The Becraft Formation (Lower Devonian, New York State) represents a prograding carbonate shoal environment in which four distinct sedimentary textural types are developed. Type 1 is a very poorly sorted, coarse grained biosparite; Type 2, very poorly sorted biomicrudite; Type 3, poorly sorted fine grained biosparite and Type 4 is a very poorly to poorly sorted medium grained biosparite. Association of textures and assemblages of sedimentary structures suggests that textural Type 2 was deposited in an environment which was essentially unaffected by current movement. Types 1 and 4 were deposited under lower flow regime conditions and Type 3 resulted from upper flow regime conditions. Physical energy conditions in the Becraft environment are, in part, reflected by the zoarial forms of bryozoa. However, the distribution of fauna suggests that considerable lateral mixing has occurred. Two hematite-rich horizons were deposited in the Becraft as the first stage in diagenesis. / Earth and Environmental Science / Accompanied by one .pdf file: 1) Pazdersky-Supplemental-1976.pdf

The Lower Silurian Clinton Formation in eastern Pennsylvania represents a tectonically stable, tide-dominated, marginal-marine environment following the regional transgression associated with the ending of the Taconic Orogeny. It consists of repeated fining-upward cycles (facies sequences) which are highly variable in thickness, overall coarseness, channel variability and channel scouring ability. The cycles contain two major facies, the cross-bedded sandstone (subtidal channel) facies and the overlying interbedded/bioturbated (tidal-flat) facies. The latter facies encompasses such a wide range of lithologic conditions that it is subdivided into three subfacies: the nonburrowed interbedded (restricted-flat) subfacies, the vertically burrowed sandstone (intertidal channel) subfacies and the bioturbated red/green (levee) subfacies. The lateral migration of tidal channels across the tidal-flat environment in conjunction with regional subsidence causes the vertical accumulation of adjacent facies deposits. Such lateral migration results from the meandering of tidal channels and is very similar in process to the lateral migration of river channels. The sea which existed during Clinton time was shallow, restricted, and slightly brackish. Fossils, except for trances of burrowing organisms, are scarce. The Taconic Mountains supplied sediment to the Clinton environments, generally through a succession of river systems, longshore drift and tidal currents. Sedimentation rates and subsidence rates are approximately equal. A tidal environmental model explains the cyclicity in the Clinton Formation and applies as well to all similar clastic, semi-restricted, tidal-flat environments having a moderate tidal range and associated with a stable shoreline following a regional transgression. / Earth and Environmental Science / Accompanied by one .pdf file: 1) Wagner-Supplemental-1976.pdf

The Middle Ordovician interval of Eastern North America displays a sedimentary sequence which was imprinted by the effects of the developing Taconic Orogeny. This interval in central Pennsylvania is comprised of a carbonate bank to basin transition. The lower portion (Black River), the focus f this study, can be divided into four paleoenvironmentally significant facies. These facies are are recognized by characteristic cycles of lithologies which they exhibit. These cycles are interpreted as having been primarily formed by processes within and inherent to each environment. The first facies (Laminite Facies) is comprised of cycles of micritic intraclastic conglomerates, varying algal structures and shales. These lithologies are interpreted as having formed on an intertidal-supratidal flat. The second facies (Calcarenite Facies) is comprised of varying calcarenitic lithologies and a micrite containing the schizocoral Tetradium cellulosum. These deposits are interpreted as representing a high energy intertidal ("wave baffle") zone. The third facies (Mottled Facies) varies from a mottled calcisilitite to a mottled micrite. The mottling is due to bioturbation and the deposits are interpreted as having formed in a quiet shelf environment. The fourth facies (Nodular Facies) contains a nodular, lumpy bedded limestone. The character of the beds is most likely due to an increased terrigenous influx from the eastern portion of the basin. Segregation of the nodules was accomplished by either physical or chemical means/ This environment of deposition is interpreted as a deeper shelf. These four facies thus display the shallow water environments of the entire Middle Ordovician transition. / Earth and Environmental Science / Accompanied by one .pdf file: 1) Frischmann-Supplemental-1977.pdf

