COFELY-GDF SUEZ, a global energy services company, has signed an Energy Performance Contracting(EPC) agreement with the University Versailles Saint Quentin En Yvelines for a period of 25 years. The master thesis aims to identify all the different solutions to improve energy efficiency in the buildings and thus, achieve the objectives of the EPC: How reduce the energy consumption of the different buildings,which includes 19,000 students, by 33% for gas, by 11% for electricity and by 19% for water consumption. Another important aspect of the thesis is to manage and control CO2 emissions. The scope of the master thesis is thus to find some solutions well suited to decrease energy consumption in an university and to develop accurately one of these solutions: heat pumps. An extensive study of the different energy saving measures has been performed, based on visits onsite,feasibility studies conducting, and meetings with the university’s administration as well as geographic dataanalysis. In addition, a thorough analysis of one of these saving energy saving measures has been conducted: the installation of air source heat pumps. The effect of these air source heat pumps on energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions has been studied. Moreover, a metering plan for energy and fluids is essential for following up the energy consumption and thus estimate the energy saving agreed bythe Energy Performance Contracting. Many obstacles have been encountered in energy efficiency of building systems and energy conservation.The technical and economical aspects must be taken into account when reducing gas, electricity and water consumption. Consequently, the energy saving strategies and measures described in the thesis have been implemented before, and therefore, are of a practical nature. The French Environmental Round Table defines the key points of government policy on ecological and sustainable development issues. At the end of it, improvement of building’s energy and environmental performance seems to be the best and preferred solution to answer this pressing situation, managed by the economic actors. Consequently, in order to face climate change, COFELY has to adapt to the new regulations and to tackle the different issues.

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The aim of this project is to select appropriate heat exchangers out of available gas-gas heat exchangers for used in a proposed power plant. The heat exchangers are to be used in the power plant for the purposes of waste heat recovery, recuperation and intercooling.In selecting an optimum heat exchanger for use, the PCHE was identified as the best candidate for waste heat recovery and recuperation. In order to ascertain the viability of this assertion the PCHE was designed and a 1D modeling performed in MATLAB using the conditions that the heat exchanger for waste heat recovery would be subjected to. The choice of using the conditions that the waste recovery heat exchanger would be subjected to was due to the fact that, it is the heat exchanger that would be subjected to much harsh conditions (thus higher temperatures of up to 650 ºC). The PFHE was also designed and similarly a 1D modeling performed in MATLAB. The decision to consider the design of the PFHE was to offer a platform to compare and contrast the performance of the PCHE in order to have a strong basis for deciding on whether to stick to the choice for the PCHE or otherwise.The results obtained from the 1D modeling of the design of the heat exchangers indicates that the PCHE performed better with regards to pressure drops across the heat exchangers (with values of 1.17 and 2.47 % for the cold and hot sides respectively), compactness (with a value of 1300 m2/m3 for the PCHE compared to the 855 m2/m3 recorded from the PFHE), however the PFHE recorded higher heat transfer coefficients, and a subsequent higher overall transfer coefficient.Results obtained from the simulation of the 3D model buttress the decision to employ the PCHE as heat exchangers to be used for waste heat recovery and recuperation as a wise one, with an effectiveness of 0.94 as against the design value of 0.90, and with pressure drops as desired of the optimum heat exchanger.

