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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
231

A fundamental study of the fracture and fatigue characteristics of single wood pulp fibres : application to mechanical refiners

Hamad, Wadwood Y. January 1994 (has links)
An in-depth investigation is carried out to characterise the damage accumulation mechanisms and fatigue growth in single wood pulp fibres, which may be thought of as concentrically-layered, filamentary composite tubes that are approximately: 1-3 mm long, 20-40 $ mu$m in cross-section. The novel experimental methodology principally consists of the in situ apparatuses, on the one hand, which comprise the in-house designed and built single-fibre tensiometer, in conjunction with the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and, on the other, the computer hardware and periphery. The tensiometer's prime components, the loading jaws, are specifically designed to best emulate the force actions to which wood pulp fibres are subjected while between the discs of mechanical refiners (viz.: cyclic shear, radial compression and tension); and incorporate a mechanical fixation mechanism to ensure proper mounting of the single fibres. Moreover, the CLSM, which functions by scanning a diffraction-limited spot of light relative to the specimen in a raster-type scan, is a powerful tool for obtaining qualitative information on the morphology of fractured surfaces and structural behaviour of the fibres being fatigued, as well as providing accurate visual records of the history of crack propagation. The entire fully-automated set-up is controlled, in real time, via a computer algorithm specifically written for displacement-control fatigue-testing, while making efficient utilisation in terms of execution time, memory allocation, signal conversion and data acquisition. / The engendered conclusions may be summed up as follows. From a litany of tenuously-oriented microcracks, dominant macrocracks propagate along the axis of the fibre which may sharply deflect in the presence of natural bias (e.g. pits in the fibre wall). The material property degradation characteristics further include: volumetric expansion due to internal fibrillation in the cell wall, extensive external fibrillation, gradual delamination of the layers and partial peeling-off of the cell wall material. Cumulative damage due to cyclic shear is shown to be the most significant, further supported by the high structural collapsibility of the fibre wall layers. The mechanisms of fracture are either due to the development of transverse cracks at regions of high stress concentration (such as bordered pits), or owing to the gradual slippage of the fibre wall layers.
232

Finite element analysis of nonlinear viscoelastic membranes in relation to thermoforming

Tang, Jun, 1962- January 1991 (has links)
Thermoforming of heated polymeric sheets into three dimensional objects of various kinds, by means of pressure inflation against molding surfaces, presents a class of contact problems. This thesis develops the finite element formulations and computer programs for modelling the free and constrained inflation of thin polymer sheets in relation to thermoforming applications. In recognition of the generally time-dependent viscoelastic behaviour of polymers, and the large strains encountered in thermoforming applications, the material is modelled as non-linear viscoelastic. For this purpose the constitutive relation proposed by Christensen is adopted, assuming the relaxation function to be exponential. Most published work on nonlinear viscoelastic membranes deals with simple axisymmetric geometries, while the finite element formulations presented in this work are for both axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric membrane inflations, including contact against constraining surfaces. Both frictionless and slipless idealizations of contact conditions are studied. The finite element solutions of free and constrained inflations of circular membranes serve as illustrative examples for the axisymmetric case, while those for elliptical membranes serve this purpose for the nonaxisymmetric case. Comparison of the finite element results with the analytical solutions obtained for some simple free and constrained inflation problems shows excellent agreement.
233

