Originalmente, o estado de São Paulo tinha 87% de sua área ocupada por Floresta Atlântica e o uso de suas terras resultou numa redução de aproximadamente 90% de sua área original. Com o objetivo de manter os serviços ambientais providos pelas florestas urge restaurar parte da vegetação perdida com o plantio de árvores nativas para acelerar a sucessão secundária. Depois do plantio, porém, é necessário que vários processos ecológicos se reestabeleçam para que o novo ecossistema se perpetue. A queda da serapilheira e a sua decomposição tem um papel importante no funcionamento dos ecossistemas porque enriquecem o solo e retornam nutrientes para as próprias árvores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a queda e a decomposição da serapilheira e verificar as mudanças nas comunidades de artrópodos edáficos e epígeos que possam estar relacionadas às alterações temporais no processo de decomposição numa floresta restaurada. O estudo foi conduzido em um remanescente de floresta estacional semidecidual e em duas áreas de idades diferentes de uma floresta restaurada. A queda da serapilheira foi estimada com o uso de coletores e a sua decomposição com bolsas de malha de 2mm. Foram feitas análises químicas do solo e da serapilheira e suas faunas foram amostradas. As árvores da área restaurada mais antiga produziram tanta serapilheira quanto as do remanescente florestal, e as da restauração mais nova produziram bem menos. Apesar disso, a restauração mais antiga apresentou um solo semelhante ao da mais nova, com baixos teores de nutrientes. A decomposição foi mais rápida no remanescente florestal mostrando que este processo não foi completamente reestabelecido nas áreas plantadas. Os taninos e o nitrogênio foram as variáveis químicas da serapilheira mais relacionadas às suas taxas de decomposição. O remanescente foi o local com maior riqueza de artrópodos edáficos e epígeos, seguido pela área restaurada há mais tempo. Esta fauna foi diferente entre os três loca is e as áreas restauradas tinham comunidades mais semelhantes entre si. Dentre os fragmentadores, formigas, dípteros, proturos e isópodos foram os grupos mais relacionados ao remanescente florestal e os Hemiptera, Thysanoptera e Psocoptera foram mais relacionados à área mais jovem. Pseudoescorpiões e quilópodos se mostraram quase ausentes nas áreas restauradas. As duas restaurações são ainda jovens e somente no futuro poderemos verificar se estes locais terão condições de abrigar grupos de artrópodos mais exigentes e reestabelecer o processo de decomposição e as condições do solo. / Originally, São Paulo State had about 87% of its area occupied by the Atlantic Forest and the use of its lands resulted in the reduction of about 90% of the original area. In order to keep the environmental services we need to restore part of the lost vegetation by planting native trees to accelerate the secondary succession. After planting, it is necessary that many ecological processes take place to perpetuate the new ecosystem. The litterfall and its decomposition play an important role on the ecosystem functioning, because these processes enrich the soil and return nutrients to the trees. The goal of this work was to estimate the litter fall and decomposition besides verifying the changes in the edaphic arthropods community that may indicate the restoration progress through the decomposing process in a restored forest. We have carried out the study in a seasonal semideciduous forest remnant and in two restoration sites of different ages. We have estimated the litter fall using litter collectors and its decomposition using litterbags. We have done soil and litter chemical assays and extracted its fauna by Berlese funnels. The older restored site produced as much litter as the forest remnant while the newer one produced less. Besides that, both restored sites seemed to have similar soils, with low organic matter and mineral nutrients content. The decomposition was faster in the forest remnant showing that this process was not completely reestablished in the restored sites. Tannins and nitrogen was the litter chemicals more related to its decomposition rates. The richest site in edaphic and litter arthropod species was the forest remnant, followed by the older restored forest. The fauna was different among the three sites and the planted forests had more similar communities. Among the litter feeding animals, ants, flies, proturans and isopods were the groups more related to forest remnant. Hemiptera, Thysanoptera and Psocoptera were more abundant in the less developed restored site. Some predator arthropods as pseudoscorpions and chilopods were almost absent in the two restored sites. The restored forests are still young and only in the future we will see if these sites will have conditions to support groups of more sensitive arthropods and to reestablish the decomposition process and soil conditions.

