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This thesis presents an investigation into the application of electrodynamic sensors to a tornographic imaging system. Several sensing mechanisms for measurement using non-intrusive techniques are discussed and their relevance to pneumatic conveying considered. Electrical charge tomography systems are shown to be worthy of investigation. Electrodynamic sensors are inherently low cost and simple in concept. This sensor is used to detect the inherent charge on dry, moving solids. Models are developed to predict the sensitivity of circular and rectangular electrodes. The spatial filtering effect of these sensors is investigated. Cross correlation is briefly reviewed and a software program is presented and tested. For tomographic imaging the forward problem for the individual sensors is modelled, used to solve the inverse problem and derive the linear back projection and filtered back projection algorithms. The design of the electronic circuitry which forms the transducer is presented. The gravity drop flow rig is described and the relationship between sand flow and plastic bead flow relative to the flow indicator setting determined. The dual 16-channel sensor array measurement section is described. Flow models are developed and used to predict the relative output voltage profiles expected from the sensor arrays. The linearity and frequency bandwidth of the sensor electronics is measured. The effect of sensor size on sensitivity and spatial filtering are investigated for circular and rectangular electrodes. Estimates of the solid concentration of flowing particles are made using individual sensors. Concentration profiles are generated and compared with predicted values. Peripheral velocities of the flowing material are determined from transit times calculated by cross correlation of upstream and downstream sensor signals. Concentration profiles are calculated using linear back projection and filtered back projection algorithms from data measured by the sensor arrays. Velocity profiles are obtained by cross correlation of upstream and downstream pixel concentration values. Estimates of the mass flow rate are obtained by combining concentration and velocity profiles. Suggestions for further work on electrodynamic sensors and tomographic measurements are made.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The objective of the STAR project is to test and space qualify a new continuous cycle cryogenic refrigeration system for cooling of sensors and electronics which is based upon the newly discovered thermoacoustic heat pumping effect. The new refrigerator has no sliding seals, a cycle frequency of about 300 hz, and uses acoustic resonance to enhance the overall power density and efficiency. This thesis is concerned specifically with the design and testing of the electrodynamic transducer which is responsible for the electro-acoustic power conversion. A computer model of the driver/resonator system is presented along with the techniques for measurement of the electrical and mechanical parameters used as input for the model. A final driver design (including dimensional drawings) utilizing a modified JBL 2450J neodymium-iron-boron compression driver and associated leak tight electrical feed-throughs, microphone, accelerometer, pressure gage, pressure housing, and resonator interface is provided. Keywords: Electrodynamic loudspeaker, Thermoacoustic refrigerator / http://archive.org/details/electrodynamicdr00fitz / Lieutenant, United States Coast Guard

The use of electrodynamic tethers for propulsion and power generation is attractive for missions to the outer planets, which are traditionally handicapped by large propellant requirements, large times of flight, and a scarcity of power available. The proposed electrodynamic tether propulsion scheme is shown to be capable at reducing or eliminating these mission constraints. In this work, the orbital dynamics of a spacecraft using electrodynamic tether propulsion during the mission phases of capture, apojove pump-down and perijove pump-up in the Jovian system are investigated. The main result is the mapped design space involving mission duration, tether length and minimum perijove radius. Phase-free flyby sequences and bang-bang control laws are also included, which provide performance upper bounds for a given mission architecture. It is found to be advantageous to utilize in-bound only flybys of the Galilean moons during capture, and few, if any, out-bound only flybys during apojove pump-down. The electrodynamic tether system is also shown to be capable of lowering the spacecraft’s orbit to a Europa-Ganymede Hohmann orbit with a total flight time after entering Jupiter’s sphere of influence of just under two years. The benefits of leveraging solar third body perturbations, ballistic flyby tours, and adding a secondary propulsion system are also considered. / text

We present optimal solutions for a point-mass electrodynamic tether (EDT) performing phasing and orbit-raising maneuvers. An EDT is a conductive tether on the order of 20 km in length and uses a Lorentz force to provide propellantless thrust. We develop the optimal equations of motion using Pontryagin's Minimum Principle. We find numerical solutions using a global, stochastic optimization method called Adaptive Simulated Annealing. The method uses Markov chains and the system's cost function to narrow down the search space. Newton's Method brings the error in the residual to below a specific tolerance. We compare the EDT solutions to similar constant-thrust solutions and investigate the patterns in the solution space. The EDT phasing maneuver has invariance properties similar to constant-thrust phasing maneuvers. Analyzing the solution space reveals that the EDT is faster at performing phasing maneuvers but slower at performing orbit-raising maneuvers than constant-thrust spacecraft. Also several bifurcation lines occur in the solution spaces for all maneuvers studied. / Master of Science

