The societies in Europe have developed enormously in recent decades, and this in turn has led to a greater need for electricity. Large parts of society are electrified and are now one of the most essential parts of the system. Electrification has resulted in more energy sources, which in turn has resulted in even greater emissions that harm the environment. Recently, the world has experienced various climate changes because of the industrialization of society. Therefore, it is essential today to phase out the energy sources that have a large negative impact on the environment to replace them with environmentally friendly ones. Greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause of climate change and will lead to increased extreme weather, such as droughts, floods, heat waves, and storms. This in turn will negatively affect societies, economies, and ecosystems. The rising global temperature leads to melting glaciers and results in rising sea levels. Climate change is affecting ecosystems all over the world and is also threatening biodiversity. Nuclear power has long been a debatable topic because of a couple of accidents in history, which have had devastating consequences on climate and society. In contrast, nuclear power plants are one of the energy sources that have no contribution to emissions during their operation. This work is a literature study which is based on a case study where the results are built on a comparison of nuclear power plants, coal power plants, and wind power plants based on carbon dioxide emissions, air pollution, land use, and waste management. The aim is to answer the question of whether nuclear power plants are an environmentally friendly alternative based on the results reported in the study. The result shows that nuclear power has a significant role in the Swedish and European electricity grid, as it is a foundation for a stable electricity grid. The result also shows that nuclear power plants are an environmentally friendly alternative. The study also shows that future research is essential and has significance. The most common argument against nuclear power plants is the risks in the event of an accident and what consequences they can have. Future research may mean safer operation of nuclear power plants and a reduction in the risk of accidents. The study shows that the survival of nuclear power plants has a significant role and is vital in sustainable work.

In mobile working machines, there is a trend towards replacing combustion engines by electric machines to reduce their carbon footprint. This provides several advantages and challenges for the hydraulic system. The low efficiency of conventional hydraulic systems is no longer acceptable due to the volume and cost of batteries. Luckily, the advantages offered by electrification can be exploited for increased system efficiency.  Electrified pump drives (electro-hydraulic energy converters) enable variable speed control, energy recuperation, power-on-demand, and new system architectures with more flexible control. Currently, electro-hydraulic energy converters are typically made by stacking off-the-shelf components. However, off-the-shelf hydraulic machines are not optimized to be combined with electric machines, and thus there is room for improvement. One of these potentials is the volume at the core of electric machines which does not contribute to torque creation. This volume can be used to tightly integrate a hydraulic machine. This tight integration leads to increased power density and the elimination of some parts (e.g., a pair of bearings). This thesis investigates and discusses the design of electro-hydraulic energy converters.  Furthermore, this thesis discusses valve plate rotation for a double pump of floating piston type with two valve plates for the following reasons: Firstly, without the noise of the combustion engine, the noise of the hydraulic machine becomes more audible. Valve plate rotation provides variable pre- and de-compression, and is therefore investigated to reduce fluid-borne noise. Secondly, electric machines can be overloaded for some time. In order to protect them from overheating when maximum pressure is demanded continuously, the torque load can be reduced by reducing the hydraulic machine’s displacement. Conventional swash-plate tilting needs significant leakage to be stable, which reduces the efficiency. Valve plate rotation requires low control power and could therefore increase efficiency, and is thus investigated in this thesis. However, valve plate rotation remains challenging for the following reasons: For low displacement setting ratios, the axial speed of the pistons at commutation is increased, increasing the throttling effect. Also, the hydrostatic forces acting on the valve plate change when rotating the valve plate. / <p><strong>Funding:</strong> The Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten, grant number 50181-1).</p><p></p><p><strong>2023-06-08 The thesis was updated with an errata list which is downloadable from the DOI landing page.</strong></p>

