Orientadores: Vivaldo Fernando da Costa, Igor Kopcak / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T08:36:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Custodio_DiogoTotti_M.pdf: 700213 bytes, checksum: 071ac399f9273553cbddde7ce6f5eedf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta dissertação aborda um estudo sobre a contribuição do HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) para o amortecimento de oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência quando o sistema de energia elétrica sofre uma pequena perturbação. O modelo matemático do elo HVDC foi incluído no Fluxo de Potência, bem como as características de regime permanente dos dispositivos dinâmicos (modelagem dos controles de corrente ou potência) como em um Fluxo de Potência Expandido. Foi utilizado o MSP (Modelo de Sensibilidade de Potência) para inclusão do modelo dinâmico dos geradores, reguladores automáticos de tensão, controles de corrente do elo HVDC para possibilitar a análise modal. Para prover um amortecimento adequado das oscilações eletromecânicas, foi necessário projetar um POD (Power Oscillation Damping Controller) para inserir um sinal suplementar junto ao sinal de referência do controlador de corrente ou potência no retificador, consequentemente modulando estas grandezas do elo HVDC. O projeto do controlador e a análise de estabilidade foram baseados em técnicas de resposta em frequência e análise modal. Os resultados obtidos mostram a viabilidade do elo HVDC na contribuição da estabilidade de ângulo dos geradores. / Abstract: This dissertation presents a study about the HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) link contribution for damping low frequency electromechanical oscillations when Electric Energy System suffers small-signal disturbances. The HVDC link components models were included in the Power Flow method as well as the steady-state characteristics of the dynamic devices (current or power controls modeling). It was utilized the MSP (Power Sensitivity Model) to include the generators dynamic model, automatic voltage regulators, HVDC link current controls to perform the modal analysis. For damping the electromechanical oscillations, it was designed a POD (Power Oscillation Damping Controller) to include a supplementary signal added to reference signal of the rectifier current or power controller, in order to modulate these HVDC link quantities. The design of controller and stability analysis are based on frequency response techniques and modal analysis. The results obtained shown the HVDC link viability for damping electromechanical oscillations. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

The world today has large challenges in order to manage a changing climate and the consequences that the climate change has on the environment and human living standards. This climate change is largely affected by the emissions of greenhouse gases, which come from usage of fossil fuels. This is a global problem that will affect the whole world and cause an increase of mean global temperature, which would lead to drastically changes in the living environment for human beings. A large part of the use of fossil fuels is connected to electric energy production. In EU almost half of the electric energy production is based on combustion of fossil fuels like natural gas and coal. These types of energy production need to be phased out and the energy consumption needs to decrease.   With climate change as a background there is a development towards more sustainable households. Companies around the world today invest in developing products that are more environmentally friendly. Household appliance companies develop products that use less water and energy, and a company like ASKO appliances AB tries to equip their machines with a new type of drying system. This new system would mean that less energy is needed for the drying cycle and humid air would not flow out in the kitchen.   The new drying system uses an air channel mounted on the side of a machine where moist hot air passes through the channel. During the passage the hot air will exchange heat with a cold surface inside of the channel. This work is focused on finding an optimal geometry of the air channel that enhances heat transfer between hot air and a cold surface. Installing obstacles inside of the duct could alter the flow pattern, and therefore enhance heat transfer. The work is mostly computer based with simulations performed in software called COMSOL Multiphysics. The software is used to build a 3-D model, where different geometries of obstacles are placed inside of the air channel. Results from simulations are compared with results from experimental trials, thus validating the computer model. Fluid flow simulations are used to investigate the effects of heat transfer for different types of geometries and sizes of obstacles. Parameters like influence angle and obstacle distance are tested.   The study shows results that obstacles inside of an air channel enhance heat transfer between a fluid and a surface. V-shaped obstacles perform the best results in order to enhance heat exchange, this compared with other tested geometries like W-shaped, wave-shaped obstacles and geometry without obstacles.   Different influence angle and distance between obstacles affects heat transfer, the study indicates that influence angle has larger effects on heat transfer than obstacle distance.