Communities of epigeic beetles were monitored on five localities, which were found in South Bohemia in Písecku. There were places located in agriculture landscape, which is affected by human activities. Selected localities were composed of biocenters and biocorridors. There were forest localities (spruce monoculture, age 60-70 years), edge of the forest, corn field and two groves with different sizes. The method of pitfall trapping was used for sampling. There were found 2409 specimens of epigeic beetles (15 families and 70 species). The highest number of epigeic beetles was found on both groves. There were found 864 individuals in smaller grove and 684 individuals of beetles in larger grove. Activity of beetles in the other localities was lesser. There were found 403 individuals on field, 333 individuals in the edge of forest and least number of beetles (125 individuals) was found in forest. Species´ spectrum of epigeic beetles was divided into three groups according by the sensitivity to antropogenic impacts (relict, adaptable and eurytop species). There were found only two last groups according by the sensitivity to antropogenic impacts of three (relict undetected). There were 51 eurytop species (E) and 19 adaptable species (R2). Counted index of antropogenic influence on communities of epigeic beetles proceeds in low values (communities are relatively strongly influenced by human). Forest habitat was affected least and corn field habitat was affected most. Groves are very strongly influenced by human too, but its values are better than values on field. Groves thus have a positive impact on communities of epigeic beetles and it can be compared with the edge of forest.

Epigeic beetle communities were studied on four types of biomass bales in the cadastral unit Vrbice u Žitné, district Prachatice. Involved were bales a of grass silage stored on the edge of permanent grassland, on hay bales individually placed on permanent grassland , followed by straw bales scattered in the fields of arable land and straw bales stored on the edge of arable land. The first three types of bales were in position only few months (2-3), while straw bales at the fourth position had been more than one year. The sampling method was selected a sieving of detritus. In the bales of hay were found 9 species of 5 families. In hay bales were found 7 species of 4 families. In the straw bales (which spent in position less time - 3 months), were found 10 species of 6 families. In the bales which were in position 13 months, were found 14 species of 4 families. Index of anthropogenic influence on communities demonstrated that the positions are strongly influenced.

Communities of epigeic beetles were studied on two localities: Třebovice in the military area Boletice and Vadkov in the foodhill of Blanský les Landscape Protected Area in South Bohemia. The distance between localities is 7,25 km. Six biotopes were studied in both localities: grasslands, wetlands, fields, coniferous forest habitat, habitat mixed forest and deciduous forest habitat. Pitfall traps were used for collecting of material in period May - November 2012. Together 5 families (Carabidae, Elateridae, Silphidae, Curculionidae, Geotrupidae), 18 species and 1426 specimen of epigeic beetles were collected. Species were divided according to their ecological requirements of anthropogenic tolerancy into three groups (I and II relics and eurytopic species) (Boháč, 1999). In the monitored area Trebovice I found a total of 5 families with 16 species, compared to 3 for the families of the 11 species in Vadkov. The activity of beetles was very similar in both localities (Trebovice - 726 specimen, Vadkov - 700 specimen). The dominant families in number of species at both monitored localities family Carabid (Třebovice 9 species of Carabid, Vadkov 7 species Carabid). On the other side by carabid individuals was the activity distinctly higher in Třebovice (239 specimen carabid) than in Vadkov (38 specimen carabid). Adaptable species (RII 13 species) prevailed over expansionnists (E 5 species) in both localities. In the locality Třebovice was found 29.4% expansive species (E) against the area Vadkov 18.2% expansive species (E). Species that are tied to the habitats moderately influenced by man, known as relics of the second order (RII), in the vicinity of Třebovice occurred in 70.6% and in 81.8% Vadkov. Groups relics of the first order (RI) in the monitored areas were not detected. Index of human impact showed slightly better values at locations on the outskirts of Blanský les (Vadkov) (50%) than in the military area Třebovice (49,17%). Greater species diversity (Třebovice 16 species, Vadkov 11 species) and abundance (Třebovice 726 specimen, Vadkov 700 specimen) of beetles was in fond in the military area. This demonstrates that military area Boletice habitats are important for the survival of many species and serves as a source of biodiversity for neighboring stations.

