The thesis deals with the influence of telecommunication transmitters on the aesthetic value of landscape. It uses both environmental and sociological approach. Subject of investigation is the relationship between the aesthetic stimulus (landscape) and the recipient (man). For the analysis, Scenic Beauty Estimation Method is used as a psychological procedure which measures aesthetic preferences and allows adequately assess how society perceives the presence of various types of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape, including the so-called camouflage. Analysis also includes a comparison of affected and unaffected groups. The aim of the thesis is to assess whether the perception of the presence of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape is negative. The thesis deals with hypothesis that "camouflages" reduce the negative perception of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape.

Reliable cost estimation is important for economic production, cost control and maintaining competitive advantage in manufacturing contract bidding. Therefore, estimating the manufacturing cost of a machined part is of critical importance in CNC manufacture. Computers aided systems the link to manufacturers CAD systems and databases have been used since the 1980’s to identify product cost and enable a company to evaluate resource utilisation. While the concept of an integrated costing system has made significant advances in integrating the design function with the cost estimation process, there are still major gaps in acquisition and application of detailed product data for generation of timely and reliable costing information feedback to engineers. Integrated costing systems are information intensive and require significant manufacturing data support. A major obstacle is the bespoke nature of the available cost relevant data and their storage in company specific database tailored to individual company practices. Thus there is need to consider standardisation of information from the design of component through to their process planning and manufacture. This will allow seamless exchange of detailed, cost relevant, information between other computers aided systems and costing systems to facilitate automatic and reliable cost information feedback. In this research a novel framework is specified and designed for enabling detailed product information that exists across CNC manufacturing, to be utilised for generation of reliable cost estimates. The standards based costing proposed in this thesis framework facilitates high-level integration of various CAx resources and increases the availability of product creation process (PCP) data that are applicable in costing process. A prototype implementation of the unified costing framework is utilised to demonstrate the capabilities of the framework. The demonstration is conducted using two industrially inspired prismatic test components where the components machining cycles were timed with a stop watch and the actual result compared with the prototype system estimated result to determine its reliability. The research shows that implementation of manufacturing standard that contain structured representation PCP information together with an effective data retrieval mechanism and computational algorithms can provide a standard compliant framework to realise an information rich (detailed) costing system. The potential of the proposed framework is not limited to enabling the use of detailed information that exist within manufacturing facility to generate cost information; it also provides a standard compliant approach for the development of future generations of costing systems.

O presente trabalho reúne elementos que possibilitarão entender e aplicar alguns aspectos de mensuração e controle de uso de recursos em desenvolvimento de produtos na área automotiva. Trata-se de um tema em que tenho participado ativamente do grupo internacional formado com esta finalidade e que agora, após seis anos de trabalho, consolidações e análises, estamos chegando à consolidação de todo o modelo. A preocupação do texto está focada na explicação do conceito, seus procedimentos visando o controle de recursos aplicados desde a estimativa até o controle dos gastos reais destes recursos. O texto também apresenta resultados de uma simulação de modelo que está em desenvolvimento a ser utilizado com esta finalidade de estimativas, controle e gerenciamento de recursos. Além do cumprimento da formalidade, este texto tem a pretensão de transmitir alguns aspectos de experiência prática no controle de recursos em desenvolvimento de projetos, vividos pelo autor, para futuras necessidades, quer sejam aplicados no setor automobilístico, quer sejam em quaisquer outros segmentos com as devidas análises e adaptações. / This report is a collection of elements that will permit to understand and apply some measurements and controls in relation to resources applied for methodology of products development inside the automotive area. The main reason of this text is to keep the focus in the concepts and their procedures to control the resources to be applied, since the estimates until the actual expenses control. This text also presents the results of one model simulation that is being in development with the objective of resources estimates, control and management decisions. Besides the formal target of this course, this text aims to be useful and to transmit some practical experience from the author with resources control related to projects development, for any kind of futures needs to be applied for automotive segment or other ones with necessary analyses and due changes.

