Neste trabalho exploramos o emaranhamento em sistemas de muitos férmions. Para o estudo de sistemas inomogêneos, propusemos uma aproximação de densidade local (LDA) para a entropia de emaranhamento de um único sítio com o restante do sistema e uma LDA para o emaranhamento entre blocos de sítios. Analisamos as contribuições universal e não-universal do emaranhamento entre blocos e obtivemos uma expressão para o termo não-universal. Usando o modelo de Hubbard unidimensional, investigamos o emaranhamento em nanoestruturas eletrônicas, quantificando o emaranhamento de um único sítio com relação ao restante da cadeia via entropia de emaranhamento. Para o modelo de Hubbard homogêneo estudamos o comportamento do emaranhamento em função da densidade, da magnetização, da interação eletrônica e de campos magnéticos externos. Encontramos que o emaranhamento é sensível às fases metálica, isolante e supercondutora. Observamos um platô de emaranhamento na região do gap de spin e verificamos que susceptibilidade magnética e emaranhamento estão intrinsecamente relacionados. Obtendo as energias e densidades do modelo de Hubbard inomogêneo através da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade e usando nossa proposta LDA para a entropia de emaranhamento, exploramos o comportamento do emaranhamento na presença de diversas inomogeneidades: superredes, impurezas e confinamento harmônico. Verificamos que o emaranhamento sempre diminui com a inomogeneidade, embora os efeitos de cada inomogeneidade sejam completamente diferentes. Encontramos uma relação entre energias de troca e correlação, de Hartree e cinética, capaz de prever quantitativamente o emaranhamento em função de qualquer das inomogeneidades. / In this work we investigated entanglement in many-fermions systems. To explore inhomogeneous systems we proposed a local density approximation (LDA) for the single-site entanglement entropy. We analysed the universal and nonuniversal contributions to block-block entanglement and obtained an expression for the nonuniversal term. We employ a description in terms of the one-dimensional Hubbard model to investigate the entanglement in electronic nanostructures and to quantify the single-site entanglement with respect to the rest of the chain by means of the entanglement entropy. For the homogeneous Hubbard model we studied the entanglement behavior as a function of density, magnetization, electronic interaction and external magnetic fields. We found that the entanglement is sensitive to the metallic, insulating and superconducting phases. We observed an entanglement plateau in the region of the spin gap and verified that magnetic susceptibility and entanglement are intrinsically related. Energies and densities of the inhomogeneous Hubbard model, obtained from Density Functional Theory, combined with our proposal of an LDA for the entanglement entropy, were used to explore the behavior of the entanglement entropy in the presence of several inhomogeneities: superlattices, impurities and harmonic confinement. We verified that entanglement always decreases with the inhomogeneity, although the effect of each inhomogeneity is completely different. For the same model we found a relation of exchange-correlation, Hartree and kinetic energies, able to predict quantitatively the entanglement as a function of any inhomogeneity.

Neste trabalho exploramos o emaranhamento em sistemas de muitos férmions. Para o estudo de sistemas inomogêneos, propusemos uma aproximação de densidade local (LDA) para a entropia de emaranhamento de um único sítio com o restante do sistema e uma LDA para o emaranhamento entre blocos de sítios. Analisamos as contribuições universal e não-universal do emaranhamento entre blocos e obtivemos uma expressão para o termo não-universal. Usando o modelo de Hubbard unidimensional, investigamos o emaranhamento em nanoestruturas eletrônicas, quantificando o emaranhamento de um único sítio com relação ao restante da cadeia via entropia de emaranhamento. Para o modelo de Hubbard homogêneo estudamos o comportamento do emaranhamento em função da densidade, da magnetização, da interação eletrônica e de campos magnéticos externos. Encontramos que o emaranhamento é sensível às fases metálica, isolante e supercondutora. Observamos um platô de emaranhamento na região do gap de spin e verificamos que susceptibilidade magnética e emaranhamento estão intrinsecamente relacionados. Obtendo as energias e densidades do modelo de Hubbard inomogêneo através da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade e usando nossa proposta LDA para a entropia de emaranhamento, exploramos o comportamento do emaranhamento na presença de diversas inomogeneidades: superredes, impurezas e confinamento harmônico. Verificamos que o emaranhamento sempre diminui com a inomogeneidade, embora os efeitos de cada inomogeneidade sejam completamente diferentes. Encontramos uma relação entre energias de troca e correlação, de Hartree e cinética, capaz de prever quantitativamente o emaranhamento em função de qualquer das inomogeneidades. / In this work we investigated entanglement in many-fermions systems. To explore inhomogeneous systems we proposed a local density approximation (LDA) for the single-site entanglement entropy. We analysed the universal and nonuniversal contributions to block-block entanglement and obtained an expression for the nonuniversal term. We employ a description in terms of the one-dimensional Hubbard model to investigate the entanglement in electronic nanostructures and to quantify the single-site entanglement with respect to the rest of the chain by means of the entanglement entropy. For the homogeneous Hubbard model we studied the entanglement behavior as a function of density, magnetization, electronic interaction and external magnetic fields. We found that the entanglement is sensitive to the metallic, insulating and superconducting phases. We observed an entanglement plateau in the region of the spin gap and verified that magnetic susceptibility and entanglement are intrinsically related. Energies and densities of the inhomogeneous Hubbard model, obtained from Density Functional Theory, combined with our proposal of an LDA for the entanglement entropy, were used to explore the behavior of the entanglement entropy in the presence of several inhomogeneities: superlattices, impurities and harmonic confinement. We verified that entanglement always decreases with the inhomogeneity, although the effect of each inhomogeneity is completely different. For the same model we found a relation of exchange-correlation, Hartree and kinetic energies, able to predict quantitatively the entanglement as a function of any inhomogeneity.