Joining Si₃N₄ to FA-129 iron aluminide

Brochu, Mathieu January 2003 (has links)
Joints between dissimilar materials are characterized particularly by compositional gradients and microstructural changes, which yield large variations in chemical, physical and mechanical properties across the joint. The joining of dissimilar materials is therefore more complex than the joining of similar materials. In this project, the joining procedure, from the interaction between the different components in a joint to the determination of the mechanical properties was applied to the Si3N4/FA-129 system. This iron aluminide intermetallic alloy (FA-129), was developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratories (ORNL) to have high temperature properties with good room temperature ductility. This intermetallic is replacing high strength ferritic stainless steel (SS) in moderate strength applications due to cost and property reasons. Joints between SS and Si3N4 are already used industrially and this project was to evaluate the potential to replace these Si3N 4/SS joints by those of Si3N4/FA-129. / Broadly stated, the results obtained during this project are as follows: (I) The E2 energy for Si3N4 ceramic was calculated to be 3.01 keV. (II) The wetting of iron aluminide alloy by copper has been achieved and the spreading and reaction kinetics are influenced by the presence of Cr as alloying element. (III) The penetration and decohesion of the FA-129 microstructure is significantly reduced by the utilization of a Cu alloy containing a high titanium concentration. (IV) An active brazing alloy containing a high active element content can be fabricated by an electroless deposition technique. (V) The melting behavior of the powder was characterized and complete melting occurs in a multi-step process at different temperatures, which are a function of the heating rate. (VI) The strength of joint produced by brazing Si3N4 to itself using the composite powder reached 400 MPa. (VII) Direct brazing of Si 3N4 to FA-129 was shown to be unsuccessful and therefore a soft Cu interlayer was inserted to absorb residual stresses. The maximum joint strength reached was 160 MPa. (VIII) Partial Transient Liquid Phase Bonding was successfully applied to the Si3N4/FA-129 system using a nickel interlayer. The conventional silicide and nitride layers were not observed as the silicide layer dissolved into the nickel core at high temperature. The strength of the assembly was measured and a strength of 80 MPa was obtained, independent of the joining parameters.
234

Optimization of electrodeposition processes for tin coatings

Wen, Shixue, 1971- January 2005 (has links)
The mechanism of nucleation and growth of tin electrodeposits was investigated. Also the influences of the operating parameters on the morphology, texture, and microstructure as well as the corrosion resistance of tin coatings were studied in order to propose optimum deposition conditions. / Tin electrodeposition on glassy carbon and steel from acid sulfate electrolytes proceeds via the 3D (Volmer-Weber) mechanism. On low carbon steel substrates, 3D tin crystallites are initially formed preferentially on step edges, followed by fast deposition of other sites with much smaller and densely packed crystallites of about 150-180 nm in diameter. It was discovered that hydrogen co-evolution and gelatin have a synergy effect contributing to the fast and complete coverage of steel substrate with tin. The cathodic potential oscillation of tin (II) reduction in the tin electrolyte is attributed to the depletion and restoration of tin ions on the cathode surface. / It has been found that an increase in current density improves the coverage of the substrate or the covering power. Without agitation, the deposits are powdery at high current densities. In order to obtain smooth and compact coatings, agitation is crucial when the applied current density is well above the limiting value. / Tin coatings with two different fibre textures, (100) and (301) were produced by electrodeposition. At a lower current density of 100 A/m 2, (301) fibre was obtained. At the current densities of 100 and up to 400 A/m2, only (100) fibre texture was observed. An increase in current density leads to a decrease in grain size. At the same current density, the grain size of tin coatings increases with increased temperature. The influence of temperature (20, 40, 60 and 80°C) on texture is small. / The corrosion resistance of tin coatings increases with a decrease in grain size. The corrosion resistance of tin coatings with (301) fibre was higher than that of the tin coating with (100) fibre texture. The optimum operating conditions are 200 A/m2 and 20°C for tin deposition in the investigated electrolyte. It is demonstrated that the chronopotentiometry is a very useful and efficient tool to study the deposition process when combined with SEM.
235

Microstructural studies of cold sprayed pure nickel, copper and aluminum coatings

Zou, Yu January 2010 (has links)
Cold spray is a relatively new coating technology in which coatings are produced by spraying metal powders at high velocity, generating bonding through severe plastic deformation at temperatures well below the melting point of the powders. In the present study, pure face centered cubic metals (i.e. nickel, copper and aluminum) coatings were produced by cold spray. Electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the microstructural changes of these powder particles during cold spraying. The effect of gas temperature on the microstructure of copper coatings and the role of post-cold spray heat treatment in the nickel coatings are also studied. Of particular interest are grain refinement, recrystallization and particle/particle bonding mechanisms of the cold sprayed powders. / La projection dynamique par gaz froid, ou «cold spray», est une technologie relativement nouvelle avec laquelle des revêtements sont produits en projetant des poudres métalliques à grande vitesse, créant ainsi des liaisons particule/particule par déformation plastique intense à des températures bien inférieures aux points de fusions des poudres. Dans la présente étude des revêtements de métaux purs à cristallographie cubique faces centrées (i.e. nickel, cuivre et aluminium) ont été produits par projection dynamique par gaz froid. La microscopie électronique en transmission (MET) et la diffraction des électrons rétrodiffusés, ou EBSD (Electron Back Scattered Diffraction), ont été utilisées pour étudier les modifications de microstructures des particules de poudres durant la projection dynamique par gaz froid. L'effet de la température du gaz sur la microstructure des revêtements de cuivre ainsi que le rôle d'un traitement thermique post-déposition pour les revêtements de nickel sont aussi étudiés. Un intérêt particulier a été porté sur l'affinement de la taille de grain, la recrystallization et les mécanismes de liaison particule/particule des poudres projetées.
236

