The ethnodemographic differences in marital behavior: changes and attitudes Abstract This work deals with the ethnic differentiation of marital behavior in Kazakhstan. The study of marital behavior of ethnic groups is important and necessary, especially in a multiethnic state as Kazakhstan. Undoubtedly, the institution of marriage regulates the social reproduction of the population, and differences in marital behavior have an impact on family organizations and fertility among ethnic groups. These differences may shape the age at first marriage, age at first birth, and so on, that will have subsequent effects on the family organization among these ethnic groups. This work attempts to analyze the differences in attitudes toward marital marital myths between ethnic Kazakhs and Slavics. The sociological research has revealed some significant differences in the myths existing about marriage between these ethnic groups. These differences, largely due to socio-cultural characteristics. Keywords: marriage, marital behavior, ethnic groups, differences, Kazakhstan

Os diferentes grupos étnicos podem apresentar características faciais próprias e específicas que devem ser consideradas durante o tratamento ortodôntico. Sendo assim, o estudo e padronização de variáveis cefalométricas específicas para cada etnia devem ser estabelecidos para facilitar o diagnóstico e o planejamento de tratamento entre as diferentes etnias e seus diferentes padrões de miscigenação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi obter e comparar os valores médios de normalidade para as variáveis cefalométricas da análise de Ricketts em leucodermas, melanodermas e mestiços (feodermas) brasileiros com oclusão normal, além de avaliar o dimorfismo entre os gêneros. A amostra foi constituída de 146 telerradiografias em norma lateral de indivíduos jovens brasileiros não tratados rtodonticamente, apresentando oclusão normal, divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1 - 50 indivíduos leucodermas (25 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,59 anos; Grupo 2 - 56 indivíduos melanodermas (28 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,40 anos e Grupo 3 - 40 indivíduos feodermas (20 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,08 anos. A partir das telerradiografias foram obtidos os traçados cefalométricos, utilizando-se o software Dolphin Imaging 11.5 para avaliação das grandezas esqueléticas, dentoalveolares e tegumentares. Foram realizados os testes estatísticos: análise de variância a dois critérios (ANOVA a dois critérios) e análise de covariância (ANCOVA). Os jovens brasileiros melanodermas apresentaram a maior protrusão maxilar, incisivos mais vestibularizados, lábios mais proeminentes e maior convexidade facial em relação aos leucodermas, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os três grupos. O grupo feoderma apresentou valores numéricos intermediários entre as amostras estudadas. Não houve dimorfismo entre os gêneros. Dessa maneira, afirma-se que é evidente a importância de se estabelecer padrões cefalométricos específicos para a análise de Ricketts em diferentes etnias, uma vez que os mesmos auxiliam no diagnóstico e na escolha da melhor terapia ortodôntica. / The different ethnic groups can present specific facial characteristics that would be considered during orthodontic treatment. Therefore, the study and padronizing of specific cephalometrics partners to any ethnics should be established to facilitate the diagnosis and the treatment plan between the different ethnics and standards of miscegenation. This study objected obtain and compare the mean normal values for skeletal Cephalometric variables for Ricketts analysis in Caucasian, Black and Afrocaucasian young Brazilian descents with normal occlusion, in addition to verifying ethnic and sexual dimorphism. The sample consisted of 146 lateral cephalograms of untreated young Brazilian subjects, with normal occlusion, that were divided into three groups: Group 1 - 50 Caucasian subjects (25 of each gender) with an average age of 13.59 years; Group 2 - 40 Afro Caucasian subjects (20 of each gender) with an average age of 13.08 years and Group 3 - 56 Black subjects (28 of each gender) with an average age of 13.40 years. Cephalometric tracings were performed, using Dolphin Imaging 11.5 program, to obtain the skeletal, dental and soft tissue variables. Statistical test was performed: two-way ANOVA and ANCOVA. The present study found a bimaxillary skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue protrusion in black Brazilian subjects compared to white Brazilian subjects. Afrocaucasian showed intermediate values. It was not observed the presence of sexual dimorphism. It becomes evident the importance of establishing specific Cephalometric standards for Ricketts analysis in mixed ethnics, since they help to diagnose and choose the best orthodontic therapy.

