This thesis describes the importance and use of permanent grasslands, or more so-called energy grasses used in the energy sector. For our study we examined these three grasses: Ovsík vyvýšený (Arrhenatherum elatius), Sveřep horský (Bromus carharticus) and Bojínek luční (Phleum pratense). Another, the main task was to determine their resistance to drought. The results based on laboratory work, which between them compared the two variants. One was simulated normal emergence of the species and the second emergence stressed by lack of water. Based on these results, we conclude that we can not say that it would be a downright drought-resistant types. For the two studied species of grasses (Bojínek and Ovsík) are obvious differences in resistance to drought. Sveřep horský (variety - Tacit), however, proved to be the most drought-resistant species. While most sprouted out bojínek luční (variety - Sobol).

A indústria de software tem características peculiares, seu produto é imaterial, seu caracter é pervasivo e necessita de mão-de-obra bastante específica, mesmo assim sua indústria se concentra em aglomerações produtivas, muitas em locais sem tradição na indústria tecnológica. Este trabalho tem como propósito inicial investigar a aglomeração de empresas de software que caracterizam estes polos produtivos. Para isso foram pesquisados aglomerações de empresas de software no estado de Santa Catarina. Seguindo a metodologia proposta por Paul Krugman foram localizados 5 polos de software nas cidades de Blumenau, Chapecó, Criciúma, Florianópolis e Joinville. Nestes locais buscou-se os fatores relacionados ao surgimento das primeiras empresas e procurou-se por associações de representação da indústria e empresários pioneiros aos quais foram questionadas variáveis relacionadas a emergência destes polos. A questão da aglomeração das indústrias foi vista considerando elementos da emergência que, entre outras características, apresenta as aglomerações como consequência das micro interações entre os atores que geram um comportamento macro e visível. Levou-se em consideração também questões estruturais relacionadas principalmente a governo, indústria e universidade e suas influências nos processos de consolidação destes polos. O estudo identificou que os primeiros polos tiveram grande parte do seu sucesso relacionado a micro interações entre os atores a partir de empresas pioneiras enquanto que em polos mais novos a importância da Universidade e do fomento governamental foram fundamentais. / The software industry has unique characteristics, her product is immaterial, her character is pervasive and requires rather specific workforce, yet the industry concentrates on productive clusters, many in places with no tradition in the technology industry. This paper aims to investigate the agglomeration of software companies that characterize these production clusters. For this purpose agglomerations of software companies in the state of Santa Catarina were researched. Following the methodology proposed by Paul Krugman five software centers were located in the cities of Blumenau, Chapecó, Criciúma, Florianópolis and Joinville. In these clusters we sought factors related to the appearance of the first companies and look for representation associations, the industry pioneers and entrepreneurs who have been questioned variables related to the emergence of these clusters. The issue of agglomeration of industries was seen considering elements of emergency, that among other characteristics, presents the clusters as a result of micro interactions between the actors that generate a macro and visible behavior. It was taken into consideration also structural issues related primarily to government, industry and university and its influence on the processes of consolidation of these clusters. The study identified that the first’s clusters had much of its success related to micro interactions between the actors from the pioneers at the poles while in the younger clusters the importance of University and government were fundamental.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os critÃrios que balizam o fenÃmeno da emergÃncia de gÃneros discursivos que se manifestam nas redes sociais, mais especificamente no Facebook, tomando como base o suporte digital e as mesclas genÃricas que constituem as prÃticas de linguagem na web. Nossa investigaÃÃo à conduzida por uma concepÃÃo de linguagem de base epistemolÃgica bakhtiniana (BAKHTIN, 1929) e por uma perspectiva sociorretÃrica de gÃneros (MILLER, 1984; 1994; BAZERMAN, 2005). AlÃm disso, em busca de um conceito de emergÃncia, apoiamo-nos na perspectiva da Teoria da Complexidade, que dà guarida aos Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos (LARSEN-FREEMAN, 2008). Para alcanÃar o objetivo, tivemos dois momentos metodolÃgicos: no primeiro, selecionamos 331 postagens no mural de notÃcias do Facebook atualizadas no perÃodo de abril de 2011 a dezembro de 2012, cujos critÃrios bÃsicos eram o de que tivessem pelo menos 100 compartilhamentos e 100 curtiÃÃes. No segundo, extraÃmos uma amostra desse corpus, dividimo-la em oito questionÃrios desenvolvidos na ferramenta Google Docs, cada um com pelo menos trÃs postagens, e os divulgamos no Facebook pelo perÃodo de dois meses, para que os usuÃrios da rede espalhados pelas cinco regiÃes do Brasil nos dessem suas impressÃes sobre os gÃneros que ali ganham morada. Ao fim, tivemos 575 sujeitos, cujas respostas nos ajudaram a mapear as caracterÃsticas de oito gÃneros discursivos em emergÃncia no Facebook e, com base nelas, propor seis critÃrios para definir a emergÃncia como um estÃgio por que passa um gÃnero em direÃÃo à estandardizaÃÃo, estÃgio este que denota, de um lado, certa recorrÃncia de padrÃes jà reconhecidos, aceitos e praticados socialmente e, de outro, elementos amorfos, em processo de moldagem e de tipificaÃÃo pela comunidade: o processo de remix, o acabamento, os links, a rÃpida saturaÃÃo, a falta de consenso sobre o nome e a falta de consenso sobre os propÃsitos dos gÃneros. / This research aims at investigating criteria which mark the emergence of discourse genres phenomenon present in social network, especially on Facebook. Such genres take place in digital support, as well as in their generic blends that constitute language practices on the web. This study is led by a Bakhtinian language conception (BAKHTIN, 1929) and a social rhetoric genre perspective (MILLER, 1984; 1994; BAZERMAN, 2005). Besides, in search for a concept of emergence, this investigation was based on the Complexity Theory which supports the Complex Adaptive System (LARSEN-FREEMAN, 2008). In order to achieve its aim, this research was divided into two methodological parts: firstly, we selected 331 updated posts out of Facebook news feed from April 2011 to December 2012, which standard criteria were laid on the fact that these latter presented 100 shares and 100 likes. Secondly, we took a sample out of this corpus, divided it into eight questionnaires developed in to the Google Docs tool, each one carrying, at least, three posts. After that, we posted these same posts on Facebook for two months, so that the network users throughout the five regions of Brazil could post their opinion over the genres therein presented. At last, this study found 575 usersâ answers to be helpful to map eight discourse genres characteristics under emergence on Facebook. Based on these latter ones, we propose six criteria to define emergence as a stage through which a genre pass toward standardization. Such a stage denotes, on one hand, a type of recurrence of recognized, accepted and socially practiced standards. On the other hand, this same stage denotes amorphous elements, under its modeling and recognition process by the community: the remix process, finishing, links, rapid saturation, lack of consent over the name and genres proposes.