In the twentieth century, the founding fathers of quantum mechanics explored the implications of their theory by designing gedanken experiments. In recent years, continuous improvement of the experimental manipulation of individual quantum systems has opened the way to exciting research, both on blackboards and in laboratories, and even towards field experiments. The manipulation of individual quantum systems is the basis for quantum information processing: when an information content is associated with transformations and measurements of quantum systems, it offers a new paradigm, full of potentialities, to information theory. This leads to quantum random number generation, quantum computing, quantum communication, including quantum teleportation and quantum cryptography, etc. One of the promises of quantum information is the realization of a quantum internet: quantum communication links would allow to share quantum states between the nodes (quantum computers) of the network.<p><p>Our work lies in the context of experimental quantum optics in optical fibers at telecommunication wavelengths, in view of quantum communication applications. More particularly, we study photon pairs entangled in their energy-time degree of freedom. The traditional approach to manipulate energy-time entangled photons is based on the notion of time bin: quantum information is encoded in the relative phase between distinct spatio-temporal paths, which interfere via Mach-Zehnder interferometers. The aim of our work is to demonstrate an alternative approach to manipulate energy-time entangled photons in optical fibers at telecommunication wavelengths. We investigate and implement an original method for their manipulation by building on proven techniques for their production, transmission and detection (namely nonlinear waveguides, optical fibers and single-photon detectors, respectively). The photon pairs produced by a parametric down-conversion source are sent through independent electro-optic phase modulators, which act as high-dimensional frequency beam splitters, transforming the photonic states in the frequency domain. We then use frequency filters to discriminate the photons' frequencies. Such experimental methods, whose classical origin can be traced back to coherent communication, have been previously used with attenuated coherent states as approximations of single photons.<p><p>In the present work, we aim to show that frequency-bin entanglement provides an interesting alternative platform for quantum communication. Our main experimental results towards this goal are the obtaining of high-visibility two-photon interference patterns allowing Bell inequality violations. Our method provides decisive advantages: high dimensionality, use of standard optical and optoelectronic components, inherent stability and robustness, no need for active stabilization in laboratory conditions, visibilities comparable to the highest obtained using other degrees of freedom, etc. It has however a few drawbacks, mainly high losses and the somewhat complexity of the radio-frequency system which is not standard in quantum optics. Exploiting the high dimensionality is also challenging. Overall, our method allows the implementation of traditional and original quantum optics experiments with interesting perspectives for quantum information and communication. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The black hole information paradox arises when quantum mechanical effects are considered in the vicinity of the event horizon of a black hole. In this report we describe the fundamental properties of quantum mechanical systems and black holes that lead to the information paradox, with focus on quantum entanglement. While first presented in 1976, the information paradox is as of yet an unsolved problem. Two of the proposed solutions, black hole complementarity and firewalls, are discussed. / Svarta hålets informationsparadox uppkommer när man tar hänsyn till kvantmekaniska effekter i närheten av händelsehorisonten av ett svart hål. I denna rapport beskrivs de grundläggande egenskaper hos kvantmekaniska system och svarta hål som leder till informationsparadoxen, med fokus på kvantintrassling. Paradoxen, som presenterades 1976 men än idag är ett olöst problem, förklaras sedan. Två av de förslagna lösningarna till paradoxen, svarta hål-komplementaritet och firewalls, diskuteras.

