Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:18:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_ad_me_guara.pdf: 1861118 bytes, checksum: 3ea37c834a1980696d42ea553da7a0fe (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema gerenciador de energia elétrica, do ponto de vista de sua concepção e do desenvolvimento de um protótipo que deve ser adaptado a medidores eletromecânicos de indução tipo Ferraris para leitura automática do consumo de energia para fins de faturamento. Incialmente se apresenta na fundamentação teórica os assuntos importantes para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. Na sequência o trabalho apresenta a concepção do sistema desenvolvido ilustrando as alternativas e opções técnicas adotadas. Em seguida se apresenta como o sistema desenvolvido pode ser utilizado pelas concessionárias de energia para implementar um esquema de tarifa diferenciada para seus consumidores. Uma análise de diferentes cenários de implantação é feita. O objetivo principal para a adaptação de medidores eletromecânicos é permitir um certo nível da automatização, a baixo custo, da leitura de unidades consumidoras do grupo B. O medidor adaptado envia um sinal para um concentrador através da própria rede de distribuição. A partir desse concentrador, os dados podem ser coletados ou retransmitidos por diferentes tecnologias exixtentes, no protótipo implementado os dados são enviados usando a rede de telefonica móvel GSM/GPRS. / This work presents the development of an electric energy managemnt system, with the point of view of its conception and of the development of a prototype that must be adapted to Ferraris induction electromechanical measures for automatic reading of the consumption of energy for incoicing ends. Initially we present the important subjects for the development of the work. Then we present the conception of developed system illustrating the alternatives and the techniques adopted. After that, it is presented as the developed system can be used by the energy concessionaires to implement a project of differentiated tariff for its consumers. Analyses of different implantation sceneries are made. The main objective for the adaptation of electromechanical measures is to allow a certain level of the automatization, at low cost, of the reading of units consumers of group B. The measurer sends a signal for a concentrator through the proper net of distribution. From this concentrator, the data can be collected or be relyed by different exiting technologies. In the implemented prototype the data are sent using the GSM/GPRS technology.

Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema gerenciador de energia elétrica, do ponto de vista de sua concepção e do desenvolvimento de um protótipo que deve ser adaptado a medidores eletromecânicos de indução tipo Ferraris para leitura automática do consumo de energia para fins de faturamento. Incialmente se apresenta na fundamentação teórica os assuntos importantes para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. Na sequência o trabalho apresenta a concepção do sistema desenvolvido ilustrando as alternativas e opções técnicas adotadas. Em seguida se apresenta como o sistema desenvolvido pode ser utilizado pelas concessionárias de energia para implementar um esquema de tarifa diferenciada para seus consumidores. Uma análise de diferentes cenários de implantação é feita. O objetivo principal para a adaptação de medidores eletromecânicos é permitir um certo nível da automatização, a baixo custo, da leitura de unidades consumidoras do grupo B. O medidor adaptado envia um sinal para um concentrador através da própria rede de distribuição. A partir desse concentrador, os dados podem ser coletados ou retransmitidos por diferentes tecnologias exixtentes, no protótipo implementado os dados são enviados usando a rede de telefonica móvel GSM/GPRS. / Abstract: This work presents the development of an electric energy managemnt system, with the point of view of its conception and of the development of a prototype that must be adapted to Ferraris induction electromechanical measures for automatic reading of the consumption of energy for incoicing ends. Initially we present the important subjects for the development of the work. Then we present the conception of developed system illustrating the alternatives and the techniques adopted. After that, it is presented as the developed system can be used by the energy concessionaires to implement a project of differentiated tariff for its consumers. Analyses of different implantation sceneries are made. The main objective for the adaptation of electromechanical measures is to allow a certain level of the automatization, at low cost, of the reading of units consumers of group B. The measurer sends a signal for a concentrator through the proper net of distribution. From this concentrator, the data can be collected or be relyed by different exiting technologies. In the implemented prototype the data are sent using the GSM/GPRS technology. / Orientador: José Celso Freire Junior / Coorientador: Agnelo Marotta Cassula / Banca: Luis Guilherme Barbosa Rolim / Banca: Edson da Costa Bortoni / Mestre

Adopting green energy initiatives is deemed significant in reducing the carbon footprint of the hotel industry. In general, energy-efficient and renewable energy technologies offer wide applications in the hotel industry. The adoption of these technologies improves energy performance and reduces dependence on fossil fuels. Hotel organizational commitment towards sustainability is highly inconsistent across the industry. Essentially, this industry represents a continuum of adopters; some hotels are leaders who proactively adopt innovative and state-of- the-art technologies, while others adopt only basic practices, such as reusing towels. There exist several challenges to shifting hotel organizations toward implementing green energy measures. Sharing best practices and learned lessons is essential to convince less committed hotel organizations to take action. Along with sharing information, it is important to identify similarities and differences in decision-making on green energy measures in both committed and less committed hotels. This study explores factors affecting decision-making on green energy measures in the hotel industry. In particular, it examines the business case for these measures and identifies challenges that prevent hotel managers from taking action. The study findings suggest that similarities and differences among best practice and other hotels are related to the approaches taken in decision-making by hotel managers in the adoption of green energy measures in terms of short/long term energy planning, resource intensity and views about sustainability. The study further highlights success factors contributing to increased use of green energy measures and areas that need to be addressed in order to encourage hotel managers to adopt green energy measures.