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-02T21:18:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcioSilvaTavares.pdf: 635099 bytes, checksum: e3591020bd7da5c3ab47652f130bc48e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T21:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcioSilvaTavares.pdf: 635099 bytes, checksum: e3591020bd7da5c3ab47652f130bc48e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-03 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / This work is initiated with the presentation of an overview on the main theoretical models of planar electrodynamics (QED3), which are studied for their classical solutions. This is done by obtaining the equations of wave, which provide their solutions to the fields and potential. As a result, makes up the youngest of the potential for interaction and e-e- and in the context of models of planar Maxwell-Chern-Simons (MCS) and Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proc (MCS-proc), which is conducted within the regime of validity of the Born approximation, where the potential for interaction is given by the Fourier transform of the amplitude of spreading Möller (calculated to tree level, the scheme not relativístico). In the meantime, there is the prospect of investigating the infuência a Lorentz word rapist on the interaction of electron-electron. As a theoretical tool to carry out such research, takes up the planar version of the model-Maxwell-Carrol Field-Jackiw, coupled to the sector of Dirac. Following the procedure already established, the potential of electron-electron interaction is obtained for the case of a background of type-time, vµ = (v0,→0 ): This potential for having a logarithmic type of asymptotic behavior is not appropriate to represent physical interactions in (1 +2) dimensions. As end of this research work, is addressing this issue in the context of the model plane Proc of MCS-in violation of Lorentz (originated from the reduction of the dimensional model of Higgs-abelian of Maxwell-Carroll-Field-Jackiw). It is supplementing this model with the industry to properly Dirac coupled with the field of gauge (Aµ) And climbing (φ), and using the same procedures for calculating already adopted, are the words of the potential interaction of electron-electron, it is completely armored. This potential exhibits a region of pit, which leads to attraction, which may be relevant in an attempt to explain the formation of electron-electron pairs in the context of this theoretical model. / Este trabalho é iniciado com a apresentação de um overview sobre os principais modelos teóricos da eletrodinâmica planar (QED3); para quais são estudadas as respectivas soluções clássicas. Isto é feito através da obtenção das equações de onda, que fornecem as respectivas soluções para os campos e potenciais. Na sequência, efetua-se o cálculo do potencial de interação e-e- no contexto dos modelos planares de Maxwell-Chern-Simons (MCS) e Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proca (MCS-Proca), o que é realizado dentro do regime de validade da aproximação de Born, onde o potencial de interação é dado pela transformada de Fourier da amplitude de espalhamento Möller (calculada a tree level, no regime não relativístico). Nesse ínterim, levanta-se a perspectiva de investigar a infuência de um termo violador de Lorentz sobre a interação elétron-elétron. Como ferramental teórico para realizar tal investigação, adota-se a versão planar do modelo de Maxwell-Carrol- Field-Jackiw, acoplado ao setor de Dirac. Seguindo o procedimento já estabelecido, o potencial de interação elétron-elétron é obtido para o caso de um background do tipo-tempo,vµ = (v0,→0 ):Tal potencial, por ter um comportamento assintótico do tipo logarítmico, não é adequado para representar interações físicas em (1+2) dimensões. Como investigação final desse trabalho, aborda-se esta mesma questão no contexto do modelo planar de MCS-Proca com violação de Lorentz (originado da redução dimensional do modelo de Higgs-Abeliano de Maxwell-Carrol-Field-Jackiw). Suplementando-se tal modelo com o setor de Dirac devidamente acoplado com o campo de gauge (Aµ) e escalar (φ), e usando os mesmos procedimentos de cálculo já adotados, obtém-se a expressão do potencial de interação elétron-elétron, que se revela totalmente blindado. Tal potencial exibe uma região de poço, que implica em atratividade, o que pode ser relevante na tentativa de explicar a formação de pares elétron-elétron no contexto deste modelo teórico.

<p>New smart drugs demand new smart drug delivery systems and also new smart analysis methods for the drug delivery process and material characterization. This thesis contributes to the field by introducing a new electrodynamic approach for studying the drug diffusion proc-esses as well as the formation of a new type of drug delivery systems, the so called mesoporous nano excipients.</p><p>Drug diffusion processes from different pharmaceutical materials were examined. The transport of charged drug substances was investigated by electrodynamic methods; either as a release process governed by diffusion using the alternating ionic current method or by applying a voltage, sinusoidal or dc, to force the drug ions to move in an electric field.</p><p>Temperature-dependent drug release from microcrystalline cellulose tablets was examined in order to extract information about the diffu-sion process. Percolation theory was also employed to binary mixtures of an insoluble and electrically insulating matrix material together with a soluble and ionic conducting drug. Further, dielectric spectros-copy was proven to be a powerful method for examining the state of vesicle formation of drug and surfactant molecules in a carbopol gel. Finally, a new potential class of pharmaceutical materials were exam-ined, namely the AMS-n mesoporous materials, showing that the al-ternating ionic current method is powerful both in the study of the synthesis of and in the release process from these. </p>