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Förnyelsebar energi är en nyckelfaktor för en hållbar utveckling. Biogas möjliggör för verksamheter med organiska restflöden att etablera egen energiproduktion av förnyelsebara energi. Problemet med etablering av mindre rötningsanläggningar är begränsad biogasproduktion till höga investeringskostnader. Studiens syfte är att genom en teknoekonomisk angreppspunkt undersöka möjligheterna för etablering av biogasproduktion i gårdsskala (50–500 kW) genom rötning av restflöden från gårdsverksamhet under svenska förhållanden.  Arbetet innefattar en modellerad gårdsbiogasanläggning utformad efter förutsättningarna på Lilleruds naturbruksgymnasium i Karlstad. Rötningsanläggningen är en CSTR (Continuous stirred-tank reactor) med kontinuerligt tillflöde av råmaterial och som arbetar i mesofil temperatur på 35⁰C. Principskissen för systemet är framtaget utefter befintliga rötningssystem i gårdsskala och baseras på hur anläggningar generellt sett byggs i Sverige idag. Tre alternativa system för användning av biogas jämförs; värmeproduktion respektive kraftvärmeproduktion för eget bruk samt produktion och försäljning av fordonsgas. Platsspecifika data som storlek på restflöden, energiförbrukning och energikostnad för värme och el erhålls från Lilleruds gymnasium. Metanutbyten, energi- och röttekniska data hämtas från litteratur. Modelleringen utförs i Microsoft Excel 365 och beräkning sker dygnsvis. Resultatet utifrån modellen är en dimensionerad rötkammare på 278 m3 med en beräknad produktion på 49 700 Nm3 metan/år. Värmebehovet för rötkammaren fluktuerar under året och är högre under vinterhalvåret än under sommarhalvåret, vilket gör att mindre mängd energi kan tas ut från systemet under vintern. Beräknat för år 2022 hade 12% av Lilleruds värmebehov kunna täckas med en årlig vinst på ca 99 000 kr/år. Kraftvärme hade täckt 6% av Lilleruds värmebehov och 14% av elbehovet med en årlig vinst på ca 141 000 kr/år. Produktion av fordonsgas genererar försäljning 51 000 Nm3 biogas (97% metan) med en årlig vint på 182 000 kr/år. Vinstkapaciteten i systemen är starkt beroende av energipriser. Motsvarande beräkningar med energipriser för 2021 minskade den ekonomiska hållbarheten i alla system. Värmesystemet erhöll då ett NPV på 56 000 kr/år, kraftvärmesystemet ett NPV på -88 000 kr/år och fordonsgassystemet på -450 000 kr/år. Prognostiserade energipriser för år 2024 innebar negativt ekonomiskt resultat för alla system. Inkludering av investeringsstöd på 40% ökar de ekonomiska marginalerna och är i vissa fall avgörande för ekonomisk hållbarhet. Räntor och inflation påverkar de ekonomiska förutsättningarna, där låg ränta och hög inflation medför högst avkastning i systemen. Placering av anläggningen bör göras i närheten av flytgödselbrunnar för att utnyttjas i det nya systemet och minska investeringskostnaden. Värme eller kraftvärme för eget bruk utgör stabila alternativ för gårdsbiogasanvändning. Uppgradering till fordonsgas i gårdsskala har stor vinstpotential vid högt gaspris, men innefattar också hög risk för ekonomisk förlust vid lägre gaspris på grund av stor investeringskostnad. Investeringskostnad, energipris, investeringsstöd och räntor måste noggrant övervägas vid etablering av gårdsrötningsanläggning för att säkerställa ekonomisk hållbarhet. Inkludering av biogasanläggning i gårdsverksamhet bidrar mot ett hållbart samhälle. / To secure sustainable development renewable energy is a key factor. Biogas is a potential way for businesses with organic waste to establish their own energy production and produce a renewable energy. The financial challenge for small-scale anaerobic digestion is limited biogas production in relation to high investment costs. The purpose with this study is with a tecno-economical focus investigate the possibilities for farm-scale (50–500 kW) biogas production of farm waste flow during Swedish conditions.  The work includes modelling of a farm-scale anaerobic digestion plant based on waste flow from Lilleruds gymnasium in Karlstad, Sweden. The anaerobic digestion plant is a CSTR (Continuous stirred-tank reactor) with continuous inflow of raw material, working in the mesophilic temperature of 35 ⁰C. The system is designed from already established farm-scale systems and is based on how anaerobic digestion plants in general are built in Sweden today. Three alternative systems for usage of produced biogas are compared: heat production or combined heat and power for own usage or selling of upgraded vehicle gas. Location specific data i.e amount of waste flow, energy consumption and energy prices on heat and electricity is obtained from Lillerud gymnasium. Methane yields, energy- and technical data is obtained from literature. The modelling is