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Cooperative Multi-Vehicle Circumnavigation and Tracking of a Mobile TargetGouveia Fonseca, Joana Filipa January 2020 (has links)
A multi-vehicle system is composed of interconnected vehicles coordinated to complete a certain task. When controlling such systems, the aim is to obtain a coordinated behaviour through local interactions among vehicles and the surrounding environment.One motivating application is the monitoring of algal blooms; this phenomenon occurs frequently and has a substantial negative effect on the environment such as large-scale mortality of fish. In this thesis, we investigate control of multiple unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) for mobile target circumnavigation and tracking, where the target can be an algal bloom area.A protocol based on local measurements provided by the vehicles is developed to estimate the target's location and shape.Then a control strategy is derived that brings the vehicle system to the target while forming a regular polygon. More precisely, we first consider the problem of tracking a mobile target while circumnavigating it with multiple USVs. A satellite image indicates the initial location of the target, which is supposed to have an irregular dynamic shape well approximated by a circle with moving center and varying radius. Each USV is capable of measuring its distance to the boundary of the target and to its center. We design an adaptive protocol to estimate the circle's parameters based on the local measurements. A control protocol then brings the vehicles towards the target boundary as well as spreads them equidistantly along the boundary. The protocols are proved to converge to the desired state. Simulated examples illustrate the performance of the closed-loop system. Secondly, we assume that the vehicles can only measure the distance to the boundary of the target and not to its center. We propose a decentralised least-squares method for target estimation suitable for circular targets. Convergence proofs are given for also this case. An example using simulated algal bloom data shows that the method works well under realistic settings. Finally, we investigate how to extend our protocols to a quite general irregular mobile target. In this case, each vehicle communicates only with its two nearest neighbors and estimates the curvature of the target boundary using their collective measurements. We validate the performance of the protocol under various settings and target shapes through a numerical study. / Multi-fordon-styrsystem består av sammankopplade fordon som koordinerar för att slutföra en given uppgift. I sådana styrsystem är målet att få ett koordinerat beteende via lokala interaktioner mellan fordonen och miljön de vistas i. Ett motiverande exempel är övervakning av algblomning, ett fenomen som inträffar frekvent och har omfattande negativa effekter såsom kraftig mortalitet hos fiskar. I denna rapport undersöker vi hur Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) kan styras för att cirkulera och spåra ett givet mobilt objekt, till exempel en yta med algblomning. Ett protokoll är utvecklat för att estimera det mobila objektets position och form, baserat på lokala mätningar utförda av fordonen, samt en reglerstrategi tas fram som styr systemet med fordon till objektet samtidigt som de formar en regelbunden polygon. Mer precist undersöker vi först problemet att samtidigt spåra och cirkulera ett mobilt objekt med USVs. En satellitbild indikerar startpositionen av objektet, antaget att ha en irreguljär tidsvarierande form som kan approximeras väl av en cirkel med tidsberoende center och radie. Varje USV kan mäta avståndet till objektets rand och center. Vi designar ett adaptivt protokoll för att estimera cirkelns parametrar baserat på lokala mätningar. Ett reglerprotokoll styr sedan fordonen mot objektets rand samt sprider ut dem ekvidistant kring randen. Vi bevisar att protokollen konvergerar mot önskat tillstånd. Två simuleringar visar det slutna systemets prestanda. Sedan antar vi att fordonen endast kan mäta avståndet till randen på objektet, men inte tills dess center. Vi tar fram en decentraliserad minstakvadratmetod för att estimera objektet, lämpligt för cirkulära objekt. Konvergens bevisas även i detta fall. Ett exempel med data från en simulerad algblomning visar att metoden fungerar bra under realistiska scenarion. Slutligen undersöker vi hur protokollen kan vidareutvecklas för mobila objekt med tämligen generella irreguljära former. I detta fall antar vi att fordonen endast kan kommunicera med sina två närmaste grannar och estimera kurvan för objektets rand från deras samlade mätningar. Vi validerar protokollen via två simuleringar. / <p>QC 20200217</p>
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Comparing the performance of different methods to estimate selection coefficient across parameter space using time-series genomic dataZhivkoplias, Erik January 2020 (has links)
Estimating selection is of key importance in evolutionary biology research. The recent price drop in sequencing and advances in NGS data analysis have opened up new avenues for novel methods that estimate selection quantitatively from time-series allele frequency data. However, it is not yet well understood which method performs best given specific model systems and experimental designs. Here, using popular quantitative metrics, we compared the performance of four prominent methods on a series of simulated data sets and on data from real biological experiments. We identified in three out of four methods the experi- mental conditions best suited for estimating selection. We also explored the limitations of these methods when estimating selection from complex patterns of allele frequency change in some relevant evolutionary scenarios. Our findings highlight the need for modification of population genomics models that are still used in inference of model parameters with the goal to develop new, more accurate methods for the quantitative estimation of selection in time-series genomic data.
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