New smart drugs demand new smart drug delivery systems and also new smart analysis methods for the drug delivery process and material characterization. This thesis contributes to the field by introducing a new electrodynamic approach for studying the drug diffusion proc-esses as well as the formation of a new type of drug delivery systems, the so called mesoporous nano excipients. Drug diffusion processes from different pharmaceutical materials were examined. The transport of charged drug substances was investigated by electrodynamic methods; either as a release process governed by diffusion using the alternating ionic current method or by applying a voltage, sinusoidal or dc, to force the drug ions to move in an electric field. Temperature-dependent drug release from microcrystalline cellulose tablets was examined in order to extract information about the diffu-sion process. Percolation theory was also employed to binary mixtures of an insoluble and electrically insulating matrix material together with a soluble and ionic conducting drug. Further, dielectric spectros-copy was proven to be a powerful method for examining the state of vesicle formation of drug and surfactant molecules in a carbopol gel. Finally, a new potential class of pharmaceutical materials were exam-ined, namely the AMS-n mesoporous materials, showing that the al-ternating ionic current method is powerful both in the study of the synthesis of and in the release process from these.

Electrodynamic tethers have a wide range of proposed applications in the fields of satellite propulsion and space plasma research. The fundamental purpose of this dissertation is to improve the understanding of the behavior of an electrodynamic tether (EDT) system in Earth's ionosphere. An electrodynamic tether system consists of two satellites connected by a long tether that generates current to produce either power or thrust via the system's electromagnetic interaction with the space environment. Previous electrodynamic tether investigations decouple the interaction between the tether and the constantly changing plasma environment. The limiting factor inhibiting the development of a full system model that has an accurate characterization of the tether/plasma interaction is that the understanding of that interaction is not well developed over a wide range of system parameters. The EDT system model developed in this study uses a high fidelity dynamics model that includes a tether current described by an analytical current collection model whose plasma parameters are determine by the International Reference Ionosphere. It is first shown that new instabilities are induced in the system dynamics under a basic analytical current model versus a constant current model. A 2-D3$v$ Particle-in-Cell (PIC) code has been developed to study the plasma dynamics near a positively charged EDT system end-body and their impact on the current collected. Simulations are run over a range of system parameters that occur throughout a LEO orbit. The azimuthal current structures observed during the TSS-1R mission are found to enhance the current collected by the satellite when the magnetic field is slightly off of perpendicular to the orbital velocity. When the in-plane component of the magnetic field becomes large, the electrons are not able to easily cross the field lines causing plasma lobes form above and below the satellite. The lobes limit the current arriving to the satellite and also cause an enhanced wake to develop. A high satellite bias causes a stable bow-shock structure to form in the ram region of the satellite, which limits the number of electrons entering the sheath region and thus limiting the current collected. Electron-neutral collisions are found to destabilize the bow-shock structure and remove its current limiting effects. Additionally, as the magnetization of the plasma is increased, the current becomes limited by the charged particle's inability to cross magnetic field lines. Analytical curve fits based on the simulation results are presented that characterize the dependence of the average current collected on the local magnetic field orientations, space plasma magnetization and satellite potential. The results from the PIC simulations characterizing the magnetic field's influence on the tether's current are incorporated into the system dynamics model to study the behavior of the EDT system over a range of inclinations. The magnetic field is found to limit the diurnal variations in the current collected by the system throughout its orbit. As the inclination of the system's orbit is increased, the impact of the magnetic field becomes more pronounced as its orientation sweeps through a larger range of angles. The impact of the magnetic field on the collected current is, therefore, found to limit the ability of an EDT system to boost the system's orbit as the orbit's inclination is increased. In summary, new system dynamics have been observed due to the previously unobserved behavior of the current over a range of end-body configurations. / Ph. D.

Yes / In this paper, a set of singular integral formulations are derived to calculate the surface impedance matrix on the antenna array elements. The proposed mathematical model enables electrodynamic analysis of antenna arrays designed using metamaterial-inspired structures. The formulations allow the determination of the array’s impedance, spatial and polarization characteristics at significantly low computational cost compared to conventional electromagnetic solvers based on method-of-moments (MoM) numerical technique. The accuracy of the surface impedance results obtained from the theoretical formulations are verified using the full wave EM software. It is shown that there is excellent agreement between the proposed formulations and EM software. The accuracy of the theoretical model presented is valid for single layer structures. / RTI2018-095499-B-C31, Funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE), and innovation programme under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424 and the financial support from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under grant EP/E022936/1