conducted in Microsoft Excel 365 and time step is per day. Modelling result suggests an anaerobic digestor of 278 m3 with production capacity of 49 700 Nm3 methane/year. The heat demand fluctuates over the year and is higher during winter than summer, which results in lesser amount of energy can be taken out from the systems during winter. Based on year 2022 the heat system covered 12% of Lilleruds heat demand with a yearly profit (NPV) of 99 000 SEK/year. The Heat and power system covered 6% of Lilleruds heat demand and 14% of the electric demand with a yearly profit (NPV) of 141 000 SEK/year. The production of vehicle gas results in selling of 51 000 Nm3 upgraded biogas (97% methane)/year with a yearly profit (NPV) of 182 000 SEK/year. The profit strongly depends on energy prices. Corresponding calculation with energy prices for year 2021 severely reduced the financial sustainability in all systems. The heat system obtained a NPV of 56 000 SEK/years, the heat and power system a NPV of -88 000 SEK/year and vehicle gas system a NPV of -450 000 SEK/year. Calculations based on an energy price prognosis of 2024 showed financial loss in every system. Including of financial support of 40% of the total investments increases the economical margins and are in some cases crucial for economical viability. Interest rate and inflation effects the economic conditions, where low interest rate and high inflation contributes to higher return in the systems. If possible, the plant should be placed in closeness to wells already established for liquid manure so they can be used in the new system and lower the investment costs. Heat and combined heat and power for own usage makes solid alternatives for farm-scale biogas usage. Upgrading to vehicle gas in farm-scale have high profit potential when the gas price is high. It also contains high risk for economical loss when the gas price drops due to high investment cost. Investment cost, energy prices, investment support and interest rates must be carefully assessed before deciding investing in a farm-scale anaerobic digestion plant to secure financial sustainability. Including of an anaerobic digestion plant on farm-scale level contributes to a sustainable development.

One of the main challenges with increasing renewable energy share in electricity distribution networks is the regulation of power quality and reliability due to the intermittent nature of certain renewable energy resources. In particular, in the cases of increased share of wind and solar power generation systems in electricity networks. This thesis aimed to investigate the techno-economic feasibility for developing Energy Storage Solutions for power generation systems based on renewable energy. It is the European direction to drive energy sector towards zero-carbon policy that should only be achieved through integration of renewable power generation. The increased number of wind and solar power plants will lead to congestion and create needs for an adapted decentralized power system. This development increases the importance of balancing services, in particular the frequency regulation services, and thus introduces the need for storage solutions and hybrid systems. The main challenge addressed in this thesis is how the balancing component assets such as storage solutions are going to be feasible for renewable energy power producers in French Electricity System. In this work, at Boralex, a French Renewable Energy Power generation company in France, a system model has been developed to evaluate the economic potential of participating in energy storage market for renewable power producers in French electricity market while adhering to the current energy policies. Using the model, economic analysis of storage solutions were performed for few Boralex, generation assets of wind, solar and hybrid power generation. According to the case study results, it is shown that, optimizing the grid connection of a 12 MW wind power plant(conditions specific to a particular plant taken for the case study) by adding a 2 MW Lithium Ion battery to perform balancing and regulation services can bring the storage project an IRR of 8% over 10 years. The study highlights the need to avoid the grid connection fee and to combine other service options such as the frequency regulation (FCR) and the Capacity Mechanism (CM) to make battery storage viable according to French policies. A government incentive program for capacity holders called Long Term Tender (LTT), which provides stable revenue on the Capacity Mechanism for 7 years, has been identified as the key driver of profitability for storage solutions and enables the IRR of 8% to be achieved. This study also reveals that for future energy systems, the decreasing trend in capital costs of battery installations will enable French renewable power producers to develop economically profitable storage solutions without the support from the Long