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Myocardial infarction (MI) is an acute life-threatening disease with a high incidence worldwide. Aim of this study was to test lectin-carbohydrate binding-induced red blood cell (RBC) agglutination as an innovative tool for fast, precise and cost effective diagnosis of MI. Five lectins (Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA), Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA), Artocarpus agglutinin (ArA), Triticum agglutinin (TA)) were tested for ability to differentiate between agglutination characteristics in patients with MI (n = 101) or angina pectoris without MI (AP) (n = 34) and healthy volunteers (HV) as control (n =68) . RBC agglutination was analyzed by light absorbance of a stirred RBC suspension in the green to red light spectrum in an agglutimeter (amtec, Leipzig, Germany) for 15 min after lectin addition. Mean cell count in aggregates was estimated from light absorbance by a mathematical model. Each lectin induced RBC agglutination. RCA led to the strongest RBC agglutination (~500 RBCs/aggregate), while the others induced substantially slower agglutination and lead to smaller aggregate sizes (5-150 RBCs/aggregate). For all analyzed lectins the lectin-induced RBC agglutination of MI or AP patients was generally higher than for HV. However, only PHA induced agglutination that clearly distinguished MI from HV. Variance analysis showed that aggregate size after 15 min. agglutination induced by PHA was significantly higher in the MI group (143 RBCs/ aggregate) than in the HV (29 RBC-s/aggregate, p = 0.000). We hypothesize that pathological changes during MI induce modification of the carbohydrate composition on the RBC membrane and thus modify RBC agglutination. Occurrence of carbohydrate-lectin binding sites on RBC membranes provides evidence about MI. Due to significant difference in the rate of agglutination between MI > HV the differentiation between these groups is possible based on PHA-induced RBC-agglutination. This novel assay could serve as a rapid, cost effective valuable new tool for diagnosis of MI.

Faculty of Science School of Pathology(Molecular Medicine and Haematology). 9707563v tridium@acenet.co.za / The erythrocyte carries gases between the cells and the lungs, and has to distort to negotiate narrow splenic sinuses and capillaries. This distortion necessitates a high surface area to volume ratio that is maintained by the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, a network of proteins including spectrin and protein 4.1. The skeleton anchors the lipid bilayer through attachment to integral membrane proteins, notably the anion exchange protein, band 3. Abnormalities of the erythrocyte membrane proteins cause loss of cell elasticity and ultimately the erythrocytes become prematurely trapped in the spleen where they are phagocytosed, resulting in haemolytic anaemia. Three mutations causing band 3-deficient hereditary spherocytosis (HS), a haemolytic anaemia characterised by spherical erythrocytes, were located using restriction enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing. Proband A (Black) is heterozygous for band 3 Pinhal (R490H) and has mild clinical symptoms. Proband B and his mother (Caucasian) are heterozygous for band 3 Bicetre (R490C) and have severe anaemia requiring transfusions and splenectomy, respectively. These results confirm codon 490 as a hotspot for mutations and indicate the effect of different amino acid substitutions in the same position on clinical severity. Proband C (Black) is homozygous for a novel mutation (E508K) for which her parents are heterozygous. The proband is severely affected and transfusion- dependent whereas her father has moderate anaemia and her mother is asymptomatic. It is speculated that a secondary factor modulates their clinical symptoms. All of these mutations occur in a CpG dinucleotide, a common source of DNA mutations, and are located within the highly conserved exon 13, which encodes the third to fifth α-helices and the second extracellular loop of the transmembrane region of band 3. The mutations are likely to alter the conformation of band 3, impairing its insertion into the erythrocyte membrane. No causative mutations were located in another 12 band 3-deficient HS kindred using restriction enzymes and single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Ten protein 4.1-deficient patients with hereditary elliptocytosis, a haemolytic anaemia characterised by elliptical erythrocytes, were also studied. Immunoblot analyses ruled out abnormally sized protein 4.1 and three known DNA mutations were excluded using restriction enzyme analysis. Further studies are required to elucidate the cause of the haemolytic anaemia in these kindred. This study advanced our knowledge of the molecular basis of HS in South African kindred and highlighted the susceptibility of CpG dinucleotides to mutations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-245).