A high demand of both electricity and heat exists in Arizona Chemical (a chemical plant dedicated to the distillation of Crude Tall Oil) for production processes. Due to the rising cost of resources and electricity, more and more companies are trying to decrease the energy expenses to increase their competitiveness in a global market, thus increasing their profit. Some companies look at their energy consumption in order to diminish it or to explore the opportunity to generate their own and cheaper energy. In companies where the production of steam already takes place, cogeneration can be a good solution to palliate the cost of the energy used. This study addresses this issue through three actions such as the characterization of the boiler, a better steam flow measurement grid and the generation of electricity. The first one addresses the state of one of the key parts of steam production, the boiler, through the calculation of its efficiency with two different methods (direct and indirect calculation). These methods require some measurements which were provided afterwards by the company supervisor. This will allow the company to identify the weaknesses of the boiler to be able to improve it in the future. The second one aims to improve the knowledge about the steam system. New flow measurement points were suggested after doing an analysis of the current controlled flows to have a better overview outline of the steam use.The third one studies the generation of electricity with a Rankine cycle. The limitations in the characteristics of the steam were identified and different configurations are proposed in accordance to the restrictions identified. An efficiency of 93% is obtained for the boiler with the direct method and 82.3 % for the indirect one. The difference between them can be explained by the use of datafrom different time frames for both methods. The main contributors to the losses are the ones related to the dry flue gas and the hydrogen in the fuel. In the current status only 40% of the steam flows are identified, a number which is expected to raise with the new measurement points. It was not possible to estimate the effect of the new points due to the desire of the company to not disturb the current production. Due to the fuel price the production of steam for only electricity was not profitable and instead the generation of both electricity and heat from the same steam is proposed. This integrated system is now possible to implement due to its low payback time (2.3 years). This solution can generate 758 kW of electricity and provide the company with 6437 MWh of electricity each year. Then, the effect of the variation of different variables over the performance of the cycle were studied: different electricity prices, steam rate production, fuel cost and the state of the condensate recovery were discussed. The variation of both the condensate recovery and fuel cost did not affect the payback time due to their costs being neutralised by the revenues obtained from them. The variation of the electricity prices and steam production affects the payback but due to the high revenue that is expected it does not hamper the good nature of the investment. The generation of electricity is recommended due to the low payback time obtained. The different variations studied in the system did not change the payback time notably and showed that the investment is highly profitable in all the scenarios considered. The use of two smaller turbines instead of the one chosen (with a maximum rated power of 6 MW while only 758 kW is generated with the proposed solution) should be studied since the turbines would work closer to their maximum efficiency.

This report is the result of a master’s thesis project which covers the cooling system in Volvo Cars’ fuel cell test vehicle. The purpose is to investigate if the existing cooling system in the fuel cell test vehicle works with the current fuel cell system of the vehicle, in terms of sufficient heat rejection and thus sustaining acceptable temperature levels for the fuel cell system. The project also aims to investigate if it is possible to implement a more powerful fuel cell system in the vehicle and keep the existing cooling system, with only a few necessary modifications. If improvements in the cooling system are needed, the goal is to suggest improvements on how a suitable cooling system can be accomplished. This was carried out by modeling the cooling system in the simulation software GT-Suite. Then both steady state and transient simulations were performed. It was found that the cooling system is capable of providing sufficient heat rejection for the current fuel cell system, even at demanding driving conditions up to ambient temperatures of at least 45°C. Further, for the more powerful fuel cell system the cooling system can only sustain sufficient heat rejection for less demanding driving conditions, hence it was concluded that improvements were needed. The following improvements are suggested: Increase air mass flow rate through the radiator, increase pump performance and remove the heat exchanger in the cooling system. If these improvements were combined it was found that the cooling system could sustain sufficient heat rejection, for the more powerful fuel cell system, up to the ambient temperature of 32°C.

