This work is a revised edition of the former article "Evolution and Mutation Physics” by the same author. Some unclear formulations have been eliminated. New ideas and new calculations have been included, especially the important connection between successive entropy - changes and increasing DNA –length at slowly decreasing temperature-decrease of surroundings.

Base rivalry arises at replication of monotonous DNA – sequences. Irreparable mutations can arise by tunnel processes if the developed energy is high enough. The tunnel probability depends not only on the base rivalry energy but also depends on the temperature of surroundings. The tunnel probability diminishes with decreasing temperature. The cytoplasm viscosity increases in the long term with decreasing temperature. The length of the monotonous sequence in which happens an irreparable mutation (caused by base rivalry) then will be larger than at higher temperatures. This means that the possible distribution variety of all base components on the given matrix will diminish; therefore the probability increases that one base component which possesses the necessary energy, comes into the certain monotonous sequence to provoke a tunnel process. These different temperature dependences are the subject of the following examinations; they lead to the equation (32) which is valid for coming off of an irreparable mutation which is caused by base rivalry. Because of the dependence between temperature change and mutating sequence length from s1 to s1+1 (expressed in this equation), there result informations about evolution, and informations about mutation of DNA – viruses. The calculations are performed with very small DNA fragments so called residual fragments.

This work is a revised edition of the former article "Evolution and Mutation Physics” by the same author. Some unclear formulations have been eliminated. New ideas and new calculations have been included, especially the important connection between successive entropy - changes and increasing DNA –length at slowly decreasing temperature-decrease of surroundings.

Base rivalry arises at replication of monotonous DNA – sequences. Irreparable mutations can arise by tunnel processes if the developed energy is high enough. The tunnel probability depends not only on the base rivalry energy but also depends on the temperature of surroundings. The tunnel probability diminishes with decreasing temperature. The cytoplasm viscosity increases in the long term with decreasing temperature. The length of the monotonous sequence in which happens an irreparable mutation (caused by base rivalry) then will be larger than at higher temperatures. This means that the possible distribution variety of all base components on the given matrix will diminish; therefore the probability increases that one base component which possesses the necessary energy, comes into the certain monotonous sequence to provoke a tunnel process. These different temperature dependences are the subject of the following examinations; they lead to the equation (32) which is valid for coming off of an irreparable mutation which is caused by base rivalry. Because of the dependence between temperature change and mutating sequence length from s1 to s1+1 (expressed in this equation), there result informations about evolution, and informations about mutation of DNA – viruses. The calculations are performed with very small DNA fragments so called residual fragments.:1.Introduction 2.The problems 3.Tunnel processes in biological hydrogen bonds 3.1.The tunnel probability 3.2.The change in the tunnel probability due to temperature- and energy-change 4.The distribution of bases on the DNA during replication, and the occurrence of high base rivalry energy 4.1.Enumeration of all possible distributions 4.2.Enumeration of all favourable distributions, and the chance of occurrence of high base rivalry energy 5.The total probability of mutation which is caused by base rivalry 6.Interpretation of the equation (32) 7.Evolution physics 8.Mutation physics 9.Summary 10.References

Der Zweikampf als fester Bestandteil der mittelalterlichen wie auch frühneuzeitlichen Streitkultur ist ein überaus vielschichtiges, dynamisches und prinzipiell mehrdeutiges Phänomen, das sich den kategorialen Bändigungsversuchen der Rechtsgeschichte ebenso entzieht wie linearen Entwicklungsnarrativen. Aufgrund der typologischen Bandbreite – Entscheidungszweikampf, als Gottesurteil verstandenes Beweismittel, gerichtlich kontrolliertes Fechten um Ehrangelegenheiten, das neuzeitliche Duell als historischer Fluchtpunkt – und der Pluralität von Praktiken und Sinnzuschreibungen verbietet sich ein einseitiger Rekurs auf normative Quellen und rechtshistorische Ansätze gleichsam von selbst. Vielmehr scheint sich, überblickt man die Forschungsleistungen der letzten Jahre, eine Erweiterung der Perspektive unter Rückgriff auf sozial- und kulturgeschichtliche Methoden, Erkenntnisinteressen und Quellenspektren durchzusetzen.