The structural history of the Wissahickon Formation has been for considerable time questionable and under continuous debate. This current investigation involving the mesoscopic analysis of pelitic schists and psammitic gneisses supported by microscopic study of rock fabrics and thin section analysis discloses a complex structural history consisting of 3 episodes of fold generation. The Primary Structures consist of F1 isoclinal similar folds, L1 lineations (mineral alignments) and S1 axial plane schistosity seen predominantly near the Rosemont Fault Zone. The Second Structures and most predominant are characterized by subisoclinal F2 folds predominantly Class 1C in type, L2 lineations (mineral alignments, S1/S2 cleavage intersections and minor F2 fold axes) and axial plane "Cleavage Rucking" (S1-S2 cleavage intersection) seen throughout most of the area grading into a transposition S2 schistosity near Rosemont Fault Zone. These F2 structures are quite large, structurally influencing the flow of the river in various areas. The last episode is very minor, consisting of F3 open parallel, accordian, and chevron folds seen primarily on the limbs of F2 structures, L3 lineations (axes of F3 folds and crenulations) and S3 axial plane crenulation cleavage. This polyphase deformational history of the Wissahickon Formation in this region appears not unlick and in face quite similar to that seen in most thrust belts throughout the world. / Earth and Environmental Science / Accompanied by two .pdf files: 1) Tearpock-Supplemenal1-1977.pdf 2) Tearpock-Supplemental2-1977.pdf

Normal fault earthquakes and interseismic (secular) displacements are generated by a visco-elastic two­ dimensional finite element model. Model generated phases of crustal deformation are consistent with ob­served crustal deformation from repeated precise geodetic levels for the areas of Fairview Peak, Nevada and Hebgen Lake, Montana. The model fit to geodetic measurements is, in most cases, within the limits of random survey error. In this thesis I propose an elastic rebound theory for normal fault earthquakes. Model studies indicate that during the interseismic phase the ground is subject to relative doming in the vicinity of the fault which may have been interpreted by some investigators to result from magma intrusion. The rate at which doming occurs gives an indication of the asthenosphere effective viscosity, which was found to be on the order of 2.0 x 1021 poise for Fairview Peak and about 2.3 x 1021 poise for Hebgen Lake. Furthermore, interseismic model simulated extension rates are 1.36mm/yr, consistent with extension rates of greater than 0.4mm/yr observed within the Great Basin. The co­seismic phase results in the uplift of the footwall block and depression of the hanging wall block as has been reported by other investigators {Savage & Hastie, 1966). The sum of the interseismic and coseismic movements result in a tilt block type of topography, as is observed in the Basin and Range. Based on shear stress recovery the reoccurence interval for these faults is on the order of 10^3 years. Thus, the Fairview Peak and Hebgen Lake faults do not present any current earthquake hazard. However, since these faults do occur in regions where sets of normal faults are common, other faults may be approaching earthquake stress levels and consequently may present current earthquake hazards in these areas. / Earth and Environmental Science

Dissolved aluminum in filtered water (0.45 µm) from the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary, New Jersey, and from six northeastern United States rivers was analyzed by a fluorometric method using Manganon as the fluorometric reagent. The aluminum content of the six rivers sampled ranged from 4 to 42 µg/1, with an average of 15 µg/1 (corrected for discharge). During the summer and fall of 1977, the aluminum content of the Mullica River averaged approximately 35 µg/1. The aluminum content of the water during the winter and spring of 1978 was approximately six times that of the previous summer and fall, with a mid-winter high of 237 µg/1. In Great Bay Estuary, aluminum exhibited definite non-conservative behavior, with more than 80% removal of the aluminum by salinities of less than 10°/oo. This behavior is similar to that previously observed for iron in this estuary (Coonley et al., 1971). The aluminum concentration appears to be controlled by the solubility of crystalline gibbsite. The estimated flux of dissolved aluminum from the estuary into the ocean is less than 5 µg/1. Assuming these are representative data, an oceanic residence time for aluminum is calculated to be 25,000 years. / Earth and Environmental Science