Laser welding of a near-beta titanium alloy Ti-5 Al-5Mo-3Cr

Shariff, Tasneem January 2011 (has links)
Titanium alloys are widely used in the aerospace industry due to their high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance. However, for some large scale aircrafts, such as Airbus A380 and Boeing 787, there is a demand for even stronger Ti alloys for structural and load bearing applications. Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (Ti-5553) is a new metastable β titanium alloy that exhibits excellent strength characteristics, even higher than the currently used α-β titanium grades, such as the workhorse Ti-6Al-4V alloy. It is expected that Ti-5553 will gain wider applications in the future and hence its weldability needs to be addressed. The current work is aimed at investigating the laser weldability of Ti-5553. Autogenous welds were produced by varying the defocusing distance and weld speed. The weld quality was investigated in terms of the surface morphology, welding defects, microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties. It was determined that welds with full penetration could be achieved and defects could be maintaned to meet aerospace specification tolerances by carefully manipulating the defocusing distance and weld speed within an optimum processing window. Welding was also conducted with Ti-6Al-4V filler wire and the effect of varying joint gaps was investigated on the metallurgical and tensile properies of Ti-5553 laser welds. It was found that welds with full penetration could be produced upto a gap of 0.5 mm for 3.1 mm thick plates. Increasing the joint gap, and hence the amount of filler wire resulted in the presence of martensite which was due to the incomplete and nonuniform mixing of base material and filler wire. / Les alliages de titan sont beaucoup utilises dans l'industrie aérospatiale à cause de leurs caractéristiques de haute dureté et de la résistance à la corrosion. Néanmoins, pour les avions de grande taille, tels que Airbus A380 et Boeing 787, une dureté plus haute est requise dans les applications de support structurel. Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (Ti-5553) est une nouvelle alliage de titan fait de β métastable qui démontre les caractéristiques de dureté qui sont supérieurs à d'autres alliages de α-β de titan qui sont utilisées présentement, en incluant l'alliage de Ti-6Al-4V. Il est attendu que l'utilisation de l'alliage de Ti-5553 se répandra dans l'avenir, pour cela, la question de soudage de ce matériel doit être adressée. Le travail actuel recherche l'habilité de soudage à laser de Ti-5553. Les autogènes soudures ont étés produites en changeant la distance du centre d'intérêt et en variant la vitesse de soudage. La qualité des soudures a été analysée selon l'anatomie de la surface, des défauts de soudage, de la microstructure, de la dureté et des propriétés de traction. Il a été détermine qu'on peut obtenir les soudures de pleine pénétration et qu'on peut atteindre les spécifications aérospatiales de tolérance des défauts en contrôlant soigneusement la distance du centre d'intérêt ainsi que la vitesse de soudage dans une fenêtre de processus optimisée. Le soudage a aussi été conduit avec fil languette de Ti-6Al-4V et l'effet de variation de l'espace entre les jonctions sures les propriétés de traction et sure métallurgie de soudures de Ti-5553 a été investiguée. Il a été constaté qu'on peut obtenir les soudures de pleine pénétration jusqu'une espèce entre les jonctions de 0.5 mm pour les plaques d'épaisseur de 3.1mm. La présence de martensite a été constatée pour une distance entre les jonctions plus grand ayant plus de quantité de fil languette. Martensite s'est formée à cause d'un mélange non uniforme et incomplet entre le matériel de base et celui du fil languette.
237