by Patricia Jane Anderson. / Thesis (M. Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-215). / List of Figures --- p.i / List of Tables --- p.v / List of Abbreviations --- p.viii / Abstract --- p.1 / Introduction --- p.3 / Chapter Chapter 1 - --- Literature Reviews / Chapter 1.1 --- Pharmacoanthropology and Pharmacogenetics --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Genetic Polymorphisms --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Pharmacogenetics in Asians and Caucasians --- p.13 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- ACE-inhibitors in Asians and Caucasians --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Renin Angiotensin System --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Discovery of Inhibitors of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3 --- ACE-Inhibiting Drugs --- p.25 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Perindopril --- p.28 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cilazapril --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 2 - --- General Methodology / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2 --- Subjects --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3 --- Sample Collection --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Blood Samples --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Urine Samples --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4 --- Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Measurements --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5 --- Measurement of Transthoracic Electrical Bioimpedance --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Background --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Practical Details --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6 --- Data Analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 2.6.1. --- Analysis of Pharmacokinetic Parameters --- p.48 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Analysis of Pharmacodynamic Parameters --- p.59 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Analysis of Non-Invasive Haemodynamic Monitoring Data --- p.60 / Chapter 2.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter 3 - --- The Perindopril Study / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Aims --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Inclusion Criteria --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Non-Inclusion Criteria --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Study Design --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Blood Sampling --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Urine Sampling --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Blood Pressure and Heart Rate --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Non-invasive Haemodynamic Monitoring --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Analysis of Plasma Samples --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Hormone and Enzyme Assays --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data Analysis and Statistical Methods --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Plasma --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Urine --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Hormone Data --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Analysis of Haemodynamic Monitoring Data --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4 --- Pharmacokinetic Results --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Pharmacokinetics of Perindopril in Plasma --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Pharmacokinetics of Perindopril in Urine --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Pharmacokinetics of Perindoprilat in Plasma --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Pharmacokinetics of Perindoprilat in Urine --- p.89 / Chapter 3.5 --- Pharmacodynamic Results --- p.89 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition --- p.89 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Angiotensin I (AI) --- p.102 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Aldosterone and Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) --- p.102 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Plasma Protein Binding --- p.102 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Blood Pressure and Heart Rate --- p.107 / Chapter 3.5.6. --- Safety and Tolerance --- p.108 / Chapter 3.5.7 --- Non-invasive Haemodynamic Monitoring --- p.108 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion --- p.120 / Chapter Chapter 4 - --- The Cilazapril Study / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.135 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Aims --- p.135 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Inclusion Criteria --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Exclusion Criteria --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Study Design --- p.137 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Blood Sampling --- p.139 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Urine Sampling --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Blood Pressure and Heart Rate --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Non-Invasive Haemodynamic Monitoring --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Analysis of Plasma Cilazaprilat Samples --- p.142 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Hormone and Enzyme Assays --- p.143 / Chapter 4.3 --- Data Analysis and Statistical Methods --- p.143 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Pharmacokinetic Analysis --- p.143 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Hormone Data --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Analysis of Non-Invasive Haemodynamic Monitoring Data --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.146 / Chapter 4.4 --- Pharmacokinetic Results --- p.146 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Pharmacokinetics of Cilazaprilat in Plasma --- p.146 / Chapter 4.5 --- Pharmacodynamic Results --- p.150 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition --- p.150 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Aldosterone and Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) --- p.155 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Blood Pressure and Heart Rate --- p.155 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Safety and Tolerance --- p.159 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Non-Invasive Haemodynamic Monitoring --- p.160 / Chapter 4.6 --- Discussion --- p.182 / Chapter Chapter 5 - --- General Discussion --- p.188 / Appendix --- p.195 / References --- p.199 / Acknowledgements --- p.216

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M. Arch. in Advanced Studies)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1977. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography : leaves 199-208. / M.C.P. / M.Arch.A.S.

Os diferentes grupos étnicos podem apresentar características faciais próprias e específicas que devem ser consideradas durante o tratamento ortodôntico. Sendo assim, o estudo e padronização de variáveis cefalométricas específicas para cada etnia devem ser estabelecidos para facilitar o diagnóstico e o planejamento de tratamento entre as diferentes etnias e seus diferentes padrões de miscigenação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi obter e comparar os valores médios de normalidade para as variáveis cefalométricas da análise de Ricketts em leucodermas, melanodermas e mestiços (feodermas) brasileiros com oclusão normal, além de avaliar o dimorfismo entre os gêneros. A amostra foi constituída de 146 telerradiografias em norma lateral de indivíduos jovens brasileiros não tratados rtodonticamente, apresentando oclusão normal, divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1 - 50 indivíduos leucodermas (25 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,59 anos; Grupo 2 - 56 indivíduos melanodermas (28 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,40 anos e Grupo 3 - 40 indivíduos feodermas (20 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,08 anos. A partir das telerradiografias foram obtidos os traçados cefalométricos, utilizando-se o software Dolphin Imaging 11.5 para avaliação das grandezas esqueléticas, dentoalveolares e tegumentares. Foram realizados os testes estatísticos: análise de variância a dois critérios (ANOVA a dois critérios) e análise de covariância (ANCOVA). Os jovens brasileiros melanodermas apresentaram a maior protrusão maxilar, incisivos mais vestibularizados, lábios mais proeminentes e maior convexidade facial em relação aos leucodermas, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os três grupos. O grupo feoderma apresentou valores numéricos intermediários entre as amostras estudadas. Não houve dimorfismo entre os gêneros. Dessa maneira, afirma-se que é evidente a importância de se estabelecer padrões cefalométricos específicos para a análise de Ricketts em diferentes etnias, uma vez que os mesmos auxiliam no diagnóstico e na escolha da melhor terapia ortodôntica. / The different ethnic groups can present specific facial characteristics that would be considered during orthodontic treatment. Therefore, the study and padronizing of specific cephalometrics partners to any ethnics should be established to facilitate the diagnosis and the treatment plan between the different ethnics and standards of miscegenation. This study objected obtain and compare the mean normal values for skeletal Cephalometric variables for Ricketts analysis in Caucasian, Black and Afrocaucasian young Brazilian descents with normal occlusion, in addition to verifying ethnic and sexual dimorphism. The sample consisted of 146 lateral cephalograms of untreated young Brazilian subjects, with normal occlusion, that were divided into three groups: Group 1 - 50 Caucasian subjects (25 of each gender) with an average age of 13.59 years; Group 2 - 40 Afro Caucasian subjects (20 of each gender) with an average age of 13.08 years and Group 3 - 56 Black subjects (28 of each gender) with an average age of 13.40 years. Cephalometric tracings were performed, using Dolphin Imaging 11.5 program, to obtain the skeletal, dental and soft tissue variables. Statistical test was performed: two-way ANOVA and ANCOVA. The present study found a bimaxillary skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue protrusion in black Brazilian subjects compared to white Brazilian subjects. Afrocaucasian showed intermediate values. It was not observed the presence of sexual dimorphism. It becomes evident the importance of establishing specific Cephalometric standards for Ricketts analysis in mixed ethnics, since they help to diagnose and choose the best orthodontic therapy.