Adopting green energy initiatives is deemed significant in reducing the carbon footprint of the hotel industry. In general, energy-efficient and renewable energy technologies offer wide applications in the hotel industry. The adoption of these technologies improves energy performance and reduces dependence on fossil fuels. Hotel organizational commitment towards sustainability is highly inconsistent across the industry. Essentially, this industry represents a continuum of adopters; some hotels are leaders who proactively adopt innovative and state-of- the-art technologies, while others adopt only basic practices, such as reusing towels. There exist several challenges to shifting hotel organizations toward implementing green energy measures. Sharing best practices and learned lessons is essential to convince less committed hotel organizations to take action. Along with sharing information, it is important to identify similarities and differences in decision-making on green energy measures in both committed and less committed hotels. This study explores factors affecting decision-making on green energy measures in the hotel industry. In particular, it examines the business case for these measures and identifies challenges that prevent hotel managers from taking action. The study findings suggest that similarities and differences among best practice and other hotels are related to the approaches taken in decision-making by hotel managers in the adoption of green energy measures in terms of short/long term energy planning, resource intensity and views about sustainability. The study further highlights success factors contributing to increased use of green energy measures and areas that need to be addressed in order to encourage hotel managers to adopt green energy measures.

This report studies a subarctic greenhouse located in Nikkala, Sweden called Nikkala handelsträdgård. Through a visit to the greenhouse coupled with the creation of two simulation models this study investigates the differences in energy demand with water-carried and air-carried heating systems, high pressure sodium lights and Light emitting diode lights and insulation in parts of the greenhouse without a active cultivation. With the purpose of comparing the alternatives to the existing system at Nikkala handelsträdgård. This, to evaluate if an investment in insulation for the non cultivating parts or changing to a water-carried heating system with Light emitting diode lights could be considered profitable. Operating a greenhouse in a subarctic climate is a hard task and especially if the operation is year round. Efficient heating systems, thermal screens, dehumidifying measures and Lighting systems are crucial to ensure a profitable business. At Nikkala handelsträdgård they are currently using a pellets burner in combination with a air-carried heating system and HPS lamps in the majority of the greenhouse.  The simulations of the main greenhouse were made in Ansys fluent where the crop section was simulated by implementing source terms to a macro porous medium. The parts of the greenhouse which did not host an active cultivation were simulated in IDA ICE.  It was found that saving of just under 14 800 SEK monthly or 18 % could be made by implementing a water-carried heating system in combination with state of the art lighting. Given this a payback-time of 3-9 years could be expected given different scenarios. An implementation of insulation in the non cultivation greenhouse parts would save up to 25 300 SEK annually or 46 % of the heat demand and the investment would give a payback-time of 1-2 years given different scenarios. Given this a reduction of CO2 equivalents of just under 1,9 tonnes could be achieved yearly. It was concluded that relatively inexpensive investments could have a great impact on the energy demand and thereby the economical performance of a subarctic greenhouse. New operations should be built with a LED light system and water-carried heating system and all parts of the greenhouse which is not housing an active cultivation needs to be insulated.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第24262号 / 情博第806号 / 新制||情||136(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科先端数理科学専攻 / (主査)教授 木上 淳, 教授 磯 祐介, 准教授 白石 大典 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