Texture evolution in warm rolled low-carbon steels

Sánchez Araiza, Miguel. January 2005 (has links)
The effect of warm and cold rolling parameters on the development of annealing textures and their effects on the final formability were studied in two LC steels containing 0.8%Cr. Warm rolling temperatures between 640 and 750°C were employed, together with reductions of 65% to 80%. The effects of an additional cold rolling reduction of 40%, different initial hot band grain sizes (HBGSs) and a decrease in the heating rate during annealing were also studied. The ND fibre, <111>//ND, of the recrystallization texture was strengthened as the warm rolling temperature was decreased. A noticeable improvement in both the continuity and intensity of the ND fibre was obtained when samples were submitted to an additional 40% cold rolling reduction. The ND fibre was even more continuous and intense when a low heating rate was utilized, yielding r-values of 1.2 and 1.3 for the warm rolled and warm plus cold rolled samples, respectively. On the other hand, the volume fraction of grains containing shear bands is slightly lower for the finer HBGS. However, this does not reduce the amount of in-grain nucleation of gamma grains, suggesting that shear bands are not the only factor that has to be considered in the improvement of warm rolling textures. Although the normal anisotropy is not affected by the HBGS, much lower Deltar values were associated with the finer grained steel. / The texture changes taking place during recrystallization were examined using electron back-scattered diffraction. The recrystallization textures resemble the deformation textures but with a more extensive alpha fibre that includes the {113}<471> orientation; the gamma fibre extends to the {554}<225>. These two orientations are related to the {112}<110> deformed grains by near 26º rotations about selected <110> axes. Nevertheless, both orientations appear in the early stages of recrystallization, an observation that does not support the oriented growth theory. The {111} < hkl> orientations are the first to recrystallize while the alpha fibre is present until the end of recrystallization. It is finally consumed by all types of grains as well as by subgrain coalescence. The relatively constant volume fractions of the main orientations and the similarities in the growth rates for the {111} < hkl> and random orientations suggest that recrystallization is controlled by the oriented nucleation concept.
238

Experimental study and thermodynamic modelling of the calcium oxide - silicon oxide - aluminum oxide - calcium fluoride system

Kim, Dong-Geun January 2012 (has links)
Mould flux for the continuous casting process is a major concern for the steelmaking industry. Nowadays, more than 90 % of steel is being produced by the continuous casting process, which requires mould flux as an essential additive. The development of mould flux has been achieved by the conventional trial and error approach since it was first introduced in industry in the 1960s. Recently, the interest on the properties of fluorine has increased a lot since it is reported that fluorine has important functions such as playing a critical role on the crystallization behavior, and decreasing the melting point and viscosity of slag. However, the conventional way to find a suitable mould flux is not efficient to face the increasingly stringent requirements of the continuous casting process such as thin slab casting and higher casting speed. Therefore, fundamental phase diagram study on mould flux systems is clearly necessary, and thermodynamic modeling is the most effective way to design new mould flux in terms of time and money saving. The major components of mould flux, the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-CaF2 system, are investigated in this study as these four constituents will mostly affect the largest numbers of properties. Unfortunately, fluorine has high volatility at high temperature and high reactivity with other materials. Therefore, the results of previous experiments on F-containing systems are characterized by large discrepancies due to composition alteration and unexpected reactions during the experiment. As literature data show inconsistent results between each other, key phase diagram experiments were performed in this study. The phase diagram experiments were conducted with the quenching method in sealed Pt capsules to prevent fluorine loss during the experiment. The analyses were performed using a FE-SEM equipped with an EDS system, and a newly developed technique which produces more precise quantitative results for the equilibrium phase