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 S52 / Master of Science

Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent malarial parasite, is capable of invading all known human blood types. Erythrocyte invasion depends on specific parasite ligand and erythrocyte receptor interactions. These interactions are mediated by Region II of the P. falciparum erythrocyte binding ligands. Although invasion does not seem dependent upon a singular ligand, their individual contributions to the invasion process are yet to be explained. In this study, Region II of P. falciparum binding ligands BAEBL and JESEBL were transiently expressed as hexahistidyl recombinant proteins in COS-1 cells. Purification by column chromatography yielded 0.52 mg of BAEBL and 0.433 mg of JESEBL. The production and purification of these recombinant hexahistidyl proteins can allow for future binding affinity and kinetic analysis that may eventually define the contributive roles of each ligand during erythrocyte invasion.

Pas de résumé français / Each Bartonella species appears to be highly adapted to one or a limited number of reservoir hosts, in which it establishes a long-lasting intraerythrocytic bacteremia as the hallmark of infection. Although the course of Bartonella infection has been precisely described, the molecular mechanisms of host specific erythrocyte infection and the stages of precedent the arrival in the bloodstream are poorly understood. In this thesis we purposed to identify the mechanisms of erythrocyte infection by Bartonella and characterize the possible locations of Bartonella during the days before the intraerythrocytic stage.By the establishment of an in vitro model of adhesion and invasion of erythrocytes by Bartonella spp., we demonstrated that host specificity was determined by the interaction between bacteria and erythrocytes. By screening signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) library of B. birtlesii in vivo and in vitro and ectopic expression, we revealed that type IV Trw locus was required for host-restricted adhesion to erythrocytes in a wide range of mammals. After that, we further characterized that only TrwJ1 and TrwJ2 were expressed and present on the surface of the bacteria and had the ability to bind to mouse erythrocytes, and the receptor of them was erythrocyte band3 by different technology (phage display, electron microscopy, far western blot and adherence and invasion inhibition assay). By the model of experimental infection of laboratory normal Balb/C mice and splenectomized mice with B. birtlesii, we showed that during the first 7 days, no bacteria were recovered from lymph nodes, bone marrow and brain, but in the spleen, transient in the liver, And bacteremia was the same in both infection models during the first 7 days, thereafter, bacteremia was 10 fold higher in splenectomized mice than in normal mice and lasted 2 weeks longer. This suggested that the spleen was able to retain Bartonella.In conclusion, the host specific adhesion between Bartonella and erythrocyte was mediated by Trw and erythrocytic band 3, and spleen had a role in retention Bartonella.

