第一章「概說」述外蒙史地沿革，現有人口及政經區畫。第二章「經濟結構及 經濟計畫」。第三章「農牧業」，兼論與農牧業有關之林漁獵業。第四章「工業」 分別介紹外蒙工業各部門現況。第五章「礦產」討論外蒙地下資源蘊藏及開發情形 。第六章「運輸交通」說明外蒙鐵公路、航空水運、郵電等之利用情形。第七章「 財政與金融」分析外蒙之貨幣金融及銀行信用制度。第八章「商業貿易及對外經濟 聯繫」詳述外蒙之商業、外貿、外援及對外之經濟聯繫。第九章為「結語」。

第一章緒論。簡單說明新疆的地理環境、人文狀況及簡史。第二章清代新遇歷 次變亂概述。概略說明清代新疆歷次變亂的原因、經過及清廷征討的情形。第三章 清代新疆變亂之影響。說明變亂所造成的各種不良後果。第四章清代治新政策。說 明清代治新所採取的各種策略方法，其中最主要的是實施軍事統治政策與配合該策 而生的懷柔羈縻政策。第五章清代新疆回亂之探源。說明回亂的基本原因。第六章 結論。綜合前述各章所探討的結果，歸納出結論。指出由於清代新疆回亂的不斷發 生，是由於清朝統治觀念的基本偏差、軍事統治政策固有的缺陷，除惡不盡所遺留 之後患，受陝甘回亂之影響，因地制宜無意間形成重北輕南所產生的不良後果及宗 教特性之影響所造成的。因而由於回亂的不斷發生遂產生了導致清代國庫空虛、動 搖國本、清朝改變治新政策－建省，英、俄兩大勢力更積極的角逐於新疆及種族仇 恨加深，導致民國以後新疆歷次變亂等影響。

首先從新疆概況論起，（包括簡單的歷史沿革、地理環境、物產與資源、民族與 人口）馬廠的源流與牧馬動機，次論馬政（包括清代與新疆）及新疆的馬廠分佈與 經營、廠務成案、新疆之馬源與馬之用途，最後從軍事、政治、經濟、交通各觀上 看新疆馬廠。

第一章總論，分四節，敘述河套地區之範圍及地理形勢、自然環境、政治區劃、 及河套地區黃河之水文。第二章為河套地區之建設，分四節，論及河套之農林牧墾 問題、及農林牧與治河之關係，並論述河套地區交通建設及文教建設。第三章為河 套地區之水利，分四節，黃河百害，惟富一套。河套以水利稱著，敘述西套、前後 套、民生渠之灌溉及渠務之困難與解決。第四章河套地區之墾殖，分六節，論述河 套墾殖之重要，墾殖之種類與制度，另致墾殖失敗之原因，並敘述河套她區之放墾 及丈青，民國以來之墾務，以及墾務之糾紛。第五章結論。提出愚見，以為河套特 應重視牧畜及文教建設。

The following issues of conflict between Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP) and its human neighbors have been addressed in this research: firewood shortage, shortage of grazing land and fodder, and crop/livestock depredation by park wildlife. In addition, previous estimates of annual grass-cutting in the park have been revised. Out of 16 village units, or 144 wards, in the study area that are within 5 km of the RCNP (total study area about 598 sq. km) in the Chitwan District of Nepal, 14 wards were randomly selected for detailed investigation. The investigation included interviews of 140 randomly selected heads of households, livestock census, year-round monitoring of crop/livestock depredation by park wildlife, and monitoring of 11 patches of grassland/savanna (totalling 365 ha) in the nearby park-land for recording trespass grazing. In addition, 1818 randomly selected grass-cutters were interviewed to estimate the harvests of resources in the park. Major resources left remaining after the harvest were field-assessed. Information concerning the subsistence systems and ethnicity of local people has been described. Intensity of livestock grazing in the bordering grasslands/savannas inside the park was found to be 4.1 heads/ha. The livestock biomass was estimated to have been growing by 2.36 percent, and a change in the mix of livestock ownership, including an increase in buffalo and goats, was noticed. Rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis) was found to be the principal crop raiding animal, followed by wild boar (Sus scrofa), and chital (Axis axis). Tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (Panthera pardus) were threats on livestock. Smaller carnivores also caused substantial damages to domestic birds. Annual losses of crop and livestock sustained by the average household have been estimated. No strong correlation between distance to park and crop or livestock damage could be found. There were 61,614 participants in the annual 15-day grass-cutting. On the average, 3 m tons of grasses, reeds, binding materials, and firewood per household was harvested from the park. Net contribution from these harvests to the economy was estimated to be US$ 325,166. Competing theories on national park management are examined and a new concept for park management is proposed.