composition. The CaO liquidus of the CaO-CaF2 binary system, which the literature data differ from each other by up to 50 mol %, was confirmed. The CaO solubility in solid CaF2 was found for the first time and reaches about 5 mol % at the eutectic temperature. The liquidus of the CaO-Al2O3-CaF2 and CaO-SiO2-CaF2 systems were carefully studied and the miscibility gap in the CaO-Al2O3-CaF2 system was proved to be much smaller than that reported in literature. Also, thermal analysis was performed using DSC in a Pt crucible. The eutectic temperatures of the CaO-CaF2 and CaAl2O4-CaF2 systems were successfully measured and the α to β-CaF2 polymorphic transition was confirmed. Based on the new experimental data and reliable literature data, thermodynamic modeling of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-CaF2 system was also carried out. The results of thermodynamic calculation can be very beneficial for new mould flux design. / L'usage des poudres de coulée continue est une préoccupation majeure pour l'industrie sidérurgique. Actuellement, plus de 90% de l'acier est produit par le procédé de coulée continue, nécessitant impérativement l'emploi de poudres de coulée. Traditionnellement, le développement des poudres de coulée a été réalisé par la méthode d'essai et d'erreur depuis son introduction dans l'industrie dans les années 1960. Récemment, l'intérêt porté sur le fluor s'est accru car celui-ci présente d'importantes propriétés et fonctions pour le procédé de coulée continue, telles que son influence sur la cristallisation et la diminution du point de fusion et de la viscosité du laitier. Toutefois, la méthode conventionnelle de développement des poudres de coulée appropriées n'est pas efficace pour faire face aux exigences croissantes du procédé de coulée continue, telles qu'effectuer la coulée de brames minces et atteindre de plus grande vitesse de coulée. Par conséquent, l'étude fondamentale du diagramme de phase des systèmes de poudres de coulée est manifestement nécessaire, et la modélisation thermodynamique est le moyen le plus efficace pour concevoir de nouvelles poudres de coulée en termes d'économie de temps et d'argent. Les principaux composants des poudres de coulée, qui font partie du système CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-CaF2, sont examinés dans cette étude car ces quatre constituants affecteront le plus grand nombre de propriétés des poudres de coulée. Malheureusement, le fluor a une volatilité élevée à haute température et une réactivité élevée avec d'autres matériaux. Par conséquent, les résultats des expériences effectuées précédemment sur les systèmes contenant des fluorures sont caractérisés par des écarts importants en raison du changement de composition et de réactions inattendues lors des expériences. Comme les données disponibles dans la littérature rapportent des résultats contradictoires entre eux, des expériences ont été effectuées dans cette étude pour établir les diagrammes de phase. Ces expériences ont été menées avec la méthode de trempe dans des capsules de platine scellées pour empêcher la perte de fluor pendant les expériences. Les analyses ont été effectuées en utilisant un microscope électronique à balayage (MEB) équipé d'un système d'analyse dispersive en énergie de rayons X (EDS), et une technique nouvellement développée qui produit des résultats plus précis lors de la quantification de la composition des phases à l'équilibre. La courbe du liquidus du CaO du système binaire CaO-CaF2, dont les données dans la littérature diffèrent entre elles jusqu'à environ 50 % atomique, a été confirmée. La solubilité de CaO dans CaF2 à l'état solide a été trouvée pour la première fois et atteint environ 5 % atomique à la température eutectique. Les courbes de liquidus des systèmes CaO-Al2O3-CaF2 et CaO-SiO2-CaF2 ont été soigneusement étudiées et l'étendue de la lacune de miscibilité dans le système CaO-Al2O3-CaF2 a été prouvée être beaucoup plus petite que celle rapportée dans la littérature. En outre, une analyse thermique a été réalisée par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC) dans un creuset en platine. La température eutectique des systèmes CaO-CaF2 et CaAl2O4-CaF2 a été mesurée avec succès et la transition polymorphique de la forme α-CaF2 vers la forme β-CaF2 a été confirmée. Sur base des nouvelles données expérimentales et des données fiables de la littérature, la modélisation thermodynamique du système CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-CaF2 a également été réalisée. Les résultats de calcul thermodynamique peuvent être très bénéfiques pour la conception de nouvelles poudres de coulée.
239