A indústria de software tem características peculiares, seu produto é imaterial, seu caracter é pervasivo e necessita de mão-de-obra bastante específica, mesmo assim sua indústria se concentra em aglomerações produtivas, muitas em locais sem tradição na indústria tecnológica. Este trabalho tem como propósito inicial investigar a aglomeração de empresas de software que caracterizam estes polos produtivos. Para isso foram pesquisados aglomerações de empresas de software no estado de Santa Catarina. Seguindo a metodologia proposta por Paul Krugman foram localizados 5 polos de software nas cidades de Blumenau, Chapecó, Criciúma, Florianópolis e Joinville. Nestes locais buscou-se os fatores relacionados ao surgimento das primeiras empresas e procurou-se por associações de representação da indústria e empresários pioneiros aos quais foram questionadas variáveis relacionadas a emergência destes polos. A questão da aglomeração das indústrias foi vista considerando elementos da emergência que, entre outras características, apresenta as aglomerações como consequência das micro interações entre os atores que geram um comportamento macro e visível. Levou-se em consideração também questões estruturais relacionadas principalmente a governo, indústria e universidade e suas influências nos processos de consolidação destes polos. O estudo identificou que os primeiros polos tiveram grande parte do seu sucesso relacionado a micro interações entre os atores a partir de empresas pioneiras enquanto que em polos mais novos a importância da Universidade e do fomento governamental foram fundamentais. / The software industry has unique characteristics, her product is immaterial, her character is pervasive and requires rather specific workforce, yet the industry concentrates on productive clusters, many in places with no tradition in the technology industry. This paper aims to investigate the agglomeration of software companies that characterize these production clusters. For this purpose agglomerations of software companies in the state of Santa Catarina were researched. Following the methodology proposed by Paul Krugman five software centers were located in the cities of Blumenau, Chapecó, Criciúma, Florianópolis and Joinville. In these clusters we sought factors related to the appearance of the first companies and look for representation associations, the industry pioneers and entrepreneurs who have been questioned variables related to the emergence of these clusters. The issue of agglomeration of industries was seen considering elements of emergency, that among other characteristics, presents the clusters as a result of micro interactions between the actors that generate a macro and visible behavior. It was taken into consideration also structural issues related primarily to government, industry and university and its influence on the processes of consolidation of these clusters. The study identified that the first’s clusters had much of its success related to micro interactions between the actors from the pioneers at the poles while in the younger clusters the importance of University and government were fundamental.

