Η παρούσα εργασία ασχολείται με κινητά Ασύρματα Δίκτυα Αισθητήρων και προτείνεται ένα αποδοτικό πρωτόκολλο διάδοσης για κινητά Δίκτυα Αισθητήρων με σταθερό σταθμό Κόμβο-Πηγή. Επίσης, υλοποιούνται σε πραγματικό πειραματικό δίκτυο ασύρματων αισθητήρων και μελετάται πειραματικά η απόδοση πρωτοκόλλων εξισορρόπησης ενέργειας. Τα Ασύρματα Δίκτυα Αισθητήρων αποτελούνται από μεγάλο αριθμό αυτόνομων συσκευών με περιορισμένες δυνατότητες επικοινωνίας, αποθήκευσης, επεξεργασίας και ενέργειας, που τοποθετούνται σε μια συγκεκριμένη περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος στην οποία δεν υπάρχει καμία εκ των προτέρων εγκατεστημένη δικτυακή υποδομή και γνώση της τοπολογίας. Οι κόμβοι επικοινωνούν και συνεργάζονται μεταξύ τους και ακροάζονται το περιβάλλον με τη χρήση αισθητήρων με στόχο να φέρουν σε πέρας εφαρμογές όπως είναι, ο έλεγχος κυκλοφορίας, η συλλογή μετεωρολογικών δεδομένων, η παρακολούθηση του περιβάλλοντος καθώς και εφαρμογές ασφαλείας. Η δρομολόγηση δεδομένων στα ασύρματα δίκτυα αισθητήρων γίνεται ως εξής, οι αισθητήρες-κόμβοι συλλέγουν δεδομένα από το περιβάλλον που ακροάζονται και τα προωθούν σε γειτονικούς κόμβους με στόχο να φτάσουν κάποια στιγμή (multi-hop routing) σε ένα κόμβο-πηγή (sink) ο οποίος έχει απεριόριστο αποθηκευτικό χώρο και ενέργεια. Για την αύξηση της διάρκειας ζωής ενός ασύρματου δικτύου αισθητήρων έχουν αναπτυχθεί διάφορες τεχνικές όπως είναι οι τεχνικές εξισορρόπησης ενέργειας. Στόχος στο πρόβλημα της εξισορρόπησης κατανάλωσης ενέργειας σε ένα ασύρματο δίκτυο αισθητήρων είναι να επιτύχουμε ίση κατανάλωση ενέργειας ανά κόμβο του δικτύου ώστε να μεγιστοποιήσουμε τη διάρκεια ζωής του δικτύου αποφεύγοντας την πρόωρη αποσύνδεση του δικτύου. Τα προτεινόμενα πρωτόκολλα για κινητά δίκτυα αισθητήρων αξιολογήθηκαν πειραματικά μέσω διεξοδικής προσομοίωσης, χρησιμοποιώντας ποικίλες τιμές για βασικές παραμέτρους του δικτύου και συγκρίθηκαν με υπάρχουσες ευρέως αποδεκτές μεθόδους. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι τόσο ο χρόνος παράδοσης των μηνυμάτων, όσο και η ενέργεια που απαιτείται διατηρούνται σε χαμηλά επίπεδα, βελτιώνοντας σημαντικά την προηγούμενη σχετική έρευνα. Όσον αφορά τα πρωτόκολλα εξισορρόπησης ενέργειας, υλοποιήθηκαν σε πραγματικό πειραματικό δίκτυο και αξιολογήθηκαν πειραματικά μέσω πραγματικών πειραμάτων. Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώνουν τα θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα των μελετώμενων πρωτοκόλλων. / In this thesis we study Sensor Networks that are highly dynamic and mobile, and we propose a new efficient routing protocol for mobile Sensor Networks with a static base-station/sink. Moreover, we implement energy balancing data propagation protocols in a wireless sensor network test-bed and we investigate their performance. Wireless Sensor Networks consist of a large number of small, autonomous devices, that have limited communication, storage, computational and energy resources, that are deployed in a specific area of interest where there is no prior established network infrastructure and knowledge of topology. The nodes communicate and cooperate with each other and sense the environment by using sensors to carry out applications such as control traffic, weather monitoring, environmental monitoring and security applications. The routing of data in wireless sensor network is done as follows, the sensor-nodes sense the environment, collect data and relay the data to adjacent nodes in order to reach in a multi-hop way to a base station (sink) which has unlimited storage and energy resources. There have been developed various techniques to increase the lifetime of a wireless sensor network such as energy balancing propagation techniques. The goal of the energy balancing propagation schemes is to achieve equal energy consumption per node in order to maximize the lifetime of the network by avoiding early disconnection of the network. An extensive performance comparison of the protocols for mobile sensor networks proposed in this study to relevant methods from the state of the art demonstrates significant improvements i.e. latency is reduced by even four times while keeping energy dissipation and delivery success at very satisfactory levels. Regarding the energy balancing protocols, we have implemented them in a real experimental testbed and evaluated them experimentally via real experiments. The experimental results confirm the theoretical results of the studied protocols.