Bacteria are a type of microorganism that causes several kinds of problems in dishwashers, one problem being that the bacteria create strong and difficult smells. Bacteria arise from the fact that food residue on the dirt tray serves as nutrition for the bacteria for a long time. To minimize the bad smell, use a dishwashing program with hot water and usually a dishwasher detergent. This is independent of the amount of dirty disk actually in the dishwasher. It will be both a cost issue and an environmental issue through a waste of natural resources. The optimum is a solution that is directly aimed at removing and reducing existing microorganisms on the counter as well as in the dishwasher that does not use machine dishwashing and minimal water and electricity. This then does not need a more intensive program. The purpose of the study is to show how hot steam can be used to reduce the amount of bacteria on the dirty disk.The method used to test the reliability of the vapor treatment system was to use a solution of yeast cells with sodium chloride which had grown into a 24-hour heat sink in a pressure plate with agar solution used as a yeast cell feed. Then they were brought into a specially configured dishwasher where hot steam was injected into the system to work to reduce the bacteria on the plates.The number of microorganisms was compared before and after the treatment of the vapor. The tests were conducted until there was a clear connection between water use, the time of steam treatment and the reduction of yeast cells. This continued until a 95 percent reduction of microorganisms had been achieved throughout the dishwasher regardless of where the contaminated plates were located.The conclusion is that the steam treatment was more expensive than the existing technology, and the dishwasher needed to be supplemented by a method of heating the water to 100 °C. A simple rinse with hot water gave similar results and was cheaper and easier as the machines were already equipped with such a functionThere is a market for the steam method, as the method is especially interesting for individuals with additional disinfection needs, for example for people with poor immune system.

This research entails the first comprehensive and systematic study on a heat-driven, self-cooling application based on the thermoelectric generation effect. The system was studied using the first and second laws of thermodynamics to provide a solid and basic understanding of the physical principles governing the system. Multiphysics equations that relate heat transfer, fluid dynamics and thermoelectric generation are derived. The equations are developed with increasing complexity, from the basic Carnot heat engine to externally and internally irreversible engines. A computational algorithm to systematically use the fundamental equations has been presented and computer code is implemented based on the algorithm. Experiments were conducted to analyze the geometric and system parameters affecting the application of thermoelectric based self-cooling in devices. Experimental results show that for the highest heat input studied, the temperature of the device has been reduced by 20-40% as compared to the natural convection case. In addition, it has been found that in the self-cooling cases studied, convection thermal resistance could account for up to 60% of the total thermal resistance. A general numerical methodology was developed to predict steady as well as transient thermal and electrical behavior of a thermoelectric generation-based self-cooling system. The methodology is implemented by using equation modeling capabilities to capture the thermo-electric coupled interaction in TEG elements, enabling the simulation of major heating effects as well as temperature and spatial dependent properties. An alternative methodology was also presented, which integrates specialized ANSI-C code to integrate thermoelectric effects, temperature-dependent properties and transient boundary conditions. It has been shown that the computational model is able to predict the experimental data with good accuracy (within 5% error). A parametric study has been done using the model to study the effect of heat sink geometry on device temperature and power produced by TEG arrays. In addition, a dynamic model suited for integration in control systems is developed. Therefore, the study has shown the potential for a heat driven self-cooling system and provides a comprehensive set of tools for analysis and design of thermoelectric generation.

The climate change is driving a change in technology and promotes intermittent electricity; solar and wind, and also promotes new technology such as electrical vehicles. The increased share of intermittent  power and changed patterns of using power causes large strain on the powergrids during critical hours of the year. The system The Eergimarknadsinspektionen as well as the European transmission system operators are therefore requesting that electricity users adapt their power consumption to when power is generated. This is rather opposite to the present situation where the TSO’s respond to the customers demand by increasing their power generation. This new change of customers adapting to the current power available is called Demand response (DR). The thesis investigates drivers, barriers and potential for demand response within the engineering industry. It is based on interviews with representatives from enginering industries, system operators as well as a case study on Volvo Group Trucks Operations Powertrain Production in Köping. The potential is also determined through a simulation carried out in collaboration with Johan Norberg, a masterstudent at the Royal Technical Highschool. The conclusion states that it is possible for Volvo Pwertrain to participate in DR events, however the economical compensation identified in this thesis is not enough.