Term Tender. The decrease of 35% in battery capital costs brings an IRR of 8% for similar storage projects providing frequency regulations and balancing services without the support from the Long Term Tender. / En av de viktigaste utmaningarna av att öka andelen förnybar energi i elfördelningsnät är reglering av kraftkvalitet och tillförlitlighet på grund av att vissa förnybara energikällor är dess intermittenta natur. I synnerhet i fall av ökad andel av vind- och solkraftsproduktionssystem i elnät. Denna avhandling syftar på att undersöka den teknisk-ekonomiska genomförbarheten för att utveckla energilagringslösningar för kraftproduktionssystem baserade på förnybar energi. Det är den europeiska riktningen att driva energisektorn mot en nollkolpolitik som endast bör uppnås genom integration av förnybar kraftproduktion. Det ökade antalet vind- och solkraftverk leder till trängsel och skapar behovet av ett anpassat decentraliserat kraftsystem. Denna utveckling ökar vikten av balanseringstjänster, särskilt frekvensregleringstjänsterna och introducerar därmed behovet av lagringslösningar och hybridsystem. Den huvudsakliga utmaningen som behandlas i denna avhandling är hur balanseringskomponenterna som lagringslösningar kommer att vara möjliga för producenter av förnybar energi i det franska elsystemet. I detta arbete, i Boralex, ett franska företag för produktion av förnybar energi i Frankrike, har en systemmodell utvecklats för att utvärdera den ekonomiska potentialen att delta i energilagringsmarknaden för producenter av förnybar kraft på den franska elmarknaden samtidigt som man följer den nuvarande energin politik. Med hjälp av modellen utfördes ekonomisk analys av lagringslösningar för få Boralex, genereringstillgångar för vind-, sol- och hybridproduktion. Enligt resultaten från fallstudien har det visats att optimering av nätanslutningen av en 12 MW vind kraftverk (förhållanden specifika för en viss anläggning som tas för fallstudien) genom att lägga till ett 2 MW litiumjonbatteri för att utföra balanserings- och regleringstjänster kan ge lagringsprojektet en IRR på 8% under 10 år. Studien belyser behovet av att undvika nätanslutningsavgiften och att kombinera andra servicealternativ som frekvensreglering (FCR) och kapacitetsmekanismen (CM) för att göra batterilagring livskraftig enligt franska policyer. Ett statligt incitamentsprogram för kapacitetsinnehavare heter Long Term Tender (LTT), som ger stabila intäkter på kapacitetsmekanismen under 7 år, har identifierats som den viktigaste drivkraften för lönsamhet för lagringslösningar och gör det möjligt att uppnå IRR på 8%. Denna studie avslöjar också att den minskande trenden i kapitalkostnader för batteriinstallationer för framtida energisystem gör det möjligt för franska förnybara kraftproducenter att utveckla ekonomiskt lönsamma lagringslösningar utan stöd från Long Term Tender. Minskningen med 35% i kapitalkostnader för batteriinstallationer ger en IRR på 8% för liknande lagringsprojekt som tillhandahåller frekvensregler och balanseringstjänster utan stöd från Long Term Tender.

Denna rapport har, med syftet att utvärdera förutsättningarna för värmeutvinning urventilationsluft för förvärmning av tappvarmvatten med avseende på: Hur mycket energi som kan sparas? Hur olika praktiska förutsättningar påverkar möjligheten att implementeraen sådan lösning?Rapporten har redogjort för hur ett antal olika variabler påverkar möjligheterna fördetta. Viktiga variabler som snittlufttemperatur och snittvattenflöden har hämtatsfrån riktiga fastigheter, Variationer av detsamma över kortare tidsspann fått antasbaserat på tidigare mätningar på andra platser. Slutledningsvis analyserades deindividuella fastigheternas förutsättningar med avseende på de uppvärmning ochventilationssystem som finns idag. Slutsatsen blev att med rätt tekniska lösningarkan det vara en god idé, då de teoretiska beräkningar som gjorts med tillgängligadata pekar på energibesparingar något över 10% av årsanvändningen för justtappvarmvatten. / This rapport has, with the goal of evaluating the base for heat extraction out ofventilation air, for the cause of preheating tap water with regards to: How much energy can be saved? How different practical circumstances affects the possibilities to implementsuch a solution?The rapport explained how a number of different variables affects the possibilitiesfor this. Important variables as average air temperature and water flow was collectedfrom real premises. Variations of the same over shorter time periods had to beestimated based on other measurements in different locations. In conclusion, theindividual technical properties of each premise was accounted for. The resultshowed that given the right technical solutions, it may be something to take intoconsideration. The theoretical calculations based on available data indicates savingsslightly above 10% of the annual energy usage for heating tap water.

