Thesis (Ph.D)--Freien Universität Berlin, 2008.

no / The concepts of “defeat” (representing failed social struggle) and “entrapment” (representing an inability to escape from a situation) have emerged from the animal literature, providing insight into the health consequences of low social rank. Evolutionary models suggest that these constructs co-occur and can lead to the development of mental disorders, although there is limited empirical evidence supporting these predictions. Participants (N=172) were recruited from economically deprived areas in North England. Over half of participants (58%) met clinical cut-offs for depression and anxiety, therefore we conducted analyses to establish whether participant outcomes were dependent on baseline defeat and entrapment levels. Participants completed measures of defeat, entrapment, depression and anxiety at two time-points twelve months apart. Factor analysis demonstrated that defeat and entrapment were best defined as one factor, suggesting that the experiences co-occurred. Regression analyses demonstrated that changes in depression and anxiety between T1 and T2 were predicted from baseline levels of defeat and entrapment; however, changes in defeat and entrapment were also predicted from baseline depression and anxiety. There are implications for targeting perceptions of defeat and entrapment within psychological interventions for people experiencing anxiety and depression and screening individuals to identify those at risk of developing psychopathology.

Facebook is the biggest social network and therefore it is of interest to view how people get immersed into the user experience of it. Not much has been done about immersion into Facebook and how it entraps the user in a never-ending flow of impressions. Using a combination of qualitative interview studies and think-aloud walkthroughs we set out to study this phenomena. We found a varying mix of immersion, from those who couldn’t stop looking through their feeds to those who just used Facebook as a phonebook. We also found that while many wanted to reduce their usage of Facebook, none seemed able to make that plunge. From this we find design implications for both designing for immersion and avoiding entrapment. One key to the former is to have an error free environment, while the latter would be to make sure that all information is searchable.

背景：腕管綜合征，又名腕管狹窄征，俗稱“滑鼠手＂，是最常見的周圍神經卡壓性疾患，有研究顯示，腕管綜合征的發病率正在逐年的上升，在壽命為70歲以下的人群中發生腕管綜合征的概率女性為l1%、男性為3.5%。是一種因為正中神經在腕管內因為腕管內的容積減少或壓力增大而受到壓迫，引起的手指麻木無力的戚覺，運動和自主功能紊亂症候群。 目的：通過查閱有關中醫治療腕管綜合征文獻，歸納和總結正確的合理的治療思維，尋找出理想的治療腕管綜合征的方法。 方法：1.檢索近20年的相關文獻，輸入關鍵字“腕管綜合征 針灸 推拿 中藥 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome＂，在CNKI資料庫和EBSCOhost資料庫和維普資料庫中，根據納入標準：(1）診斷為腕管綜合征（2）以中醫為主治療之文獻。排除標準：非中醫治療文獻，選出共57篇符合納入標準的文獻，並用Excel軟體對其記錄和總結。 2. 臨床隨診塗封老師從2015年1月到2015年4月期間在相關浸會大學診所收集診斷為腕管綜合征的患者，觀察針灸、中藥和推拿治療此病的效果。 結果：針灸治療腕管綜合征的最常用的幾個穴位，分別為內關、大陵、外關、合谷、陽池、陽溪。中藥最常用的幾味藥為桂枝、威靈仙、透骨草、川穹、伸筋草、紅花、當歸。在中藥熏洗方面，最常用的是透骨草、伸筋草、威靈仙、桂枝。在中藥外敷方面，最常用的是桂枝、威靈仙、防風、透骨草。在中藥內服方面，最常用的是當歸、乳香、桂枝、雞血藤。在手法治療治療腕管綜合征，主要是以放鬆肌肉和松解組織粘連的手法為主。中醫方法治療腕管綜合征的效果，要優於現代醫學治療此病的效果。

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2007. / Abstract. Includes bibliographic references (ℓ. 84-92)

No description available.