The three sets of raised beach terraces exposed on Muroto Peninsula, Shikoku, Japan are the result of a landward tilting of the lithosphere which results from a seismicly induced elastic rebounding. The terraces all tilt to the north and converge near the hinge line of the great 1946 Nankaido earthquake. A model for terrace formation is developed which is a combination of simple beam theory and thrust fault elastic rebound theory. Axial stress drops of 320 to 425-bars are subtracted from axial loads which are applied to an initially downwarped 24 km thick lithosphere which overlies an asthenosphere of 10^19 poise viscosity. This results in a modeled coseismic uplift of 120 cm; in agreement with observations on Muroto Point. Also consistent with the observations is the modeled coseismic landward shift of the hinge line position, and the modeled post-seismic seaward shift of the hinge line position after the earthquake. Finally, a tectonic uplift rate of between 17.5 and 24 cm/century is obtained by the model in agreement with Yoshikawa's et al. (1964) uplift rate for Muroto Point. / Earth and Environmental Science

A portion of the Upper Olney and Elmwood Members of the Manlius Formation (Lower Devonian, Helderberg Group} in central New York State was deposited as a sequence of upward-shallowing units, 1.5 to 10.5 feet thick, separated by transgressive (deepening) sur­faces. These cycles of deposition have been called Punctuated Agg­radational Cycles, or PACs, after Goodwin and Anderson (1980b). With each rapid transgression, pronounced changes in paleogeography occurred episodically over the entire study interval (a lateral dis­tance of 50 miles oblique to the basin axis). After each rapid trans­gression, gradual changes in paleogeography occurred as sediments and/or stromatoporoid bioherms aggraded towards a static sea level. The highest occurrence of vertical burrows and/or the lowest occurrence of well-formed algal laminites defines the maximum normal high sea level position achieved in a PAC. Correlation of PAC sequences on the basis of relative spacings of these maximum high tide positions, resulted in recognition of actual paleotopographies ·developed following each rapid transgression. Shallow marine, level bottom paleocommunities of this study interval were developed allogenically in response to sea level changes associated with the formation of PACs. Long-term, upward-decreasing diversity of taxa occurred within each PAC 8:s the "climax" community of transgressive, short-term succession was modified or replaced in re­sponse to a gradual shallowing of the environment. The shallowing was caused by sediment aggradation and/or stromatoporoid growth. / Earth and Environmental Science / Accompanied by one .pdf file: 1) Busch-Supplemental-1978.pdf

The coastal region in the southwestern corner of Parita Bay, Panama has five distinct environmental zones that can be individually identified by their textures. Sediment extracted from cores can be divided into zones of sediment type on the basis of texture. These zones of distinctive sediment types in the cores correspond closely with the sediment types found in the modern geomorphic zones. The sequence of environments found within the cores shows that the coastal region of southwestern Parita Bay, Panama has been prograding following a period of rapid sea level rise. This rise in sea level is dated at approximately 5,000 years ago from a sedimentation rate of 0.5 mm/year and corresponds closely with the initial occupation of an archeological site. / Earth and Environmental Science / Accompanied by one .pdf file: 1) Dere-Supplemental-1981.pdf

The apparent randomness in patterns of earthquake activity are modeled using a quasi-static, truss-fault block analogy of earthquake occurrence. The earthquake belt is modeled utilizing a series of fault blocks along a seismic belt can experience either enhanced or suppressed seismic activity immediately after and during the years that follow a modeled earthquake. However, the regions that adjoin the block which has experienced a modeled earthquake, are primarily affected by the enhancing or the suppressive effected of a modeled earthquake. Seismic gaps are attributed to the complex interaction between fault blocks and the manner in which modeled earthquakes redistribute forces to an elastic truss, which represents the oceanic lithosphere. Due to the enhancing and suppressive seismic effects, seismic gaps within the model are filled by earthquakes that occur in a different order from one modeled earthquake to another. Thus the truss-fault block model produces a semi-random pattern of earthquake occurrence, although there are similarities between modeled earthquake cycles. Model behavior is not unlike the space-time distribution patterns observed in nature. Owing to the semi-random character of the model, the recurrence interval within each fault block is different and the recurrence interval changes from cycle to cycle. Also the recurrence interval increases if a fault block is interrupted by the suppressive effects of earthquakes in adjacent areas. / Earth and Environmental Science