I Sverige står bostads- och servicesektorn för cirka 40 % av landets totala energianvändning. Byggnader äldre än 30 år har ofta en god energibesparingspotential och energieffektivisering av dessa byggnader kan bidra till att uppnå energi- och miljömålen. Energibesparingarna har länge stått i fokus vid val av energieffektiviseringsåtgärd men på senare tid har växthusgaserna, främst CO2-utsläppen, fått ett ökat intresse vid ny- och ombyggnationer. En minskning av växthusgaser från bebyggelsen är en viktig åtgärd för att bidra till en minskad klimatpåverkan och för att klimatmålen ska uppnås, såsom Sveriges klimatmål om att senast år 2045 inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser. Detta examensarbete har genomförts för det kommunägda och allmännyttiga bostadsföretaget Stockholmshem. Syftet var att undersöka vilka energiåtgärder som bör prioriteras i flerbostadshus från miljonprogrammet ur ett klimatperspektiv. Målet med arbetet är att det ska kunna användas som framtida beslutsunderlag vid energieffektivisering av flerbostadshus från miljonprogrammets tid. Arbetet utfördes på två flerbostadshus, Åkeshovsvägen och Axbyplan, som båda tillhör Stockholmshems fastighetsbestånd och är byggda under miljonprogrammet. Ett intresse fanns av att studera hur energiåtgärder påverkas av olika formfaktor, vilket gjorde att de valda flerbostadshusen ansågs lämpliga. Resultatet är tänkt att kunna appliceras på andra liknande flerbostadshus från denna tid, vilket gör att dessa byggnader ses som typbyggnader. I arbetet har energiberäkningar utförts där energiberäkningsprogrammet BV2 och nyckeltal har använts. Lönsamhetsberäkningar har genomförts med internräntemetoden, där kravet på kalkylräntan var 5 %. Klimatberäkningar utfördes för att undersöka hur många år det tar för olika energiåtgärder och åtgärdspaket att betala sig tillbaka klimatmässigt, vilket i rapporten benämns CO2-payback. Resultatet visade på högre energibesparingar för klimatskärmsåtgärder på Axbyplan, medan Åkeshovsvägen uppnådde högre energibesparing för ombyggnaden av ett F-system till ett FX-system. Detta beror främst på att byggnaderna besitter olika formfaktor och energiprestanda. En internränta på 5 till 8 % uppnåddes i de flesta fallen, vilket påvisar att energieffektivisering ofta kan vara lönsamt. I en känslighetsanalys där det undersöktes hur internräntan påverkas av energiprisutvecklingen, kan det konstateras att variationer i värme- och elpriset har en marginell påverkan på lönsamheten. Åtgärderna isolerruta och nytt fönster visade inte på någon större skillnad i energibesparing, däremot uppnådde isolerrutan bättre lönsamhet och kortare CO2-payback, vilket innebär att isolerrutan bör prioriteras före nytt fönster. Kombinationen av solceller och ett FX-system med 12 månaders drifttid påvisade bättre lönsamhet när värmepumparna kan drivas av solel och producera varmvatten sommartid, istället för enbart värmeproduktion 5 månader per år. Tillsammans med den energibesparing och CO2-payback som paketet Sol + FX uppnår, påvisar paketet att kombinationen av de två åtgärderna bör genomföras i de fall som byggnader har de rätta förutsättningarna. Med den klimatpåverkan som fjärrvärme- och elmixen har i dagsläget anses åtgärdernas och åtgärdspaketens CO2-payback vara relativt kort. Den är avsevärt kortare än deras tekniska livslängd, vilket innebär att de alla är klimatmässigt gynnsamma att genomföra. Fjärrvärme- och elmixen förväntas däremot att bli mer klimatneutrala. Det medför att åtgärdernas och åtgärdspaketens CO2-payback blir längre och att eventuellt flera av åtgärderna och åtgärdspaketen inte blir klimatmässigt gynnsamma. Åtgärderna värmeinjustering och styrning av värmesystem med temperaturgivare visade på en kort CO2-payback även med en klimatneutralare fjärrvärme, vilket innebär att de kommer vara klimatmässigt gynnsamma även i framtiden. Tillsammans med den energibesparing och lönsamhet som de två åtgärderna uppnår anses värmeinjustering och styrning vara bäst ur alla tre kategorier. Vilka åtgärder som är lämpligast att genomföra och som bör prioriteras beror däremot till stor del på varje byggnads förutsättningar. Det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till de specifika förutsättningarna i varje byggnad, då förutsättningarna har en påverkan på såväl energibesparing, lönsamhet som klimat. Genom det resultat som framkommit i arbetet kan en vägledning fås för vilka åtgärder och åtgärdspaket som är fördelaktiga att genomföra för olika typer av byggnadskonstruktioner. / In Sweden, the residential and service sector accounts for approximately 40 % of the country's total energy use. Buildings older than 30 years often have a good energy saving potential and by implementing energy efficiency measures to these buildings, the energy and environmental goals can easier be achieved. Energy