Rates of suicidal thoughts and behaviours are heightened amongst prisoners, and present a significant challenge to correctional facilities globally. Despite this, there is a paucity of theoretically driven research examining the factors that underlie suicidality in prisoners. Two theoretical models of suicide, the Cry of Pain model (CoP; Williams, 1997) and the Schematic Appraisals Model of Suicide (SAMS; Johnson, Gooding & Tarrier, 2008) have highlighted the roles of negative appraisals and perceptions of defeat, entrapment, and hopelessness, as key psychological drivers for suicidal thoughts and behaviours. The overarching aim of this thesis was to investigate the psychological mechanisms that underlie suicidal thoughts and behaviours amongst prisoners. A corollary aim was to examine the psychological factors that may confer resilience to suicidal thoughts and behaviours amongst incarcerated individuals. Firstly, a comprehensive narrative review examined evidence of the applicability of current theoretical approaches to suicide, as applied to prisoner samples. The findings of this review highlighted gaps in the literature, from which a number of research questions were developed for investigation in the current thesis. Next, three empirical studies were designed to investigate the roles of perceptions of defeat, entrapment, hopelessness, and negative appraisals in suicidal ideation. In the first of these studies, cross-sectional evidence was obtained that perceptions of internal entrapment and hopelessness were predictive of suicidal ideation amongst prisoners (Chapter 4). In a second study, the predictive effects of defeat, hopelessness, and entrapment were examined in a longitudinal investigation, finding no significant longitudinal relationship (Chapter 7). In a further empirical study, support was provided for the role of momentary negative appraisals of the present and future as proximal predictors of the severity of suicidal thoughts (Chapter 5). Two further studies examined the role of impulsiveness in suicidality, and provided evidence for the deleterious effect of impulsiveness upon both suicidal ideation (Chapter 8) and self-harm ideation (Chapter 9) in prisoners. Two further studies provided the first theoretically driven investigations of potential resilience factors, conceptualized as positive self-appraisals, within a prisoner sample. Based on the Schematic Appraisals Model of Suicide (SAMS), it was proposed that positive self-appraisals would confer resilience against suicidal thoughts and behaviours. Two studies investigated this hypothesis. The first of these studies found that, contrary to predictions, positive self-appraisals of social support and social reciprocity did not buffer the impact of negative situational appraisals upon suicidal thoughts (Chapter 5). In the second study, evidence was obtained for a buffering effect of positive self-appraisals upon suicidal thoughts. In particular, positive appraisals of interpersonal problem-solving were found to buffer the effects of internal entrapment on suicidal thoughts (Chapter 6).Overall, the findings of this thesis serve to further our understanding of the psychological processes underlying the development of, and resilience to, suicidality amongst prisoners. These results underscore the need to empirically examine the applicability and transferability of psychological models of suicide within prisoner populations. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are outlined throughout the thesis.