Title: Optimizing quantum simulations and the DMRG method Author: Jan Brandejs Department: Department of Chemical Physics and Optics Supervisor: doc. Dr. rer. nat. Jiří Pittner, DSc., J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Abstract: In this work, we explore the quantum information theoretical aspects of simulation of quantum systems on classical computers, in particular the many- electron strongly correlated wave functions. We describe a way how to reduce the amount of data required for storing the wavefunction by a lossy compression of quantum information. For this purpose, we describe the measures of quantum entanglement for the density matrix renormalization group method. We imple- ment the computation of multi-site generalization of mutual information within the DMRG method and investigate entanglement patterns of strongly correlated chemical systems. We present several ways how to optimize the ground state calculation in the DMRG method. The theoretical conclusions are supported by numerical simulations of the diborane molecule, exhibiting chemically interest- ing electronic structure, like the 3-centered 2-electron bonds. In the theoretical part, we give a brief introduction to the principles of the DMRG method. Then we explain the quantum informational...

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation we address the conservation of topological states in polymer knots. Topological constraints are frequently included into theoretical descriptions of polymer systems through invariants such as winding numbers and linking numbers of polynomial invariants. In contrast, our approach is based on sequences of manipulations of knots that maintain a given knot's topology; these are known as Reidemeister moves. We begin by discussing basic properties of knots and their representations. In particular, we show how the Reidemeister moves may be viewed as rules for dynamics of crossings in planar projections of knots. Thereafter we consider various combinatoric enumeration procedures for knot configurations that are equivalent under chosen topological constraints. Firstly, we study a reduced system where only the zeroth and first Reidemeister moves are allowed, and present a diagrammatic summation of all contributions to the associated partition function. The partition function is then calculated under basic simplifying assumptions for the Boltzmann weights associated with various configurations. Secondly, we present a combinatoric scheme for enumerating all topologically equivalent configurations of a polymer strand that is wound around a rod and closed. This system has the constraint of a fixed winding number, which may be viewed in terms of manipulations that obey a Reidemeister move of the second kind of the polymer relative to the rod. Again configurations are coupled to relevant statistical weights, and the partition function is approximated. This result is used to calculate various physical quantities for confined geometries. The work in that chapter is based on a recent publication, "Conservation of polymer winding states: a combinatoric approach", C.M. Rohwer, K.K. Müller-Nedebock, and F.-E. Mpiana Mulamba, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 47 (2014) 065001. The remainder of the dissertation is concerned with a dynamical description of the Reidemeister moves. We show how the rules for crossing dynamics may be addressed in an operator formalism for stochastic dynamics. Differential equations for densities and correlators for crossings on strands are calculated for some of the Reidemeister moves. These quantities are shown to encode the relevant dynamical constraints. Lastly we sketch some suggestions for the incorporation of themes in this dissertation into an algorithm for the simulated annealing of knots. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis ondersoek ons die behoud van topologiese toestande in knope. Topologiese dwangvoorwaardes word dikwels d.m.v. invariante soos windingsgetalle, skakelgetalle en polinomiese invariante in die teoretiese beskrywings van polimere ingebou. In teenstelling hiermee is ons benadering gebaseer op reekse knoopmanipulasies wat die topologie van 'n gegewe knoop behou - die sogenaamde Reidemeisterskuiwe. Ons begin met 'n bespreking van die basiese eienskappe van knope en hul daarstellings. Spesi ek toon ons dat die Reidemeisterskuiwe beskryf kan word i.t.v. reëls vir die dinamika van kruisings in planêre knoopprojeksies. Daarna beskou ons verskeie kombinatoriese prosedures om ekwivalente knoopkon gurasies te genereer onderhewig aan gegewe topologiese dwangvoorwaardes. Eerstens bestudeer ons 'n vereenvoudigde sisteem waar slegs die nulde en eerste Reidemeisterskuiwe toegelaat word, en lei dan 'n diagrammatiese sommasie van alle bydraes tot die geassosieerde toestandsfunksie af. Die partisiefunksie word dan bereken onderhewig aan sekere vereenvoudigende aannames vir die Boltzmanngewigte wat met die verskeie kon- gurasies geassosieer is. Tweedens stel ons 'n kombinatoriese skema voor om ekwivalente kon gurasies te genereer vir 'n polimeer wat om 'n staaf gedraai word. Die beperking tot 'n vaste windingsgetal in hierdie sisteem kan daargestel word i.t.v. 'n Reidemeister skuif van die polimeer t.o.v. die staaf. Weereens word kon gurasies gekoppel aan relevante statistiese gewigte en die partisiefunksie word benader. Verskeie siese hoeveelhede word dan bereken vir beperkte geometrie e. Die werk in di e hoofstuk is gebaseer op 'n onlangse publikasie, "Conservation of polymer winding states: a combinatoric approach", C.M. Rohwer, K.K. Müller-Nedebock, and F.-E. Mpiana Mulamba, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 47 (2014) 065001. Die res van die tesis handel oor 'n dinamiese beskrywing van die Reidemeisterskuiwe. Ons toon hoe die re els vir kruisingsdinamika beskryf kan word i.t.v. 'n operatorformalisme vir stochastiese dinamika. Di erensiaalvergelykings vir digthede en korrelatore vir kruisings op stringe word bereken vir sekere Reidemeisterskuiwe. Daar word getoon dat hierdie hoeveelhede die relevante dinamiese beperkings respekteer. Laastens maak ons 'n paar voorstelle vir hoe idees uit hierdie tesis geï nkorporeer kan word in 'n algoritme vir die gesimuleerde vereenvoudiging van knope.

