promotion of / Thesis (MIng (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The main objective of the study was to determine the risk(s) associated with lockout/tagout of hazardous energy and propose a new LOTO procedure which tracks the implementation of LOTO to mitigate against identified risks as a basis for promotion of safety. The study focuses on electrical personnel working in PHCN. Only electrical accident risks are examined, not other types of risk e.g. mechanical, chemical, and nuclear. To gather material for this study, a questionnaire was distributed amongst electrical workers in PHCN and their supervisors were interviewed. Relevant literature and publications were studied as reference. According to electrical personnel experience, electrocution, arc flash, arc blast, burns and lockout and tagout of the wrong electrical circuit are seen as the biggest electrical safety risk with regards to LOTO of hazardous energy. The research reveals new information about electrical accident risks. This information is used to create a procedure for tracking LOTO of hazardous energy. The procedure can be utilized in the mitigation of electrical risks and promotion of / Thesis (MIng (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.