savings have for a long time been in focus when selecting an energy efficiency measure, but more recently the greenhouse gases, mainly the CO2-emissions, have gained an increased interest in new constructions and reconstructions. A reduction of greenhouse gases from the buildings is an important measure to contribute to a reduced climate impact and to achieve the climate goals, such as Sweden's climate goal of not having any net greenhouse gas emissions by 2045. This master thesis has been carried out for the municipally owned and the public utility housing company Stockholmshem. The aim was to examine which energy measures that should be prioritized in apartment buildings from the Million Programme through a climate perspective. The objective is for it to be used as a future decision basis for energy efficiency improvement of apartment buildings from the Million Programme. The study was carried out on two apartment buildings, Åkeshovsvägen and Axbyplan, both of which are part of Stockholmshem's property portfolio and are built under the Million Programme. There was an interest in studying how the energy measures are affected by various form factors, which made the selected apartment buildings considered suitable. The result is intended to be applicable to other similar apartment buildings from this time, which makes these buildings seen as type buildings. Energy calculations have been performed in the study, where the energy calculation program BV2 and key figures have been used. Profitability calculations have been made using the internal rate method, where the required rate of return was 5 %. Climate calculations were carried out to investigate how many years it takes for different energy measures and package of measures to be paid back climate-wise, which in the report is called CO2-payback. The result showed higher energy savings for climate shell measures at Axbyplan, while Åkeshovsvägen achieved a higher energy saving for the conversion of a F-system to a FX-system. This is mainly due to the fact that the buildings have different form factor and energy performance. An internal rate of 5 to 8 % was achieved in most cases, which indicates that energy efficiency can often be profitable. In a sensitivity analysis that examined how the internal rate is affected by energy price trends, it can be found that variations in the heating and electricity prices have a marginal impact on the profitability. The insulating glass and the new window did not show any significant difference in energy savings. However, the insulating glass achieved better profitability and shorter CO2-payback, which means that the insulating glass should be prioritized before a new window. The combination of solar panels and an FX-system with 12 months operation time showed better profitability when the heat pumps can be powered by solar power and produce hot water during summertime, than only heat production 5 months per year. Along with the energy saving and CO2-payback that the package achieves, the package demonstrates that the combination of the two measures should be implemented in cases where buildings have the right conditions. With the climate impact that the district heating mix and electricity mix currently has, the CO2-payback for the measures and package of measures is considered to be relatively short. It is significantly shorter than their technical life time, which means that they are all climate favourable to implement. The district heating mix and the electricity mix are though expected to become more climate neutral. This means that the CO2-payback for the measures and package of measures will become longer and that possibly several of the measures and package of measures will not be climate favourable. Adjustment of heating system and control of heating system with temperature sensors was two measures that showed on a short CO2-payback even with a more climate neutral district heating. Therefore, they will be climate favourable in the future. Along with the energy savings and profitability achieved by the two measures, heat adjustment and control with temperature sensor are considered to be the best in all three categories. Which measures that are most appropriate to implement and which should be prioritized depend largely on the conditions of each building, as the conditions have an impact on both energy saving, profitability and climate. Through the results that have emerged in the work, a guide can be obtained for which measures and package of measures are advantageous to implement for different types of building constructions.