Against a backdrop of our world’s changing climate solar thermal power generation shows great potential to move global energy production away from fossil fuels to non-polluting sources. The Department of Energy Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm is contributing to the development and research of solar thermal power by building a solar driven small scale polygeneration unit based on an externally fired micro gas turbine. This project focused on the design, analysis and verification of a high temperature solar receiver for integration into this planned solar polygeneration unit. Mean irradiance levels at the focal spot of the solar receiver of 5.5 MW/m² and peak levels of 14 MW/m² were identified as major design challenges. A preliminary heat transfer analysis found volumetric receivers to be the only applicable receiver type capable of withstanding these expected high irradiance levels. With volumetric receivers selected as the receiver type, a basic volumetric receiver model was evaluated using a multi-objective optimization tool based on advanced evolutionist algorithms and a numerical heat transfer model. The results were a set of Pareto-optimal solutions showing a tradeoff between a pressure drop in the receiver and material temperature especially at the window of the receiver. A parameter study was conducted based on the previous analysis to improve specific aspects of the initial design using a value of benefit analysis to evaluate the different designs. Of all the investigated receiver parameters, the absorber properties and shape had the biggest positive influence on material temperature and thermal stresses without significantly increasing the pressure drop. External cooling of the receiver window with ambient air was found to beneficial influence the window temperature without greatly decreasing the thermal efficiency. For non-uniform high irradiance levels ceramic absorber materials were found to be most suitable. Furthermore, mechanically decoupling the window and the absorber from their surrounding parts was found to be very important; enabling them to expand more or less independently with changing temperature minimizing thermal stresses. It can be concluded, when properly designed, volumetric solar receivers for small scale solar polygeneration units are feasible as designs with material temperature, thermal stresses and pressure drop below acceptable limit were found within this work.

I denna rapport undersöks tre olika energieffektiviseringsåtgärder som kan göras på ett församlingshem beläget i Burträsk, Skellefteå Kommun. De åtgärder som undersökts är byte av fönster från tvåglasfönster till treglasfönster för en del av byggnaden, installation av vätskebatterier i ventilation i stället för de elbatterier som sitter där idag och hur en tätning av byggnaden skulle påverka uppvärmningen.  Åtgärdernas energibesparingar har undersökts med hjälp av simuleringar i programmet IDA ICE. Där har en modell byggts med hjälp av information från ritningar, platsbesök och kyrkogårdsförman. Där information saknats har rimliga antaganden gjorts. Enligt simulering har grundfallet ett uppvärmningsbehov på 137 MWh per år. Den åtgärd som sänker fastighetens uppvärmningsbehov mest är en tätning som enligt simulering ligger på 127 MWh per år. Då fastigheten värms med en bergvärmepump och elbatteri betalar fastighetsägaren för uppvärmning i elkostnad. Åtgärden tätning bidrar till en minskning i elanvändning på 6,9 MWh per år vilket motsvarar en minskning på 4,2 % av fastighetens verkliga elanvändning. Åtgärderna fönsterbyte och vätskebatteri står för ungefär lika stora elbesparingar på 4,5 kWh per år respektive 4,3 kWh per år. Fönsterbytet minskar fastighetens uppvärmningsbehov och skapar alltså ett minskat elbehov för byggnaden. Installation av vätskebatteri påverkar inte fastighetens uppvärmningsbehov men då värmningen i ventilationen sker med energi från bergvärmepumpen blir uppvärmningen billigare sett från fastighetsägarens perspektiv. Båda dessa åtgärder bidrar alltså till ungefär lika stora besparingar på köpt energi. / This project has reviewed three different measures to streamline the energy usage of Burträsk ParishHome, located in Skellefteå municipality. The measures that have been reviewed are swapping thewindows, from double glazed windows to triple glazed windows, of one part of the property, installing liquid batteries in the ventilation units to replace the electric batteries that are present today and looking at how much a sealing would impact the heating demand of the property. The energy saving measures have been reviewed through simulations in the program IDA ICE. A 3D-model has been built within IDA ICE with the help of information from drawings, site visits and the cemetery supervisor. Where information was missing, reasonable assumptions were made. According to the simulations, the current property has a heating demand of about 137 MWh per year. The reviewed measure with the biggest energy saving is sealing where the building heating demand was reduced to 127 MWh per year. Because this property uses geothermal heat and electrical batteries for heating, the property owner pays for heating through electricity. Sealing the building contributes to a reduction in electricity use by 6,9 MWh per year which corresponds to a reduction in electricity use by 4,2 % relative to the property’s real electricity use. Swapping windows and liquid batteries equated to roughly the same electricity savings, equating to savings of 4,5 kWh per year and 4,3 kWh per year respectively. Replacing the windows reduces the property’s heating demand and in turn reduces the electrical demand by the property. Installing liquid batteries does not reduce the property’s heating demand but since the ventilation heating is supplied with geothermal energy, the heating becomes cheaper seen from the property owner’s perspective. Both energy saving measures contribute to roughly the same amount of reduction in bought energy.

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