Gao, Minghui. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-182). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Stored red blood cell (sRBC) morphology is currently scored manually by technicians in a slow labor intensive process prone to error. This project proposes a way to simplify, automate, and expedite the morphology scoring process by using a novel microfluidic device that I designed to facilitate the flow of a single layer of red blood cells (RBCs). The appearance of this flow allows for the capture of a series of high clarity images captured via digital camera coupled to a microscope that are ideally suited for image analysis algorithm-based morphological scoring. During storage, RBCs heterogeneously shift from the form of discocyte to the reversibly altered form of discoechinocyte as storage lesion progresses. Beyond this level of degradation, the cell assumes the form of a spheroechinocyte or spherocyte and becomes irreparably damaged. The microfluidic device and image analysis algorithm developed in this research classified the individual morphology of 5000 RBCs taken from storage into the physiologically relevant category of either “discocyte,” “reversibly changed,” or “irreversibly changed.” This process took only 15 minutes. The accuracy in classification was verified as 92.6% in a separate trial when compared against classification of the same sample images via manual inspection. The morphological distribution of the RBC population remained consistent in both cases. The findings of this project suggest that microfluidic device assisted automated image analysis can provide a quick and effective way to quantitatively estimate the viability of a sRBC population and the extent of storage lesion endured. This technology could provide augmented RBC storage and transfusion research capabilities and have clinical applications, such as the ability to conveniently differentiate between the transfusion qualities of two sRBC units of the same age. / acase@tulane.edu

Lintégrité de la structure et de la dynamique de la membrane plasmatique est essentielle à la fonction de la cellule. Cette intégrité peut être évaluée par la mesure de la fluidité membranaire globale, reflet de lensemble des mouvements des éléments membranaires au sein de la bicouche phospholipidique. Or lintégrité de la membrane est menacée, entre autre, par les modifications de la structure lipidique résultant de lipoperoxidations. Ces peroxidations lipidiques résultent des attaques radicalaires par des espèces oxygénées activées (EOA) produites lors dagression oxydante sur les acides gras membranaires. Nous posons lhypothèse que les conditions doxygénations extrêmes, qui peuvent être rencontrées lors dune anesthésie ou lors dun stress oxydant induit par lexercice chez le cheval, peuvent affecter la fluidité membranaire des érythrocytes et que ces variations peuvent être modulées par la modification de la structure membranaire du globule rouge par un supplément antioxydant oral adéquat. Lobjectif de ce travail est donc dévaluer les effets de différentes conditions doxygénation et doxydation in vitro (par contact avec différents mélanges gazeux), puis in vivo sous anesthésie générale (en faisant varier la fraction inspirée en oxygène) et à lexercice, et enfin dévaluer les effets dune supplémentation enrichie en acides gras de type oméga-3 sur la fluidité membranaire du globule rouge. Les faibles pressions partielles en oxygène dans le sang artériel (PaO2), obtenues in vitro par contact du sang avec un gaz anoxique et in vivo sous anesthésie par inspiration dair ambiant (<45mmHg et <60mmHg respectivement), nont pas eu deffet sur la fluidité ni sur la structure de la membrane érythrocytaire. On peut supposer que le stimulus est insuffisant ou que la protection de la membrane résulte dune capacité antioxydante du plasma et de défenses cellulaires suffisantes. Les pressions partielles élevées en oxygène dans le sang, obtenues in vitro par contact du sang avec de loxygène pur (PaO2>500mmHg), ont induit un stress oxydant modéré qui na pas affecté la structure phospholipidique de la membrane malgré la peroxidation des acides gras de type oméga-6. La fluidité membranaire na pas été affectée par ces facteurs. In vivo, les pressions partielles élevées en oxygène observées dans le sang (>200mmHg) ont été insuffisantes pour induire des peroxidations significatives et des modifications de la fluidité membranaire. En revanche, les valeurs élevées de PaO2 ont augmenté la sensibilité du sang à lhémolyse dans un premier temps, puis sa résistance 24 heures après un retour à la normoxie. Dans ces conditions aucun effet na été noté sur la viscosité du sang ni la perfusion musculaire. Par ailleurs, lexercice intense semble diminuer la fluidité membranaire du globule rouge chez le cheval de sport. Cette diminution sobserve dès 15 minutes après larrêt de lexercice et persiste 24 heures après. Il existe également des corrélations entre certains de ces marqueurs indirects et la fluidité membranaire. La supplémentation na pas eu deffet significatif direct sur lévolution de la fluidité membranaire observée