The creep behaviour of Magnesium-Manganese based alloys

Çelikin, Mert January 2012 (has links)
The concern for weight-reduction in vehicles has increased substantially in recent decades due to fuel consumption regulations. Extending the use of magnesium (Mg), the lightest structural metal, in automotive powertrain applications has been one of the routes to reduce vehicle weights. In this doctoral work, the creep behaviour of Mg-Mn based systems with cerium (Ce) and/or strontium (Sr) additions is studied in order to shed light into the new design principles for the development of creep-resistant Mg alloys. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to characterize the microstructures (the orientation, coherency, crystal structure and the morphology of the phases) as well as the features of creep deformation (twins, dislocations, sub-grains). In the Mg-Mn binary system, the dynamic precipitation of α-Mn was observed upon thermal exposure and during creep. Two different orientation relationships (OR) were determined between α-Mn (rods) precipitated upon heat treatment and the α-Mg matrix. The creep mechanisms were determined to be dislocational processes based on the activation energy (Qc) values (Qc (pure Mg) = 105 and 168kJ/mole; Qc (Mg-1.4Mn) = 127 and 154kJ/mole) obtained via long-term creep tests at different temperatures. The creep strengthening effect of Mn was due to the dynamic precipitation of α-Mn on dislocations (acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites) during creep. In the Mg-Ce-Mn ternary system, the intradendritic precipitation of Mg12Ce occurred heterogeneously where α-Mn precipitates acted as nucleants. The nucleation and growth of the α-Mn and Mg12Ce precipitates were mutually affected by the presence of the other. The dislocational processes were found to be rate-controlling, hence, the refinement in the Mg12Ce precipitate size via α-Mn precipitates enhanced the creep resistance by providing effective dislocation pinning. In the Mg-Sr-Mn ternary system, a new orientation relationship (OR) was determined between the Mg17Sr2 and α-Mn phases, which resulted in differing morphologies of the dynamically precipitated α-Mn depending on the region of precipitation (interdendritic and intradendritic regions). Creep deformation was again found to be dependent on dislocational processes: pipe diffusion at low temperatures and either dislocation climb or activated cross-slip at the higher temperatures (Qc (JM51) = 99 and 234kJ/mole; Qc (JM52) = 93 and 135kJ/mole). The dynamic precipitation of α-Mn on the basal dislocations of the intradendritic regions enhanced creep resistance via pinning by coherency strain fields. Mg-Sr-Mn-Ce alloys exhibiting high creep resistance were developed. The design principles were based on the results obtained from the creep behaviour studies of the pure Mg, Mg-Mn, Mg-Ce-Mn, Mg-Sr-Mn systems, as well as thermodynamic calculations by FactSage. The microstructure of the alloys consisted of the Mg17Sr2 intermetallic phase at the interdendritic regions which strengthened the grain boundaries, and dissolved Mn and Ce which resulted in the dynamic co-precipitation of Mg12Ce and α-Mn (Sr) in intradendritic regions during creep. The creep strain of the quaternary alloys was around to be four times lower than the strain of the ternary alloys. / L'intérêt pour la réduction du poids des véhicules automobiles a augmenté de façon significative au cours de la présente décennie principalement à cause des restrictions sur la consommation d'essence. L'augmentation de l'utilisation du magnésium (Mg), le métal structurel le plus léger, pour les applications automobiles, les composantes des groupes propulseurs, a ainsi été une des avenues utilisées pour solutionner le problème de réduction de poids des véhicules. Dans ce travail de doctorat, le comportement au fluage des systèmes de base Mg-Mn avec des additions de cérium (Ce) et/ou de strontium (Sr) est étudié afin de faire la lumière sur de nouveaux principes de développement d'alliages de magnésium résistant au fluage. La microscopie à transmission électronique (MET) est utilisée pour caractériser les microstructures (l'orientation, la cohérence, la structure cristalline et la morphologie des phases) ainsi que les caractéristiques des déformations provoquées par le fluage (mâcles, dislocations, sous-grains). Dans le système binaire Mg-Mn, une précipitation dynamique de la phase α-Mn a été observée suite à une exposition thermique et au cours du fluage. Deux différentes relations d'orientation (OR) ont été déterminées entre les tiges de α-Mn qui ont précipitées suite au traitement thermique et dans la matrice α-Mn. Les mécanismes de déformation au fluage ont été déterminés comme étant des procédés basés sur les valeurs de l'activation d'énergie (Qc), Qc Mg pur = 105 et 168kJ/mole; Qc Mg-1.4Mn = 127 et 154kJ/mole, obtenues par le biais d'essais de fluage effectués à long terme à différentes températures. L'effet de renforcement au fluage du Mn a été causé par la précipitation dynamique de la phase α-Mn sur les dislocations agissant ainsi comme des sites de nucléation lors du fluage. Dans le système ternaire Mg-Ce-Mn, une précipitation interdendritique de Mg12Ce a été produite de façon hétérogène à l'endroit où les précipités α-Mn ont agits comme agents de nucléation. La nucléation et la croissance des précipités α-Mn et Mg12Ce ont été affectées mutuellement par la présence de l'un et de l'autre. Les procédés de dislocation ont donc été trouvés par conséquent comme étant un taux de contrôle, le raffinement de la grosseur du précipité Mg12Ce via les précipités α-Mn qui a amélioré la résistance au fluage par l'approvisionnement d'une méthode effective de fixation des dislocations. Dans le système ternaire Mg-Sr-Mn, une nouvelle relation d'orientation a été déterminée entre les phases Mg17Sr2 et α-Mn qui a résulté dans la différentiation de morphologies du précipité α-Mn en fonction de la région de précipitation (régions interdendritiques et intradendritiques). La déformation au fluage a été trouvée dépendante des procédés de disclocations: diffusion de défauts à basse température et l'un ou l'autre de la montée de dislocation ou des glissements activés entrecroisés à une température plus élevée (Qc (JM51) = 99 et 234 kJ/mole; Qc (JM52) = 93 et 135 kJ/mole). La précipitation dynamique de la phase α-Mn sur les dislocations de base des régions interdendritiques a amélioré la résistance au fluage par le biais de la fixation des champs d'allongement cohérents. Les alliages Mg-Sr-Mn-Ce démontrant une résistance élevée au fluage ont été développés. Les principes de conception ont été basés sur les résultats à partir du comportement au fluage des systèmes, Mg pur, Mg-Mn, Mg-Ce-Mn et Mg-Sr-Mn ainsi que des calculs thermodynamiques effectués à partir de la méthode FactSage. La microstructure des alliages a été constituée de la phase intermétallique Mg17Sr2 aux régions interdendritiques qui ont renforcé les bordures de grains et qui ont dissout le Mn et le Ce lesquels ont favorisé la co-précipitation dynamique de Mg12Ce et α-Mn dans les régions intradendritiques pendant le fluage. Les allongements obtenu lors du fluage des alliages quaternaires ont été quatre fois plus bas que les allongements des alliages ternaires.
240