Effective electricity market design plays an important role in facilitating the transition to a sustainable energy system, and a well-structured electricity market has proven to be crucial in the expansion of renewable energy production capacity. One way of designing the electricity market is by implementing bidding zones, which Sweden did in 2011. The structure of the Swedish bidding zones is however currently being reviewed by the Swedish TSO, and alternative bidding zone configurations are being evaluated based on how they potentially could impact the future energy market. One of the aspects that is evaluated is how the bidding zone reconfiguration could effect the energy transition in Sweden. This thesis aims to investigate and assess how an alternative bidding zone configuration could perhaps foster an expansion of renewable energy production capacity in Sweden, by simulating the dispatch and build out of renewable production capacity in Sweden for the years between 2024 to year 2040.

Det här projektet är gjort som kandidatexamensarbete inom hållbar energiteknik på KTH vårterminen 2020. I dagens samhälle ställs höga krav på butiker och odlare att alla typer av färska grönsaker, örter och frukter ska finnas tillgängligt året om, oavsett säsong eller klimat. Detta medför mycket frakt och stor miljöpåverkan samt höga priser. Att odla nära konsumenterna värdesätts i en värld som blir mer och mer miljömedveten. Genom stadsodlingar och inomhusodlingar kan grönsaksproduktionen komma närmare slutkonsumenten och på så sätt minskar transporten och priserna förväntas sjunka. Dessa odlingar är ofta hydroponiska, det vill säga att odlingen sker utan jord och istället används vatten med näringslösning. I urbana miljöer är dessa odlingar oftast belysta med artificiellt ljus då de ofta huserar inomhus i gamla lagerlokaler eller parkeringsgarage, redan färdiga byggnader med stor yta.I det här projektet har det undersökts om en hydroponisk odling skulle vara möjlig i ett bergrum i Jämtland som tidigare använts som ammunitionsfabrik och förråd av militären. I dagsläget är några av dessa rum omgjorda till en tunnel för längdskidåkning som heter MidSweden365, men delar av anläggningen används inte. Skidtunneln kyls ned av en kylanläggning som genererar spillvärme som idag inte tas tillvara på.Frågeställningarna för det här projektet är hur mycket värme en odling i ett bergrum skulle generera och om detta är tillräckligt för att hålla odlingen vid konstant temperatur eller om mer värme behöver tillsättas, till exempel med spillvärme från skidtunnelns kylanläggning. Det undersöktes också om en uppvärmning av närliggande bergrum skulle påverka skidtunnelns skyddande permafrost. För att svara på frågeställningarna beräknades energibalansen i odlingsrummet utifrån de krav som finns på växtbelysningen vad gäller dess ljusegenskaper, och därmed antal lampor som behövs, samt hur stor kyleffekt berget har. Växtlamporna är på och av i 12 timmars cykler, vilket medför att ingen värme generas under 12 timmar. För att ta reda på värmens fördelning i berget mellan utrymmena och vilken kyleffekt berget har på odlingsrummen gjordes simuleringar i COMSOL Multiphysics. Simuleringarna gjordes för olika fall då rummet haft olika fall av isolering samt för olika tidpunkter, 1 år och 10 år.Ur beräkningarna kunde det konstateras att den avgörande faktorn för antalet lampor är lampornas belysningarea och rummets totala energiåtgång bestämdes utifrån detta antal. Genom simuleringarna bestämdes det att värme behöver tillföras då lamporna både är av och på för alla fall av isolering för de två tidpunkterna. Permafrosten runt skidtunneln kommer att påverkas och efter 10 år förväntas den minska från 3 meter utan odling till mellan 1–1,8 meter från skidtunnelns vägg beroende på fall av isolering. Även om det blir en minskning av permafrosten anses det inte innebära ett problem för skidtunnelns fortsatta drift. / This project is a bachelor thesis project within the field of sustainable energy engineering at KTH during the spring semester of 2020. Today supermarkets and farmers have demands on providing all types of fresh vegetables, herbs and fruits all year around whether or not the season and climate are right. This leads to lots of transportation and thus affecting the climate as well as contributing to high prices. To grow crops close to the end consumers is highly valuable in a world where environmentally awareness is increasing. By urban farming or indoor farming, the vegetable production can move closer to the consumer and therefore decrease the need for transportation and expects lowering the prices. When practicing urban farming, it is common to grow crops with hydroponic systems, this means that the crops are grown without soil and instead water with a nutrition solution is used. Farming in urban environments often requires artificial lightning as they often are placed in existing building such as old warehouses or parking garages.In this project it has been investigated if it is possible to start a hydroponic farm inside an old military facility. The facility is located in a mountain in Jämtland and have earlier been used for ammunition production and storage by the Swedish military. Nowadays this facility is no longer used by the military and instead some of the rooms have been repurposed to a ski tunnel for cross country skiing called MidSweden365, the remaining rooms are not in use. The tunnel is