Klimatförändringarna har medfört en ökad efterfrågan på biobaserade bränslen. Mikroalger har flera intressanta egenskaper som gör dem till en attraktiv och lovande bioråvara för bränsleproduktion. Algerna har en effektiv fotosyntes vilket bidrar till ett lägre landanspråk jämfört med terrestra energigrödor. Dessutom kan odlingarna placeras på oproduktiv mark vilket gör att produktionen inte konkurrerar med andra areella näringar. Genom att integrera algodlingar med industriell infrastruktur kan restflöden som spillvärme, koldioxid, närsalter och vatten från industri nyttiggöras och därmed bidra till en mer effektiv och hållbar biomassaproduktion. I detta arbete studeras en industriell symbios mellan en algodling, det lokala kraftvärmeverket (Hedenverket) och rötningsanläggningen vid Sjöstadsverket i Karlstads kommun. Symbiosen bygger på att rökgaser från Hedenverket används som kolkälla för algerna, spillvärme används för att upprätthålla en lämplig odlingstemperatur i bassängen, varma rökgaser används för att torka biomassan inför förbränning och algernas näringsbehov tillgodoses genom att cirkulera kväve- och fosforrikt rejektvatten från rötningsanläggningen på Sjöstad. Biomassan som produceras används sedan som bränsle i kraftvärmeverket. På så vis skapas nya kretslopp och ett lokalt biobränsle produceras samtidigt som spillflöden från industrin tas till vara. Två tänkbara scenarion för energiutvinning studerades; rötning (Scenario A) och direkt förbränning (Scenario B). För att belysa fördelarna med symbiosen analyserades även ett referensscenario, vilket bygger på att odlingen sker fristående i en så kallad Stand alone-anläggning. Målet med studien var att konstruera en beräkningsmodell för att simulera biomassaproduktionen utifrån platsspecifika förutsättningar samt utvärdera systemet ur miljö-, energi- och kostnadssynpunkt. Studien utformades som en förstudie med syfte att vara ett övergripande men ändå tydligt kunskaps- och beslutsunderlag för berörda aktörer. Arbetet ska belysa symbiosens styrkor, svagheter, möjligheter och risker. Resultatet från studien visar att det genom industriell symbios går att odla alger över en lång säsong vid Hedenverket i Karlstad med det system som föreslås. Den industriella symbiosen förlänger odlingssäsongen med 75 % jämfört med en Stand alone-anläggning och den årliga produktiviteten ökar från 14 till 18 g m-2 d-1. Miljöanalysen visar att det utifrån de systemförslag som undersöks finns liten eller ingen miljönytta med den industriella symbiosen. Scenario A bidrar till att öka CO2-emsisionerna med 0,2 kg m-2 år-1 medan Scenario B bidrar till en reduktion motsvarande 0,2 kg m-2 år-1. En bidragande faktor till detta resultat är att Karlstad Energis el- och värmeproduktion idag i stort sett redan är fossilfri. Detta medför att det algbaserade bränslet ersätter en redan biobaserad process. En högre miljönytta kan åstadkommas genom att överväga alternativa energiutvinningsprocesser. För att tydliggöra miljöfördelarna med en integrerad algodling bör en fullskalig livscykelbedömning för systemet genomföras. Nettoenergi-ration (NER-värde) för Scenario A och Scenario B beräknades till 2,6 respektive 5,3. De höga NER-värdena pekar på att utvinningen av energi med god marginal överträffar energibehovet i produktionsledet för båda processvägarna. Lönsamhetsbedömningen visade att båda scenariona innebär en återbetalningstid som överstiger den tekniska livslängden för anläggningen, 44 och 56 år för respektive scenario. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att det finns goda möjligheter för att odla alger och framställa ett lokalproducerat biobränsle vid Hedenverket. Trots att det föreslagna systemet med industriell symbios uppvisar positiva resultat beträffande energiprestanda så finns det inte ekonomiska eller miljömässiga förutsättningar för en algodling vid Hedenverket baserat på den systemutformning som föreslagits. Genom att framställa produkter med högre värde från biomassan kan dock ekonomisk- och miljömässiga vinster uppnås, vilket är något som bör utredas vidare.