In this thesis, we expand the option pricing and virtual asset model system by Cheng (2005) and include new simulations and maximum likelihood estimation of the parameter of the stochastic differential equations. For easy manipulation of general users, the interface of original option pricing system is modified. In addition, in order to let the system more completely, some stochastic models and methods of pricing and estimation are added. This system can be divided into three major parts. One is an option pricing system; The second is an asset model simulation system; The last is estimation system of the parameter of the model. Finally, the analysis for the data of network are carried out. The differences of the prices between estimator of this system and real market are compared.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-28T13:38:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Damocles Aurelio Nascimento da Silva.pdf: 694209 bytes, checksum: 1f6f75597b9348c94d982a8d8a612c8e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T13:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Damocles Aurelio Nascimento da Silva.pdf: 694209 bytes, checksum: 1f6f75597b9348c94d982a8d8a612c8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-24 / Aiming at to contribute, as alternative to minimize the resources of impacts,mainly, for the search of combustible material to take care of the energy demand of the Brazilian half-barren region, we use the techniques of analysis of survival for understanding of a forest of eucalyptus to the long one of the time, and with this to ration the use wooden as combustible for ceramics, bakeries and existing calcinatory of plaster in region. The data given proceeding from a transversal study of 1500 cells of eucalyptus, divided in 4 stratus, taking as base the period of 03/2002 to 09/2004. The graph of probability was used initially for, being based on the test of Anderson-Darling, takes the decision of which function of probability would use in such a way in the classic study as in the Bayesian boarding. A time taken to the decision of choice of the probability distribution, we use the method of Kaplan-Meier and the Actuarial method (life table) to determine the estimates of the parameters and the test distribution free log-rank to test if the curves of the function of probability differed between categories from one same one variable. We used this test to the level of significance of 5%. For these analyses, it was used statistical software Minitab 13 version and statistical package SAS.In the Bayesian boarding was used method Carlo the Mount Chain of Markov (MCMC) for estimate of parameters, using as priori the distribution gamma,found in literature as the distribution that more good was adjusted for biological data and as function of density, used it of the Weibull distribution, chosen as of the better adjustment to the data according to test of Anderson-darling. For thisanalysis software Winbugs 1.4 was used. The results how much to the analysis of the parameters they had indicated that the joined estimates had been closed, same using distinct methods of estimation. As much was concluded that the best distribution to analyze the population in question is the Weibull, according to test of Anderson-Darling and as method for estimation of the parameters of the distribution, the classic method,how much the Bayesian method, reveals good estimators, verified for the amplitude of the intervals reliable 95%. In face of the results, we conclude that if it must have one better control of the eucalyptus, in first the six months of the plantation. / Visando contribuir, como alternativa para minimizar os impactos antrópicos de caracter negativo causado, principalmente, pela busca de material combustível para atender a demanda energética da região semi-árida brasileira, utilizamos as técnicas de análise de sobrevivência para compreensão do comportamento de uma floresta de eucaliptos ao longo do tempo, e com isto racionar o uso de madeira como combustível por cerâmicas, padarias, casas de farinha e calcinadoras de gesso existentes na região. Usaremos dados provenientes de um estudo transversal de 1500 células de eucaliptos, dividido em 4 estratos, tomando como base o período de 03/2002 a 09/2004.Utilizou-se inicialmente o gráfico de probabilidade para, baseado no teste de Anderson-Darling, tomarmos a decisão de qual função de probabilidade utilizaríamos tanto no estudo clássico como na abordagem bayesiana. Uma vez tomada a decisão de escolha da distribuição de probabilidade, utilizamos o método de Kaplan-Meier e o método Atuarial (tábua de vida) para estimativa dos parâmetros e o teste não paramétrico log-rank para testar se as curvas da função de probabilidade diferiam entre categorias de uma mesma variável. Utilizamos esse teste ao nível de significância de 0,05. Para essas análises, foi utilizado o software estatístico Minitab versão 13 e o pacote estatístico SAS.Na abordagem bayesiana utilizou-se a o método de Monte Carlo Cadeia de Markov (MCMC) para estimativa dos parâmetros, utilizando como priori a distribuição gamma, encontrada na literatura como a distribuição que melhor adequa-se para dados biológicos e como função de densidade, utilizou-se a da distribuição Weibull, escolhida como a de melhor ajuste as dados segundo o teste de Anderson-Darling. Para essa análise foi utilizado o Winbugs 1.4.Os resultados quanto a análise dos parâmetros indicaram que as estimativas encontradas foram próxima, mesmo utilizando métodos de estimação distintos. Conclui-se que a melhor distribuição para analisar a população em questão é a Weibull, segundo o teste de Anderson-Darling e como método para estimação dos parâmetros da distribuição, tanto o método clássico, quanto o método bayesiano, mostram-se bons estimadores, verificado pela amplitude dos intervalos de confiança a 95%. Em face dos resultados, concluímos que deve-seter um melhor controle dos eucaliptos, nos primeiros 6 meses de plantio.