This dissertation analyzes adaptation of the Arabic population to temporary residence in the USA, based on conceptual themes from cultural anthropology and interactional sociolinguistics. I begin my analysis by summarizing the cultural background of my target population. I focus on issues of Islamic culture and religion, gender segregation, diversity, and the Arabic language. I next discuss the method by which I arrived at my research problem and population. My population is comprised of Arabic individuals studying in the USA, and their accompanying persons. I narrowed this population into a core group of key consultants, whose perspectives became representative voices. I interviewed my consultants on aspects of academic and social experiences in this country and the adaptative strategies they used to counteract its challenges. I divide my core analysis into two phases of residence--initial and subsequent. The initial documents the incipient adaptative processes used by my consultants in both social and academic settings. It discusses implications of the co-presence of gender in and out of the classroom and the strategy of avoidance. It documents the dynamics of teacher-student interactions and the discourse of authority. Arabic discourse includes communicative strategies of repetition and indirectness. The subsequent phase discussion focuses on outcomes of adaptation. In this phase, I discuss the redefinition of identity and issues of stigma. I address the outcomes of redefinitions of self and social interaction. I focus on discourse and communicative styles, and address nonassimilative adaptive strategies achieved by boundary maintaining mechanisms. I address the role of the home countries in the adaptative strategies of the population. Finally, this dissertation concludes with a recapitulation of macro and micro interaction and the cultural experience. I conclude that issues of culture clash/culture shock are linked to social interaction of the Arabic population. The binding threads of this dissertation are the processes and outcomes of the two phases of residence. The theme is adaptation. Adaptive processes include intercultural discourse, subsuming issues of identity. These issues are embedded and embodied in the main findings I consider important, at the core of this dissertation.

This study utilized an interdisciplinary approach, drawing upon the fields of agriculture, agricultural economics, nutrition, and anthropology, to identify and understand the relationships between income and other household characteristics, and nutrition in smallholder farm households in Manabi Province, Ecuador. The following main hypotheses were tested: household food consumption and preschooler nutritional status are positively associated with (1) household income; (2) women's income; (3) level of parental education; (4) seasonality of agricultural production and income; and (5) farming system diversity. Research was conducted over a 14-month period from October 1989 to December 1990 in 15 rural communities in coastal Ecuador. The research sample consisted of 108 households, including 172 preschool children. Agricultural production, income, and food consumption data were obtained formally via questionnaires administered during three distinct seasons in the agricultural cycle and informally using an ethnographic approach. Preschooler nutritional status was assessed via age, height, and weight measurements. Multivariate analysis revealed that in-kind income (food from on-farm sources) and parental education were the principal determinants of household food consumption. In-kind income was especially important to households in the lowest income quartile, contributing one-third of their total earnings. Although cash income accounted for three-fourths of total income for most households, it had an insignificant effect on nutrition, suggesting that form rather than level of income was key to household food consumption. Women's income was generally too small to achieve a statistically significant impact on household nutrition. Level of parental education was the primary determinant of long-run preschooler nutritional status, while health-related factors, not explicitly addressed in the multivariate model, were probably the best predictors of current nutritional status. Despite significant seasonality in agricultural production and income, most households maintained a constant level and quality of food consumption, implying effective coping strategies to maintain household food security. There was a negative relationship between farming system crop diversity and nutrition, suggesting that it was not how many different crops that were grown, but which crops were produced and what was done with the harvest that was crucial to household nutrition.

What is the behavioral evidence of ritual prehistory? How can the development of new archaeological method and theory enable prehistorians to identify ritual deposits and reconstruct the ritual past? This dissertation addresses these questions in a case study of puebloan sites in the U.S. Southwest. Rather than attempting to identify prehistoric belief systems, it uses an artifact life-history approach to create expectations about how certain artifacts were made, used and especially disposed of in ritual contexts. Fill and floor deposits from ceremonial structures (kivas) at the ancestral Hopi pueblo of Homol'ovi II are interpreted using this approach. These deposits are then linked to a greater ritual disposal tradition whose roots extend into Basketmaker times. These findings are also applied to fragmentary skeletal remains that have previously been attributed to cannibalism and warfare. An alternative explanation, witchcraft persecution is offered.

Ma Yanqing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 279-324). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

This dissertation is a study of an instance of political violence that took place during 1985 in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, but which had a wider resonance across the country. It involved the killing of four prominent anti-apartheid activists, known as the Cradock Four, by a state security death squad. It is an instance of political violence that allows us to ask ontological questions about the relationship between law, rights and violence; colonial violence and the Cold War, as well as questions about the epistemologies that surround violence in relation to questions of justice. Revisiting this violence, as mediated through the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, this study asks: how does this violence relate to the law itself, since apartheid was after all explicit in its claim to being the product of a legal regime? It argues that we need to think about how this violence against the Cradock Four, committed by a 'death squad'--and therefore orphaned through denial by both law and an official political narrative--related to the constitution of a South Africa political community, a political community we also have to remind ourselves, which had a colonial genealogy. To answer these questions I have traced the figures of Matthew Goniwe and his political comrades in two ways. The first half of the dissertation is a study of how they are fashioned in legal discourse--over time mainly as victims of human rights abuses through the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The second half of the dissertation is a study of their constitution in political discourse, where they become transformed from activists to absolute enemies of the state. In my discussion of this latter transformation, I trace and wish to recover what has become a subaltern narrative: thinking about these activists as instantiations of the forms of what I have called `the natives revolt', and therefore apartheid's concrete enemy: they are reluctant urban native subjects; neither properly rural and neither properly urban. It is this subject which I argue, finally disrupts the colonial ambitions of apartheid.