Abstract The aims were to examine the importance of regeneration by seeds, the influence of plant traits and disturbances, and the role of seed-seedling conflicts in regeneration and in the determination of vegetation structure. The study was carried out at in a subarctic alpine area (Kilpisjärvi 69°01'N 20°50E', Finland). Seed bank and seedling densities were high in many plant communities (ranges 99 -1109 viable seeds/m2 and 0.2-227 seedlings/m2, respectively). Effective seedling recruitment is reflected in vegetation as a high proportion of plants with poor or no vegetative reproduction ability. This development may take place in meadows and snowbeds where herbs (e.g. Gnaphalium supinum, Sibbaldia procumbens, Veronica alpina and Viola biflora) are abundant. On the other hand, the low proportion of these plants in heath vegetation reflects ineffective seedling recruitment. Floristic similarities between the consecutive phases in the regeneration pathway may be low despite effective seedling recruitment. Clonality, large and small seed sizes and appendaged diaspores limit the movement of species from phase to phase. Generally, disturbances facilitate effective regeneration by seeds. Grazing promotes species with large seed banks and is therefore one reason for high seed bank densities. Freezing and melting processes negate a negative influence of altitude on seed bank densities in the phase of seedlings. However, if disturbances are severe and continuous and the soil is compact, unstable or dry, disturbances are not beneficial. The same is true if there is a shift in the species composition of seedlings from gaps to closed vegetation. This phenomenon occurred in a rich meadow. Seed-seedling conflicts limit regeneration by seeds in low-herb snowbeds and Ranunculus glacialis-Gymnomitrion snowbeds. Vegetative reproduction and infrequent pulses of seedling recruitment negate an influence of short-term seedling recruitment on the spatial structure of vegetation. Extreme conditions, such as low temperatures, instability of the soil and late snowmelt modify the influence of factors that are important in more moderate conditions. To conclude, all transitions limit regeneration by seeds. However, favourable conditions (e.g. moist conditions in a meadow) partly eliminate the obstacles against seedling emergence. Regeneration by seeds therefore has a major impact on the dynamics and structure of vegetation. In heath vegetation, where bare soils are dry and the moss cover is thick, large seed banks and seed rains do not guarantee effective seedling recruitment. The regeneration process is reduced in the early phases, and plants that reproduce primarily by seeds have a minor role in vegetation. The accumulation of seed banks is effective in these circumstances.

The idea that emergent content generation for video games will add depth to the gameplay experience is something often mentioned. With this article I want to make a connection between the science of complex systems and emergence, and the area of video game research and development. Not only does emergent content generation add depth to gameplay experience, it would also reduce the stress on developers, if diverse content could be generated automatically. I have conducted a keyword search on 412 articles from renown conferences with the following keywords: complex system", "emerg", and "spontaneous". The results show that while emergence is quite popular in the fi eld of video game research, complex system as a term is not.

This thesis conducts a critical investigation into digital literature—a genre of literary expression that is integrated with, and articulated using, digital computing systems and infrastructures. Specifically, it presents a framework for evaluating the expressive capacities of this genre as it relates to particular conceptions of knowledge-making in the contemporary technocultural environment. This framework reveals how the generation of critical knowledge concerning digital literature, as crystallised through a reader’s material engagements with specific works, enacts a ‘performative’ conception of knowing and being, in which the observable world is treated as emerging in the real time of practice—as being articulated through the entanglement of human and nonhuman agencies, rather than existing as a fixed array of passive, unchanging primitives. Digital literature is presented subsequently as a model of this greater performative vision—as a means of evaluating the structures and processes that manifest it, particularly within digital systems, and for assessing its practical and political implications for art and culture more broadly. In so doing, this thesis aims to justify the value of engaging digital literature from a standpoint that is more expressly political, contending not only that these texts are revealing of key processes shaping digital activities, artefacts, and environments, but are enacting alternative vectors of thought and practice concerning them.