au repos. Mais elle a pourtant influencé la structure de la membrane. En effet, la complémentation a induit une augmentation du pourcentage dacides gras de type oméga-3 contenus dans la membrane érythrocytaire ainsi que du ratio oméga-3/oméga-6 pendant la période de repos. Cela résulte de lincorporation sélective dans la membrane de lacide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA) et de lacide docosahéxaénoïque (DHA) apportés par voie orale. Mais aucune corrélation na été observée dans notre étude entre la composition en acides gras de la membrane et le marqueur de la fluidité membranaire. La supplémentation na pas eu deffet significatif direct sur lévolution de la fluidité membranaire observée à lexercice, mais en a limité la diminution immédiate. Il résulte des études menées que : les conditions doxygénation les plus extrêmes qui peuvent être rencontrées en conditions atmosphériques ne semblent pas affecter la fluidité de la membrane. En revanche, un exercice intense, associé à une demande énergétique accrue, peut induire une diminution de la fluidité membranaire en corrélation avec les marqueurs du stress oxydant. Des modifications de la structure membranaire en acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaîne de type oméga-3 naffectent pas la fluidité membranaire mais modulent les effets du stress oxydant lors de lexercice. La fluidité membranaire des érythrocytes pourrait être considérée comme un marqueur direct du stress oxydant dans certaines conditions. Mais ce marqueur semble moins sensible et global que dautres marqueurs du stress cellulaire tels que le test dhémolyse ou la mesure de la concentration plasmatique de peroxydes lipidiques spécifiques. The maintenance of plasmatic membrane integrity is mandatory for cell function. This integrity can be assessed by the measurement of global membrane fluidity which is proportional to the whole rotational and lateral diffusion rates of membrane components within the phospholipid bilayer. Membrane integrity could be threatened by changes in lipid structure as a result of lipid peroxidation by free radical species during oxidative stress. We hypothesize that extreme oxygenation status present during anesthesia or during exercise-induced oxidative stress in the horse can alter erythrocyte membrane fluidity (EMF), and that these changes in fluidity depend on variations in erythrocyte membrane structure under the action of an appropriate oral anti-oxidant supplementation. The aims of the study was: to assess the effect(s) of various oxygenation and oxidative conditions firstly created in vitro (by contact between erythrocyte and different gaz mixtures), and secondly in vivo during general anesthesia (with varying inspired oxygen fractions) as well as during exercise. To assess the effects of an omega-3 fatty acid-enriched supplementation on EMF. Low partial oxygen pressures, both obtained in vitro and in vivo under anesthesia (respectively <45 and <60 mmHg) did not have any effect on EMF or membrane structure. Erythrocyte membrane may have been protected by an increase in plasmatic anti-oxidative capacity and cellular defenses. High partial oxygen pressures (>500 mm Hg) obtained in vitro induced a moderate oxidative stress which did not alter the phospholipidic structure of the membrane despite peroxidation of omega 6 fatty acids. Partial oxygen pressures obtained in vivo (>200 mm Hg) were unable to induce significant peroxidation and alteration in membrane fluidity. However, high PaO2 values initially increased sensitivity of blood to hemolysis, followed by a tendency towards resistance to hemolysis after 24hours. Intense exercise decreases EMF in the sports horse. This was observed as soon as 15 minutes after exercise and persisted during the recovery period 24 hours later. Correlations were found between oxidative stress indirect markers and membrane fluidity. Supplementation did not affect membrane fluidity but influenced membrane structure by increasing the pourcentage of omega-3 fatty acids and the omega3/omega6 ratio at rest. These changes resulted from selective incorporation into the membrane of orally provided EPA and DHA . However, we could not evidence a correlation between membrane composition and the marker of membrane fluidity (correlation-relaxation time Tc). During exercise, supplementation had no direct effect on variations of membrane fluidity but tapered its immediate decrease. In conclusion, our studies show that the most extreme conditions encountered under atmospheric conditions do not appear to affect EMF. However intense exercise combined with increased energetic requirements induces a decrease in EMF which correlates with variations in markers of oxidative stress. Modifications of membrane composition in long-chain omega-3 polyinsaturated fatty acids do not affect EMF but modulate oxidative stress during exercise. EMF could be a direct marker of oxidative stress under certain conditions but appears less sensitive and comprehensive than other markers of celllular stress such as the hemolysis test or the concentration in specific lipidic peroxidation products.