O presente trabalho reúne elementos que possibilitarão entender e aplicar alguns aspectos de mensuração e controle de uso de recursos em desenvolvimento de produtos na área automotiva. Trata-se de um tema em que tenho participado ativamente do grupo internacional formado com esta finalidade e que agora, após seis anos de trabalho, consolidações e análises, estamos chegando à consolidação de todo o modelo. A preocupação do texto está focada na explicação do conceito, seus procedimentos visando o controle de recursos aplicados desde a estimativa até o controle dos gastos reais destes recursos. O texto também apresenta resultados de uma simulação de modelo que está em desenvolvimento a ser utilizado com esta finalidade de estimativas, controle e gerenciamento de recursos. Além do cumprimento da formalidade, este texto tem a pretensão de transmitir alguns aspectos de experiência prática no controle de recursos em desenvolvimento de projetos, vividos pelo autor, para futuras necessidades, quer sejam aplicados no setor automobilístico, quer sejam em quaisquer outros segmentos com as devidas análises e adaptações. / This report is a collection of elements that will permit to understand and apply some measurements and controls in relation to resources applied for methodology of products development inside the automotive area. The main reason of this text is to keep the focus in the concepts and their procedures to control the resources to be applied, since the estimates until the actual expenses control. This text also presents the results of one model simulation that is being in development with the objective of resources estimates, control and management decisions. Besides the formal target of this course, this text aims to be useful and to transmit some practical experience from the author with resources control related to projects development, for any kind of futures needs to be applied for automotive segment or other ones with necessary analyses and due changes.

This study examines the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth, more specifically if financial inclusion is an important factor for economic growth. A sub question was stated as well, if the six proxies of the financial inclusion measurement respectively have an impact on economic growth. To help examine this research area we have compiled panel data from 20 countries with different income levels over a time period of 19 years. The time period on which this study is focusing is 2002-2020. The tests conducted in this study are the Dickey-Fuller unit root test and the Arellano-Bond dynamic panel GMM method. Given the result of the dynamic panel estimation, we found that financial inclusion has a positive relation to economic growth. The result also indicated that three of the six proxies for financial inclusion were statistically significant and have a positive relation to economic growth. To conclude, the study found empirical evidence that financial inclusion is an important factor for economic growth.