"I daresay you haven’t had much practice," said the Queen. "When I was your age, I always did it for half-an-hour a day. Why, sometimes I’ve believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast." Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There[21]. This thesis examines an artificial proto-culture of e-Puck robots to examine which factors affect the transmission of memes, in the form of sounds imitated back and forth between the robots, to determine which factors promote or inhibit meme diversity and spread. Meme theory posits that the development of cultural artifacts such as ideas, myths, religions, etc. arises naturally from cultural information transfer by imitation. It has been suggested that 'copybots’, robots programmed to imitate each other, would eventually lead to the emergence of something recognizable as culture[13]. This thesis describes part of a research project which sought to use e-Puck robots to implement a copybot based system to examine this proto-culture emergence. The group implemented an Artificial Culture lab for experiments using the e-Puck robots. Here the focus is on the imitation of sound patterns (the memes) within a group of e-Pucks to examine which factors promote or inhibit meme diversity and spread. Other parts of the research group examined the imitation of movement patterns, human perceptions (and preconceptions of robots), and abstract societal level modeling. Within is described a simulator and a series of experiments on the imitation of sounds using that simulator that examine the factors affecting meme transmission in homogeneous populations and evolving heterogeneous populations. These experiments show that they key factor in promoting meme diversity and spread is simply the frequency with which imitation occurs. They also show that memory size plays a smaller role and selection strategy (for choosing which meme to imitate) plays a lesser role still. "If you’ve done six impossible things this morning, why not round it off with breakfast at Milliways, the Restaurant at the End of the Universe." Douglas Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe[1].

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Johanna A. Dille / An opportunity for postemergence (POST) grass weed control has recently been approved with ALS-resistant grain sorghum, however, grass weed emergence timing and crop tolerance to grass competition are not well understood. To address the importance of POST application timing, a critical period of weed control (CPWC) for grass competition in grain sorghum was developed. Field experiments were established near Manhattan and Hays, KS in 2016 and 2017, and near Hutchinson, KS in 2017 to determine the CPWC. Each site provided a different grass species community. A total of ten treatments were included, with four treatments maintained weed-free until 2, 3, 5, or 7 weeks after crop emergence, four treatments receiving no weed control until 2, 3, 5, or 7 weeks after crop emergence, and two treatments were maintained weed-free or weedy all season. Treatments did not influence grain yield at Hutchinson because of a lack of season-long weed emergence. At Hays the CPWC began at crop emergence and ended 28 days later. At Manhattan the CPWC began 27 days after emergence and continued through grain harvest. The CPWC in grain sorghum depends on rainfall and competitive ability of the weed species. The start of the CPWC began when weeds emerged, thus a POST application should be targeted 14 to 21 days after emergence of grain sorghum. Emergence and development of large crabgrass, barnyardgrass, shattercane, and giant, green, and yellow foxtails were studied near Manhattan, KS after seeding on April 11, 2017. Barnyardgrass had the longest duration of emergence, beginning at 180 GDD after seeding and continuing through July. Large crabgrass had the shortest duration of emergence from 325 to 630 GDD after seeding. In general, all grasses began to emerge in late April and most species completed 90% emergence by early June. Grain sorghum is typically planted at this time, so grass weed control prior to planting is critical. Palmer amaranth is a troublesome weed in double-crop grain sorghum production fields in Kansas. The presence of herbicide-resistant populations limits options for weed management. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate 14 different herbicide programs for the management of atrazine-resistant Palmer amaranth in double-crop grain sorghum at Manhattan and Hutchinson, KS in 2016 and 2017. Programs included eight PRE only and six PRE followed by POST treatments. Programs that had very long chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides provided greater control of atrazine-resistant Palmer amaranth by three weeks after planting sorghum. Programs of PRE followed by POST provided greater control of both atrazine-resistant and -susceptible Palmer amaranth by eight WAP compared to PRE alone. These results illustrate the value of residual herbicides, as well as an effective postemergence application, in double-crop grain sorghum. Early season grass and Palmer amaranth control with the use of residual herbicides such as very long chain fatty acid-inhibitors provide a competitive advantage to grain sorghum. Utilizing weed emergence patterns to time effective POST applications, in unison with residual herbicides, will provide season-long weed control in Kansas grain sorghum fields.

The presented diploma thesis "Holy and unholy homeless" deals with finding the inspiration for social work with individuals - the homeless people, in the emerging phenomenon of Christian monasticism. The hypothesis of the diploma thesis, the existence of the possibility of drawing lessons for today's social work, confirms in the end in three areas and inspiring circuits. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)