Developments in the interdisciplinary field of quantum information open up previously impossible abilities in the realms of information processing and communication. Quantum entanglement has emerged as one property of quantum systems that acts as a resource for quantum information processing and, in particular, enables teleportation and secure cryptography. Therefore, the creation of entangled resources is of key importance for the application of these technologies. Despite a great deal of research the efficient creation of entanglement over long distances is limited by inevitable noise. This problem can be overcome by creating entanglement between nodes in a network and then performing operations to distribute the entanglement over a long distance. This thesis contributes to the field of entanglement distribution within such quantum networks. Entanglement distribution has been extensively studied for one-dimensional networks resulting in "quantum repeater" protocols. However, little work has been done on higher dimensional networks. In these networks a fundamentally different scaling, called "long distance entanglement distribution", can appear between the resources and the distance separating the systems to be entangled. I reveal protocols that enable long distance entanglement distribution for quantum networks composed of mixed state and give a few limitations to the capabilities of entanglement distribution. To aid in the implementation of all entanglement distribution protocols I finish by introducing a new system, composed of an optical nanofibre coupled to a carbon nanotube, that may enable new forms of photo-detectors and quantum memories.

In this thesis, we are concerned with continuous-variable quantum optical state engineering protocols. Such protocols are designed to repair or enhance the nonclassical features of a given state. In particular, we build a weak measurement model of Gaussian entanglement concentration of the two mode squeezed vacuum state. This model allows the simultaneous description of all possible ancilla system variations. In addition, it provides an explanation of the Gaussian-preserving property of these protocols while providing a success criterion which links all of the degrees of freedom on the ancilla. Following this, we demonstrate the wider application of weak measurements to quantum optical state engineering by showing that they allow probabilistic noiseless amplifi cation of photon number. We then establish a connection between weak measurements and entanglement concentration as a fundamental result of weak measurements on entangled probes. After this, we explore the trade-off between Gaussian and non-Gaussian operations in the preparation of non-Gaussian pure states. In particular, we suggest that an operational cost for an arbitrary non-Gaussian pure state is the largest Fock state required for its approximate preparation. We consider the extent to which this non-Gaussian operational cost can be reduced by applying unitary Gaussian operations. This method relies on the identification of a minimal core state for any target non-Gaussian pure state.

In this paper the features of quantum systems which lay the foundation of quantum entanglement are studied. General properties of entangled states are discussed, including their entropy and relation to Bell's inequality. Applications of entanglement, namely quantum teleportation and quantum cryptography, are also considered.

Light, which is composed of discrete quanta, or photons, is one of the most fundamental concepts in physics. Being an elementary entity, the behaviour of photons is governed by the rules of quantum mechanics. The ability to create, manipulate and measure quantum states of light is not only useful in foundational tests of quantum theory, but also in a wide range of quantum technologies – which aim to utilize non-classical properties of quantum systems to perform tasks not possible with classical resources. Only recently has it been possible to control the properties of number states of light, which have a fixed photon-number. Two-photon states are central to testing fundamental physical theories (such as locality and reality) and the implementation of quantum information technologies. The versatility of photon-pair states is en- abled by the potential entanglement properties it can posses. Thus controlling the correlations between photons is crucial to both pure and applied physics. To produce a single photon, a photon-pair state can be used. Detection of one photon indicates its twin’s existence. Many applications, such as optical quantum computation, require pure indistinguishable single photons. Heralding single pho- tons from a photon-pair will, in general, produce single photons in a mixed quantum state due to correlations within the pair. A common approach to creating photon-pairs is through the nonlinear sponta- neous four-wave mixing interaction in optical fibres. This thesis presents a theoreti- cal and experimental implementation of a scheme to tailor the spectral correlations within the pairs. Emphasis is placed on engineering the two-photon state such that they are completely uncorrelated. Spatial entanglement is naturally avoided due to the discrete nature of the optical fibre modes. Spectral correlations are eliminated by careful choice of dispersion characteristics and conditions. The purity of the photons generated by this scheme is demonstrated by means of two-photon inter- ference from independent sources. We measure a purity of (85.9 ± 1.6)% with no spectral filtering, exhibiting the usefulness of this source for quantum technologies and applications.