Originalmente, o estado de São Paulo tinha 87% de sua área ocupada por Floresta Atlântica e o uso de suas terras resultou numa redução de aproximadamente 90% de sua área original. Com o objetivo de manter os serviços ambientais providos pelas florestas urge restaurar parte da vegetação perdida com o plantio de árvores nativas para acelerar a sucessão secundária. Depois do plantio, porém, é necessário que vários processos ecológicos se reestabeleçam para que o novo ecossistema se perpetue. A queda da serapilheira e a sua decomposição tem um papel importante no funcionamento dos ecossistemas porque enriquecem o solo e retornam nutrientes para as próprias árvores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a queda e a decomposição da serapilheira e verificar as mudanças nas comunidades de artrópodos edáficos e epígeos que possam estar relacionadas às alterações temporais no processo de decomposição numa floresta restaurada. O estudo foi conduzido em um remanescente de floresta estacional semidecidual e em duas áreas de idades diferentes de uma floresta restaurada. A queda da serapilheira foi estimada com o uso de coletores e a sua decomposição com bolsas de malha de 2mm. Foram feitas análises químicas do solo e da serapilheira e suas faunas foram amostradas. As árvores da área restaurada mais antiga produziram tanta serapilheira quanto as do remanescente florestal, e as da restauração mais nova produziram bem menos. Apesar disso, a restauração mais antiga apresentou um solo semelhante ao da mais nova, com baixos teores de nutrientes. A decomposição foi mais rápida no remanescente florestal mostrando que este processo não foi completamente reestabelecido nas áreas plantadas. Os taninos e o nitrogênio foram as variáveis químicas da serapilheira mais relacionadas às suas taxas de decomposição. O remanescente foi o local com maior riqueza de artrópodos edáficos e epígeos, seguido pela área restaurada há mais tempo. Esta fauna foi diferente entre os três loca is e as áreas restauradas tinham comunidades mais semelhantes entre si. Dentre os fragmentadores, formigas, dípteros, proturos e isópodos foram os grupos mais relacionados ao remanescente florestal e os Hemiptera, Thysanoptera e Psocoptera foram mais relacionados à área mais jovem. Pseudoescorpiões e quilópodos se mostraram quase ausentes nas áreas restauradas. As duas restaurações são ainda jovens e somente no futuro poderemos verificar se estes locais terão condições de abrigar grupos de artrópodos mais exigentes e reestabelecer o processo de decomposição e as condições do solo. / Originally, São Paulo State had about 87% of its area occupied by the Atlantic Forest and the use of its lands resulted in the reduction of about 90% of the original area. In order to keep the environmental services we need to restore part of the lost vegetation by planting native trees to accelerate the secondary succession. After planting, it is necessary that many ecological processes take place to perpetuate the new ecosystem. The litterfall and its decomposition play an important role on the ecosystem functioning, because these processes enrich the soil and return nutrients to the trees. The goal of this work was to estimate the litter fall and decomposition besides verifying the changes in the edaphic arthropods community that may indicate the restoration progress through the decomposing process in a restored forest. We have carried out the study in a seasonal semideciduous forest remnant and in two restoration sites of different ages. We have estimated the litter fall using litter collectors and its decomposition using litterbags. We have done soil and litter chemical assays and extracted its fauna by Berlese funnels. The older restored site produced as much litter as the forest remnant while the newer one produced less. Besides that, both restored sites seemed to have similar soils, with low organic matter and mineral nutrients content. The decomposition was faster in the forest remnant showing that this process was not completely reestablished in the restored sites. Tannins and nitrogen was the litter chemicals more related to its decomposition rates. The richest site in edaphic and litter arthropod species was the forest remnant, followed by the older restored forest. The fauna was different among the three sites and the planted forests had more similar communities. Among the litter feeding animals, ants, flies, proturans and isopods were the groups more related to forest remnant. Hemiptera, Thysanoptera and Psocoptera were more abundant in the less developed restored site. Some predator arthropods as pseudoscorpions and chilopods were almost absent in the two restored sites. The restored forests are still young and only in the future we will see if these sites will have conditions to support groups of more sensitive arthropods and to reestablish the decomposition process and soil conditions.