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) provides a highly efficient alternative to the paper-and-pencil test. By selecting items that match examinees’ ability levels, CAT not only can shorten test length and administration time but it can also increase measurement precision and reduce measurement error. In CAT, maximum information (MI) is the most widely used item selection procedure. However, the major challenge with MI is the attenuation paradox, which results because the MI algorithm may lead to the selection of items that are not well targeted at an examinee’s true ability level, resulting in more errors in subsequent ability estimates. The solution is to find an alternative item selection procedure or an appropriate ability estimation method. CAT studies have not investigated the association between these two components of a CAT system based on polytomous IRT models. The present study compared the performance of four item selection procedures (MI, MPWI, MEI, and MEPV) across four ability estimation methods (MLE, WLE, EAP-N, and EAP-PS) under the mixed-format CAT based on the generalized partial credit model (GPCM). The test-unit pool and generated responses were based on test-units calibrated from an operational national test that included both independent dichotomous items and testlets. Several test conditions were manipulated: the unconstrained CAT as well as the constrained CAT in which the CCAT was used as the content-balancing, and the progressive-restricted procedure with maximum exposure rate equal to 0.19 (PR19) served as the exposure control in this study. The performance of various CAT conditions was evaluated in terms of measurement precision, exposure control properties, and the extent of selected-test-unit overlap. Results suggested that all item selection procedures, regardless of ability estimation methods, performed equally well in all evaluation indices across two CAT conditions. The MEPV procedure, however, was favorable in terms of a slightly lower maximum exposure rate, better pool utilization, and reduced test and selected-test-unit overlap than with the other three item selection procedures when both CCAT and PR19 procedures were implemented. It is not necessary to implement the sophisticated and computing-intensive Bayesian item selection procedures across ability estimation methods under the GPCM-based CAT. In terms of the ability estimation methods, MLE, WLE, and two EAP methods, regardless of item selection procedures, did not produce practical differences in all evaluation indices across two CAT conditions. The WLE method, however, generated significantly fewer non-convergent cases than did the MLE method. It was concluded that the WLE method, instead of MLE, should be considered, because the non-convergent case is less of an issue. The EAP estimation method, on the other hand, should be used with caution unless an appropriate prior θ distribution is specified. / text

This diploma thesis targets the evaluation of fifteen chosen EU countries using the methods of multicriteria decision-making. The topic is elaborated from the perspective of a student of the University of Economics, Prague, who chooses a suitable country to gain experience abroad. Students' preferences are recorded in a questionnaire and grouped using direct weights estimation method. The ORESTE, WSA, TOPSIS, PROMETHEE II and MAPPAC methods are described in the thesis and applied to the data using an add-on of Microsoft Excel -- Sanna. Since the questionnaire contains a question on the students' subjective ranking of countries, it is possible to compare the two rankings (subjective and calculated) to determine whether they are comparable and the students' decision-making is consistent.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene Methoden der Milchleistungsprüfung (MLP) bei dreimaligem Melken getestet. Mit Hilfe von Modellentwicklungen und dem Test verschiedener Schätzverfahren wurde das Ziel verfolgt, den hohen Arbeitsaufwand zur MLP beim dreimal täglichen Melken zu reduzieren und trotzdem hinreichend genaue Prüfergebnisse zu garantieren. Dazu wurden Untersuchungen in zwei Milchviehbetrieben vorgenommen, die jeweils etwa 400 Kühe dreimal täglich in einem Intervall von 8:8:8 Stunden melkten. Es wurden am MLP-Tag zusätzlich zur obligatorischen Mischprobe aus allen drei Gemelken (Standardmethode) die Milchinhaltsstoffe jedes Einzelgemelkes analysiert und die Gemelksmengen erfasst. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass sich trotz gleicher Zwischenmelkzeiten die Mittelwerte sowohl der Milchmengen als auch der Inhaltsstoffe Fett und Eiweiß signifikant voneinander unterschieden. Dabei wiesen die Milchmengen und Inhaltsstoffe des Mittagsgemelkes die geringsten Unterschiede bzw. die höchsten Korrelationen zur Tagesgesamtleistung auf. Ein signifikanter Einfluss der Laktationsnummer und des Laktationsmonates auf die Schätzung der Tagesmilchmenge bzw. des Fett- und Eiweißgehaltes konnte nachgewiesen werden. Im Ergebnis des Vergleiches aller getesteten Schätzverfahren wurden für die Verwendung zweier Gemelke generell höhere Schätzgenauigkeiten erreicht als bei Einbeziehung lediglich eines Gemelkes in die Hochrechnung. Die alleinige Nutzung des Mittagsgemelkes ergab jedoch ähnlich hohe Schätzgenauigkeiten und erfordert einen deutlich geringeren Arbeitsaufwand. Die Methode der einfachen linearen Regression innerhalb von Klassen nach Laktation und Laktationsmonat führte zu den höchsten Übereinstimmungen in Bezug auf die wahren Tagesleistungen. Das Verfahren der MLP mit einem konstanten monatlichen Prüfgemelk (nur mittags) ergab höhere Genauigkeiten als ein monatlicher Wechsel der Probegemelke. Für die Praxis können folgende Empfehlungen gegeben werden: 1. Anhand der eigenen Ergebnisse ist ein Melkintervall von 8:8:8 Stunden anzustreben. 