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IldefonsoMS.pdf: 1793001 bytes, checksum: 8b7c737ca595a5f30c4e9de306d3fe97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-27 / The generation for termoeletricity is characterized as a solid process of conversion of thermal energy (heat) in electric without the necessity of mobile parts. Although the conversion process is of low efficiency the system presents high degree of trustworthiness and low requisite of maintenance and durability. Its principle is based on the studies of termogeneration carried through by Thomas Seebeck in 1800. The frank development of the technologies of solid state for termoeletricity generation, the necessity of the best exploitation of the energy, also with incentive the cogeneration processes, the reduction of the ambient impact allies to the development of modules semiconductors of high efficiency, converge to the use of the thermoeletric generation through components of solid state in remote applications. The work presents the development, construction and performance evaluation of an prototype, in pilot scale, for energy tri-generation aiming at application in remote areas. The unit is composed of a gas lamp as primary source of energy, a module commercial semiconductor for thermoelectric generation and a shirt for production of the luminosity. The project of the device made compatible a headstock for adaptation in the gas lamp, a hot source for adaptation of the module, an exchanger of to be used heat as cold source and to compose first stage of cogeneration, an exchanger of tubular heat to compose second stage of cogeneration, the elaboration of a converter dc-dc type push pull, adequacy of a system of acquisition of temperature. It was become fullfilled assembly of the prototype in group of benches for tests and assay in the full load condition in order to evaluate its efficiency, had been carried through energy balance of the unit. The prototype presented an electric efficiency of 0,73%, thermal of 56,55%, illumination of 1,35% and global of 58,62%. The developed prototype, as the adopted methodology of assay had also taken care of to the considered objectives, making possible the attainment of conclusive results concerning to the experiment. Optimization in the system of setting of the semicondutor module, improvement in the thermal insulation and design of the prototype and system of protection to the user are suggestions to become it a commercial product / A gera??o por termoeletricidade caracteriza-se como um processo s?lido de convers?o de energia t?rmica (calor) em el?trica sem a necessidade de partes m?veis. Embora o processo de convers?o seja de baixa efici?ncia o sistema apresenta alto grau de confiabilidade e baix?ssimos requisitos de manuten??o e durabilidade. Seu princ?pio ? baseado nos estudos de termogera??o realizados por Thomas Seebeck em 1821. O franco desenvolvimento das tecnologias de estado s?lido para gera??o de termoeletricidade, a necessidade do melhor aproveitamento da energia, inclusive com incentivo a processos de cogera??o, a redu??o do impacto ambiental aliados ao desenvolvimento de m?dulos semicondutores de alta efici?ncia, convergem para o uso da gera??o termoel?trica atrav?s de componentes de estado s?lido em aplica??es remotas. O trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento, constru??o e avalia??o de performance de um prot?tipo, em escala piloto, para tri-gera??o de energia visando aplica??o em ?reas remotas. A unidade ? composta de um lampi?o a g?s combust?vel como fonte prim?ria de energia, um m?dulo semicondutor comercial para gera??o termoel?trica e uma camisa para produ??o da luminosidade. O projeto do dispositivo compatibilizou um cabe?ote para adapta??o no lampi?o, uma fonte quente para adapta??o do m?dulo, um trocador de calor para ser utilizado como fonte fria e compor o 1? est?gio de cogera??o, um trocador de calor tubular para compor o 2? est?gio de cogera??o, a elabora??o de um conversor cc-cc tipo push pull, adequa??o de um sistema de aquisi??o de temperatura. Realizou-se a montagem do prot?tipo em bancada para testes e ensaio na condi??o de carga plena a fim de avaliar a sua efici?ncia, sendo realizado balan?o de energia da unidade. O prot?tipo apresentou uma efici?ncia el?trica de 0,73%, t?rmica de 56,55%, de ilumina??o de 1,35% e global de 58,62%. O prot?tipo desenvolvido, como tamb?m a metodologia de ensaio adotada atenderam aos objetivos propostos, possibilitando a obten??o de resultados conclusivos acerca do experimento. Otimiza??o no sistema de fixa??o do m?dulo semicondutor, melhoramento na isola??o t?rmica e design do prot?tipo e sistema de prote??o ao usu?rio s?o sugest?es para torn?-lo um produto comercial