Indigenous people in Mexico have historically been subjected to subordinate positions in relation to dominant non-indigenous groups. Indigenous people continue to face political exclusion, social discrimination and economic disadvantages compared to the non-indigenous population. Most studies use a universalising approach to conceptualise wellbeing in order to account for these differences among groups, neglecting to consider local indigenous understandings of wellbeing, and how such understandings may be obscured by inter-ethnic power relations at the local level. This research contributes to the larger debate of how asymmetries among social groups are formed, how they are contested through the articulation of discourses, and the implications of mobilising discourses as a political tool at the local level. The dissertation focuses on the case of the Raramuri indigenous people of Northern Mexico, and uses detailed ethnographic evidence to explore how discourses of wellbeing are constructed by the Raramuri people in their daily interactions with the non-indigenous population and how power asymmetries between these groups form and persist. It does so by pursuing three main objectives. The first is to document local understandings of wellbeing which emerge for the Raramuri people in contexts of ethno-political oppression. The second is to uncover underlying power relations that hinder wellbeing and reproduce ethnically differentiated vulnerabilities. Examples of this are land conflicts and institutional arrangements behind land management schemes. The third objective is to analyse resulting mechanisms of resistance employed by the Raramuri indigenous people in order to seek control of practices and customs that promotes ethnic distinction. These three pillars provide a novel framework to explore the formation and perpetuation of asymmetrical social, economic and political relations at the local level. The study finds that the Raramuri people, like other minority groups living in the margins of nation states and global markets, are constrained to act strategically to face political, economic and social exclusion, while at the same time, taking the opportunity of this position to articulate culturally embedded discourses and mechanisms to reinforce their identity and self-definition. It is in the marginal context that the Raramuri discourse of living well develops and makes sense; fluctuating between the tension of having the right to live differently and the need to be part of the larger society. As a result, this discourse, by stressing ethnic membership and differentiation from other groups, appeals to culturally deep-seated homogenising and idealised elements of ethnicity. Consequently, Raramuri people articulate a recurrent strategy of resistance that allows them to consolidate their cultural identity and the internal cohesion of the group. However, this strategy limits political influence and their capacity to challenge the asymmetric power relations they face from dominant, non-indigenous spheres.

The purpose of this study was: (1) to identify and report the state departments of education in the United States implementing multiethnic/multicultural education programs; (2) to identify and report school districts, identified by their respective state departments of education, implementing multiethnic/multicultural education programs; (3) to determine the types of multiethnic/multicultural education programs, the thrust of the programs, and how the programs were initiated in the school districts; and (4) to determine the degree of implementation of the Curriculum Guidelines for Multiethnic Education, published by the National Council for the Social Studies, in the selected school districts. A total of thirty-two state departments of education responded. A total of 1,498 school districts, reported by their respective state departments of education, were implementing multiethnic/multicultural education programs. A stratified random sampling of the fifty states was used to select the sample for the study. Sixteen hypotheses, which were related to questions in Part I and Part II of the questionnaire, were tested. Significant differences were found by testing the hypotheses using the t-test. No significant differences were found between selected school districts in the southern states and selected school districts in the western states in the degrees of implementation of the Curriculum Guidelines for Multiethnic Education. Significant differences were found between selected school districts in the northeastern states and selected school districts in the north central states in the degree of implementation of the Curriculum Guidelines for Multiethnic Education. No significant differences were found between selected school districts with 10,000 or more pupils and selected school districts with less than 10,000 pupils in the degree of implementation of the Curriculum Guidelines for Multiethnic Education. In addition, significant differences were found between selected school districts in the northeastern states and selected school districts in the north central states in the degree of implementation of the Curriculum Guidelines for Multiethnic Education.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2008. Graduate Programme in Psychology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-118). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR45989

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