Globalt sett används fossila bränslen fortfarande till största delen, och industrisektorn är den med störst energianvändning. Därför är det viktigt att fortsätta arbetet med att hitta nya sätt att använda befintliga resurser, att utveckla energibesparande tekniker och att göra detta med hållbarhetsperspektivet i fokus. Denna studie är förlagd på kraftvärmeverket i Sandviken, som producerar fjärrvärme och elektricitet. Anläggningen ägs av Sandviken Energi AB som är ett kommunalt energibolag med ansvar för infrastrukturen i Sandvikens kommun. Syftet med studien är att undersöka möjligheten att sänka halten av kväveoxider, NOx, som släpps ut med rökgaserna, samt att rena det kondensat som bildas när rökgaserna värmeväxlas. Det finns en stor vinning i att minska NOx-utsläppen ur ett miljöperspektiv, eftersom de orsakar försurning och andra problem i naturen. Tillvägagångssättet är att dosera extra ammoniak vid förbränningen. Vid höga temperaturer reagerar ammoniak med kväveoxiderna och utsläppen av dessa minskar. 90 % av ammoniakutsläppen kan sedan återvinnas med en ammoniakstripper för att även dessa ska hållas inom gränsvärdena. Möjligheten att använda det vatten som bildas då rökgaserna kondenserar undersöks också. Många anläggningar skulle teoretiskt sett kunna bli helt självförsörjande i sin vattenanvändning eftersom stora volymer bildas. Det som krävs är att kondensatet blir tillräckligt rent för att kunna användas i de industriella processerna. På kraftvärmeverket i Sandviken bildas 30 000 m3 kondensat per år. Det renas och släpps ut via avloppet. År 2016 köptes 21 700 m3 stadsvatten in och användes i produktion och kontor, och även om inte alla processer tekniskt går att ersätta med renat kondensat kan stora besparingar ändå göras. Den enskilda processen med störst potential är processvattnet till de två fastbränslepannorna. Vattenanvändningen till dessa är i genomsnitt 6 000 m3 per år. Det finns även ytterligare potentiella användningsområden för det renade kondensatet som kan öka möjligheten att genomföra en installation. Resultatet av utredningen är att en ammoniakstripper skulle möjliggöra att NOx-utsläppen minskade med 10 700 kg per år. Detta resulterar i en kostnadsbesparing på 536 000 SEK och en återbetalningstid på ca nio år. Om rökgaskondensatrening också installeras ökar investeringen, men besparingen kan i bästa fall bli 20 000 m3 vatten per år. Inköpskostnaden för vatten skulle då minska med 800 000 SEK och återbetalningstiden skulle kunna bli ca två år. 67 % av det kondensat som i dagsläget bara släpps ut kan istället användas.

This master thesis is a comparison between green roofs (vegetation placed on roof tops) and roof mounted photovoltaic (PV) systems, which is done with the method life cycle assessment (LCA). The aim is to compare the different installations from a sustainability perspective and to present how each installation contribute to a more sustainable community. For this purpose three different green roofs are investigated (one extensive, one semi-intensive and one intensive) and also three different PV systems (5,2 kW with a 43° slope, 8 kW with a 20° slope and 13 kW with zero slope). Beyond these six scenarios a seventh installation is designed and this is a PV green roof, which is an extensive green roof placed under an 8 kW PV system. The LCAs are done through an inventory of production data for each installation and by developing performance indicators for a number of parameters in the use phase of each roof, such as electricity production, storm water delay and carbon accumulation. In the result these numbers are presented and compared to each other, which shows that the production of PV systems have a greater climate impact than the production of green roofs. On the other hand the PV systems can have a greater climate impact compared with green roofs. With the PV green roofs the benefits of both installations are combined which is shown to be a preferred alternative. One of the main conclusions of the project is that each installation would have a greater positive impact on the environment if the materials were produced with renewable energy instead of fossil fuels. Another conclusion is that if considering installing a PV system the cost of adding a green roof underneath is small but the benefits increase, which again indicates that a combined roof is a preferable alternative.