The diploma thesis is aimed at a comparison of tine and disc cultivators by several parameters which are most affecting the quality of a soil cultivation, and in the effect of the epigeic fauna, represented by ground beetles (Carabidae). Experiment was carried out twice during the season (after a harvest of wheat and rape) while soil was being cultivated with disc cultivator Lemken Rubin or tine cultivator Horsch Tiger. The experiment was carried out on the fields of ZD "Vysočina" Zbýšov and measured parameters were: plant residue decomposition, cultivation depth, diameter of aggregates, weed infestation and crop plant emergence, and abundance of ground beetles. Using the statistic tests, it was found, that almost every parameter describing the quality of the cultivation was influenced by the type of the cultivator. Tine cultivator had a higher decomposition of plant residues. This difference was more obvious when cultivating the field after rape harvest (P < 0.001) than field after wheat harvest (P < 0.01). Tine cultivator was more precise with keeping the cultivation depth as planned. Disc cultivator had a higher crumbling capacity. At the higher speed the machines were more inclining to come out of the ground at higher speeds (P < 0.05). A cultivation had a very negative influence on Carabidae population. On a rape stubble there was a 193 specimens caught in traps before the cultivation with two dominant species - Pseudoophonus rufipes and Pterostichus melanarius. Only 41 specimens was found in the traps after the cultivation.

Communities of epigeic beetles were studied on five forest habitats with the different age structure in the Novohradské foothills area (Český Krumlov district, South Bohemia, Czech Republic). All studied habitats were found in three managed forests. The method of pitfall trapping was used for beetle sampling. There were 2735 specimens trapped. 25 beetles species were divided into two groups by its ecological preferences to the degree of human impact. Index of antropogenic influence had better values in two oldest studied habitats. Species diversity was higher in the oldest habitats too. The results indicate less human impact in mature managed forests than clearings and young managed forest stands.

Communities of epigeic beetles were studied on three forest habitats with the different forms of management in South Bohemia area, Písek district, close from Zátaví village. Selected areas were located in territory of Zátavský forest. There were these habitats: clearing, young spruce forest stands (age 6 years) and spruce forest (age 50-70 years). The method of pitfall trapping was used for biological material capture. There were 1813 specimens and 63 species of epigeic beetles trapped and determined. The highest number of species and individuals was found in spruce young forest habitat (43 species, 786 specimens), than followed spruce mature forest habitat (26 species, 550 specimens) and glade habitat (35 species, 477 specimens). Most species of epigeic beetles from 63 aggregate number of species was classed like eurytops. There were also 15 adaptable species determinated and it was found 1 genus of relict from I. degree too. It was found that spruce forest, which seems like more mature in terms of succession than young forest or glade, had no highest number of species and individuals. Conversely the largest number of species and individuals was found in spruce young forest. Index of antropogenic influence proved relatively strong antropogenic effect all studied habitats in terms of epigeic beetles. Communities of beetles were least affected in spruce forest, than followed young spruce forest and glade. From this point of view, intensity of management had the most effect on glade´s communities of beetles. Mature spruce forest had the least antropogenic influence on communities of beetles.

The content of the thesis was research and study of the epigeal beetle communities at three different sites in the cadastral municipality Mačice near village Soběšice in Western Region. Habitats were managed under organic farming. Specifically there were three different sites, a field sown triticale, meadow and pasture. Method of pitfall traps was used for the collection of biological material. In total, there were intercepted and identified 640 individuals from 57 species and 14 families in the reporting period. In all of the habitats, species of beetles family (Carabidae) (23 species) were mostly represented, followed by family rove beetles (Staphylinidae) (11 species) and family carrion (Silphidae) (6 species). Most individuals were found at the field habitat with the numbers in total of 255 (30 species from 8 families), followed by habitat meadow with 198 individuals (36 species from 9 families) and the pasture habitat with 187 individuals (34 species from 10 families). The species spectrum of epigeal beetles was divided into groups according to the sensitivity to anthropogenic influences. Species that do not have special requirements on the quality and nature of the environment (group E) dominated in all habitats with 48 species. Total of nine species inhabiting habitats moderately affected by human activities (group R2) were found in all habitats, the least of them occurred in the field (1 species) , pasture (5 species) and at the meadow were found most (6 species). Index of anthropogenic impacts shows that these are very heavily modified habitats. When comparing individual sites, field habitat (ISD 1,67 %) was found to be the most affected. The least affected was the meadow habitat (ISD 8,34 %). As a result we can conclude that the hypothesis that organic farming has a positive impact on biodiversity was not confirmed.

The aim of the work was to describe the biodiversity of model groups of organisms (vascular plants, epigeic beetles and small mammals) in six transect crossing the two year old high way situated close to the town Písek (South Bohemia). The different methods were used for studied groups (phytocenological mapping, pitfall traps and mousetraps). The results documented the possibility of all studied organisms for the quick recolonization of new biotopes beside of the high way.