kept cool by a cooling system which generates waste heat that is not made use of.The objectives for this project are to find out how much heat a hydroponic farm will produce and if this is enough heat to maintain the farm at a constant temperature or if more heat needs to be added, for instance waste heat from the cooling system. It is also investigated if heating of a room placed nearby the ski tunnel, would affect the ski tunnel’s protective permafrost. To answer these objectives, calculations on the energy balance have been made based on the requirements for the growing lamps regarding their light qualities thus the number of growing lamps needed, and the cooling effect of the mountain. The growing lamps are turned on and off in 12-hour cycles which means that no heat is produced for 12 hours. To determine the heat’s distribution within the mountain and the mountains cooling effect on the rooms, simulations were made in COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulations were made for different cases where the room has different cases of insulation and at different times, 1 year and 10 years.With the calculations and simulations, it could be established that heat needs to be added when the lamps are turned off as well as when they are turned off for all cases of insulation and for both times. The permafrost will be affected and be reduced from 3 metres without the farming to 1-1,8 metres from the ski tunnel’s wall depending on the level of insulation. Although it is a reduction of the permafrost, it is not likely that this would be a problem for the ski facility. it is not likely that this would be a problem for the ski facility.

Globally District Heating (DH) is, in large parts, produced in fossil fired heat plants, why finding “low” carbon or carbon-free alternatives is an important path towards the decarbonisation of the heat sector. With the emergence of Small Modular Reactors (SMR), heretofore economically unattractive nuclear commodities have become realities. One such is the possibility to utilise SMRs for co-generation of DH and electricity. A literature study concluded that SMR DH is gaining traction within the research community; the main attraction with the technology being the possibility to locate sites close to the consumption, thus alleviating the main counterargument against DH with conventional Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs).    To investigate how a SMR would behave, a DH production model using linear programming was adapted to simulate a SMR with an adaptive α-value (heat-to-power ratio). The system was applied both as base-load and mid-load, in the latter an ad-hoc electricity mode was implemented. In the base-load case the system yielded capacity factors on par with conventional thermal power plants, for the mid-load system the capacity factor was significantly lower. A basic economic analysis concluded that the LCOE (Levelised Cost Of Energy) was on par with conventional heat plants.

The transition to more renewable energy sources places high demands on the power systems to be more flexible, and makes it grow in complexity. This has led to a growing need of a common format or language for data exchange in power systems because of the growing number of interconnected networks operated by different companies and utilities that need to communicate on a daily basis. The International Electrotechnical Commissions (IEC) Common Information Model (CIM) offers a solution to this with a set of open-source standards for representing components in a power system, describing the relationships between them facilitate data exchange in a common language. Actors within power systems often create their own CIM profiles, which can include all or part of the CIM. Different CIM profiles might lead to interoperability issues and make the information integration more complex. A common solution the implementation of a company specific common CIM profile. Vattenfall is currently in the middle of a roll out of a new smart metering system, which will be installed at both customer side and in secondary substations. This will provide great opportunities to monitor the low voltage network. The overall goal of this project is to identify use cases related to the new smart metering infrastructure from Vattenfall Eldistributions point of view and the required information for the use cases. Based on this a suggestion of a CIM profile that best suits the data exchange for the use cases is to be developed. The use cases identified in the project was loss identification, capacity calculation, power quality monitoring and monitoring secondary substations with sensors. The operational topology was identified as the key source of information since it is needed for all use cases. From the gap analysis two gaps were found. The gaps concerned events related to monitoring with sensors: shunt reactor breaker alarm and water ingression alarm. Which led to the creation of an extension to the CIM to cover the data exchange for these events. One insight from the project was that the CIM profile, even though restricted, became quite extensive. Further restrictions should be made to make it more compact and accessible. Another experience from the project was the slow learning curve of the extensive model. Another insight was that modeling data exchange of the low voltage network with CIM is a new and unexplored field, more research should be done in the area.