Resin volumetric changes and surface finish characterization of composite automotive panels

Palardy, Genevieve January 2007 (has links)
The automotive industry is increasingly using resin transfer moulding (RTM) to produce composite body panels at high volumes and low costs. However, one of the recurring issues is the control of the parts surface finish, which is closely linked to the resin volumetric changes during cure. These volumetric changes are caused by the resin cure shrinkage and thermal expansion which depend on material and processing parameters. Low profile additives (LPA) are thermoplastic particles incorporated to unsaturated polyester (UP) resin to compensate for cure shrinkage. The effect of LPA content and degree of cure on the volumetric cure shrinkage and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) were investigated with a modified rheology procedure and thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA). The resin glass transition temperature (Tg) was also evaluated from the TMA results. The resin characterization efforts were validated through the moulding of Class A F3P glass preform composite panels under optimized processing conditions in order to obtain the best surface finish. The average roughness (Ra) and the average waviness (Wa) were measured by profilometry. To observe the effect of the painting process on the surface quality of the panels, the latter were submitted to low-temperature and high-temperature painting cycles according to the industry standards. Their surface finish was then measured again by profilometry and related to the as-moulded results. The results of the cure shrinkage and thermal expansion characterization were finally used to predict the dimensional changes of a panel during typical manufacturing by RTM. The surface quality was improved after the low-temperature painting cycle. There was however a decrease of quality after the high-temperature cycle. The dimensional changes predictions of typical UP/fibreglass panels during RTM were found to be in accordance with surface finish measurements. / L'industrie automobile utilise de plus en plus le procédé d'injection sur renfort (RTM) pour produire des carrosseries à grand volume, mais à faible coût. Par contre, un des problèmes communs est le contrôle du fini de surface des pièces, lié de près aux changements volumétriques de la résine durant la polymérization. Ces changements volumétriques sont causés par le rétrécissement de la résine durant la polymérization et l'expansion thermique, tout deux dépendant des paramètres du procédé et des matériaux. Les agents anti-retrait (LPA) sont utilisés pour compenser le rétrécissement des résines polyester insaturé (UP). L'effet des LPA et du degré de polymérization sur le rétrécissement de la résine et le coefficient d'expansion thermique (CTE) a été investigué à travers l'utilisation d'un rhéomètre et d'un analyseur thermo-mecanique (TMA). La température de transition vitreuse a également été déterminée par les résultats du TMA. La validation des résultats de la caractérisation de la résine a été réalisée par la production de panneaux UP/fibre de verre classe A selon les conditions optimales du procédé RTM pour obtenir le meilleur fini de surface. La rugosité moyenne (Ra) et l'ondulation moyenne (Wa) ont été mesurés par profilométrie. L'effet du procédé de peinturage sur le fini de surface a été evalué en soumettant les panneaux à un cycle basse-température et un cycle haute-température selon les standards de l'industrie automobile. Le fini de surface a été mesuré à nouveau par profilométrie et comparé aux résultats précédents. Les résultats de rétrécissement et d'expansion thermique de la résin ont finalement été utilisés pour prédire les changements dimensionels d'un panneau durant sa fabrication par RTM. Le fini de surface a été amélioré suite au cycle de peinturage à basse-température. Il y a cependant eu une diminution de la qualité après le cycle haute-température.

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