A growing body of research has indicated that the levels of suicidal behaviour are particularly heightened among individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Two theoretical models of suicide, the Cry of Pain Model of suicide (CoP; Williams, 1997) and the Schematic Appraisals Model of Suicide (SAMS; Johnson, Gooding & Tarrier, 2008) have proposed that perceptions of defeat and entrapment are key components of the psychological mechanisms which drive suicidal behaviour. The SAMS has also emphasized the importance of psychological resilience factors for preventing suicide risk. Resilience to suicide has been recently defined as a set of appraisals which buffer the impact of risk factors on suicidal behaviour. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in suicidal behaviour in those with full or subthreshold PTSD. The second aim of this thesis was to obtain empirical evidence for the presence of resilience factors to suicidal behaviour in PTSD. Initially, a comprehensive narrative review and a meta-analysis were conducted to examine the magnitude of the association between various forms of suicidal behaviour and a PTSD diagnosis and the role of comorbid depression in this association. Both, the narrative review and the meta-analysis demonstrated a strong positive association between suicidal behaviour and PTSD, and supported the mediating impact of comorbid depression in this association. A re-analysis of a previous dataset of individuals with PTSD was also pursued to establish the relevance of negative perceptions/appraisals to suicidal behaviour in those with PTSD. Next, three empirical studies were designed to investigate the utility of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in explaining suicidal behaviour in those with full or subthreshold PTSD. The outcomes across the three studies supported the hypothesis that defeat and entrapment represent the proximal psychological drivers of suicidal behaviour in PTSD and fully account for the suicidogenic effects of negative self-appraisals and PTSD symptoms. Two additional empirical studies were conducted to examine resilience factors to suicidal behaviour among individuals with full or subthreshold PTSD. The first of these studies provided evidence that high levels of perceived social support buffered the impact of PTSD symptoms on suicidal behaviour. The last study supported the efficacy of a resilience-boosting technique, the Broad-Minded Affective Coping procedure (BMAC), to enhance the experience of positive emotions and improve mood amongst individuals diagnosed with PTSD. Together, the current results support the SAMS' postulation concerning the role of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in the emergence of suicidal behaviour in PTSD and highlight the importance of boosting resilience as a means of targeting suicidal behaviour in those with PTSD. Clinical implications of these findings are outlined throughout the thesis.

The amount and type of cohesive sediment found in gravel river beds can have important implications for the health of aquatic biota, surface/groundwater interactions and water quality. Due to landscape disturbances in the Elbow River watershed, increased sediment fluxes have negatively impacted fish habitat, water quality and water supply to the City of Calgary. However, little is known about the source of cohesive sediment and its interaction with gravel deposits in the Elbow River. This research was designed to: 1) quantify the transport properties (critical shear stress for erosion, deposition, porosity, settling velocity, density) of cohesive sediment and 2) evaluate the potential for coarse gravel to entrap cohesive sediment in the Elbow River. A 5m annular flume was used to conduct erosion and deposition experiments using plane and coarse bed conditions. The critical shear stress for deposition and erosion of the Elbow River cohesive sediments was 0.115Pa and 0.212Pa, respectively. The settling velocity of the cohesive sediment had an inverse relationship between floc size and settling velocity for larger flocs, due to a decrease in floc density with increased size. Cohesive sediment moved from the water column into the gravel bed via the coupling of surface and pore water flow. Once in the gravel bed, cohesive sediments were not mobilized from the bed because the shear produced by the flume was less than the critical shear to mobilize the gravel bed. Using a model developed by Krishnappan and Engel (2006), an entrapment coefficient of 0.2 was determined for the gravel bed. Entrapment coefficients were plotted against substrate size, porosity and hydraulic conductivity, demonstrating a relationship between entrapment coefficient and these variables. It was estimated that 864kg of cohesive sediment is stored in the upper 0.08m of a partially submerged point bar in the Elbow River. Accordingly, when flow conditions are sufficient to mobilize the gravel bed and disturb the amour layer, cohesive materials may be entrained and transported into the Glenmore Reservoir, where it will reduce reservoir capacity and may pose treatment challenges to the drinking water supply.

Controlling and predicting rupture and dewetting of quiescent thin water films, hundreds of microns thick, was studied experimentally. Wax, polycarbonate, steel and aluminium surfaces were immersed in water; the water level was lowered to form thin films above the surfaces. Spontaneous film rupture only occurred on wax, a low-energy surface. Films ruptured at the edges of the other—high-energy—surfaces. Increased surface roughness decreased chances of rupture and dewetting in the film. Introducing large wax or steel protrusions (on the order of millimetres) on smooth surfaces showed films rupturing above the protrusions and adhering to them; further thinning caused rupture and dewetting away from the protrusions. Entrapped air bubbles, injected through the surface and into the film, ruptured as they breached the film surface to form stable holes in the film if it was sufficiently thin. Entrapped air was the best means of rupturing films on all surfaces.