2. Unter den Bedingungen gleicher Zwischenmelkzeiten sollte die Probenahme aus dem Mittagsgemelk erfolgen, ohne das Prüfgemelk monatlich zu wechseln. 3. Die eigenen Auswertungen ergaben, dass sowohl der Eiweiß-, Laktose-, Zell- als auch der Harnstoffgehalt des Mittagsgemelkes hohe Übereinstimmungen zur Tagesgesamtleistung aufwiesen und demzufolge ohne Korrektur auf die Tagesleistung übertragen werden können. 4. Im Vergleich zu den anderen Inhaltsstoffen wurden für den Fettgehalt der Milch deutlich größere Variationen festgestellt. Der Fettgehalt des Mittagsgemelkes wies aber auch hier die höchsten Übereinstimmungen mit der Tagesgesamtleistung auf. Eine Korrektur zur Hochrechnung auf die Tagesleistung ist jedoch notwendig. 5. Obwohl zwischen der Milchmenge des Mittagsgemelkes und der Tagesgesamtleistung eine hohe Korrelation besteht, sollten bei vorhandener automatischer Milchmengenmessung alle Gemelke in die Prüfung einbezogen werden. Ist dies nicht möglich, bedarf auch die Milchmenge einer Korrektur zur Hochrechnung auf die Tagesleistung. Das aus dieser Arbeit abgeleitete alternative Verfahren der MLP bei dreimaligem Melken wurde indessen von der ADR anerkannt, vom ICAR genehmigt und ist offiziell zugelassen. / Various methods of milk recording for 3-times milking per day have been tested in this study. The aim of the work was to expand models for estimating daily yield from only one or two milkings per cow and day. Comparisons of different models were made to select the highest accuracy of prediction. But also practicability was taken into consideration. Investigations were made on two dairy farms each milking 400 cows 3-times daily with an milking interval of 8:8:8 hours. In addition to a mixture of all three milking samples (obligatory sample for the standard method) a separate sample from each of the three milkings was taken and analysed. Single milk yields were registered, too. The results documented significant differences between yields of milk and contents of fat and protein per milking despite equal milking intervals. Milk yields were highest at morning milking and lowest in the evening. The lowest differences in relation to the whole daily yield were found for the midday milking. This milking also had the highest correlation with daily yield. A significant influence of number and stage of lactation was established for the estimation of daily milk yield and fat and protein content, respectively. In the result of the comparison between all estimation methods generally better accuracies have been found for including two out of three milkings per day than including only one milking for estimating daily yield. But using only midday milking proved similar high precision and requires smaller expense of work and cost. Method of simple linear regression within classes of lactation number and lactation stage led to the highest correspondences in relation to the true daily yield. The testing method which included only midday samples each month (without changing) resulted in higher accuracies than a monthly change between all three milkings (morning/midday/evening). The following recommendations can be given for practice: 1. On the basis of results a milking interval of 8:8:8 hours is to prefer. 2. Under conditions of equal times between milkings samples should be taken from midday milking. 3. The corrected method with midday milking has to be used. Each month only midday milking has to be sampled and analysed, without an alternating sampling of milkings. 4. The results showed that under conditions of equal milking intervals there were high correspondences between contents of protein, lactose, somatic cell count, and urea of the midday sample and the mixed sample of all milkings per day. To estimate daily yields, here no correction is necessary. 5. The content of fat varied extremely within cow and day in comparison with other components. Midday milking showed highest correspondences with daily yield, too. But here a correction is necessary. 6. Even though there is a high correlation between milk yield of the midday milking and the whole yield of the day it is advisable to include all milking yields of the test day if automatic equipment for measuring milk yield is available. Otherwise a correction of milk yield of midday milkings is necessary, too. The in this study recommended alternative method of milk recording under conditions of 3-times daily milking is meanwhile accepted by ICAR as well as registered in Germany.