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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Quantifying crystalline exhumation in the Himalaya

Wilke, Franziska Daniela Helena January 2010 (has links)
In 1915, Alfred Wegener published his hypotheses of plate tectonics that revolutionised the world for geologists. Since then, many scientists have studied the evolution of continents and especially the geologic structure of orogens: the most visible consequence of tectonic processes. Although the morphology and landscape evolution of mountain belts can be observed due to surface processes, the driving force and dynamics at lithosphere scale are less well understood despite the fact that rocks from deeper levels of orogenic belts are in places exposed at the surface. In this thesis, such formerly deeply-buried (ultra-) high-pressure rocks, in particular eclogite facies series, have been studied in order to reveal details about the formation and exhumation conditions and rates and thus provide insights into the geodynamics of the most spectacular orogenic belt in the world: the Himalaya. The specific area investigated was the Kaghan Valley in Pakistan (NW Himalaya). Following closure of the Tethyan Ocean by ca. 55-50 Ma, the northward subduction of the leading edge of India beneath the Eurasian Plate and subsequent collision initiated a long-lived process of intracrustal thrusting that continues today. The continental crust of India – granitic basement, Paleozoic and Mesozoic cover series and Permo-Triassic dykes, sills and lavas – has been buried partly to mantle depths. Today, these rocks crop out as eclogites, amphibolites and gneisses within the Higher Himalayan Crystalline between low-grade metamorphosed rocks (600-640°C/ ca. 5 kbar) of the Lesser Himalaya and Tethyan sediments. Beside tectonically driven exhumation mechanisms the channel flow model, that describes a denudation focused ductile extrusion of low viscosity material developed in the middle to lower crust beneath the Tibetan Plateau, has been postulated. To get insights into the lithospheric and crustal processes that have initiated and driven the exhumation of this (ultra-) high-pressure rocks, mineralogical, petrological and isotope-geochemical investigations have been performed. They provide insights into 1) the depths and temperatures to which these rocks were buried, 2) the pressures and temperatures the rocks have experienced during their exhumation, 3) the timing of these processes 4) and the velocity with which these rocks have been brought back to the surface. In detail, through microscopical studies, the identification of key minerals, microprobe analyses, standard geothermobarometry and modelling using an effective bulk rock composition it has been shown that published exhumation paths are incomplete. In particular, the eclogites of the northern Kaghan Valley were buried to depths of 140-100 km (36-30 kbar) at 790-640°C. Subsequently, cooling during decompression (exhumation) towards 40-35 km (17-10 kbar) and 630-580°C has been superseded by a phase of reheating to about 720-650°C at roughly the same depth before final exhumation has taken place. In the southern-most part of the study area, amphibolite facies assemblages with formation conditions similar to the deduced reheating phase indicate a juxtaposition of both areas after the eclogite facies stage and thus a stacking of Indian Plate units. Radiometric dating of zircon, titanite and rutile by U-Pb and amphibole and micas by Ar-Ar reveal peak pressure conditions at 47-48 Ma. With a maximum exhumation rate of 14 cm/a these rocks reached the crust-mantle boundary at 40-35 km within 1 Ma. Subsequent exhumation (46-41 Ma, 40-35 km) decelerated to ca. 1 mm/a at the base of the continental crust but rose again to about 2 mm/a in the period of 41-31 Ma, equivalent to 35-20 km. Apatite fission track (AFT) and (U-Th)/He ages from eclogites, amphibolites, micaschists and gneisses yielded moderate Oligocene to Miocene cooling rates of about 10°C/Ma in the high altitude northern parts of the Kaghan Valley using the mineral-pair method. AFT ages are of 24.5±3.8 to 15.6±2.1 Ma whereas apatite (U-Th)/He analyses yielded ages between 21.0±0.6 and 5.3±0.2 Ma. The southern-most part of the Valley is dominated by younger late Miocene to Pliocene apatite fission track ages of 7.6±2.1 and 4.0±0.5 Ma that support earlier tectonically and petrologically findings of a juxtaposition and stack of Indian Plate units. As this nappe is tectonically lowermost, a later distinct exhumation and uplift driven by thrusting along the Main Boundary Thrust is inferred. A multi-stage exhumation path is evident from petrological, isotope-geochemical and low temperature thermochronology investigations. Buoyancy driven exhumation caused an initial rapid exhumation: exhumation as fast as recent normal plate movements (ca. 10 cm/a). As the exhuming units reached the crust-mantle boundary the process slowed down due to changes in buoyancy. Most likely, this exhumation pause has initiated the reheating event that is petrologically evident (e.g. glaucophane rimmed by hornblende, ilmenite overgrowth of rutile). Late stage processes involved widespread thrusting and folding with accompanied regional greenschist facies metamorphism, whereby contemporaneous thrusting on the Batal Thrust (seen by some authors equivalent to the MCT) and back sliding of the Kohistan Arc along the inverse reactivated Main Mantle Thrust caused final exposure of these rocks. Similar circumstances have been seen at Tso Morari, Ladakh, India, 200 km further east where comparable rock assemblages occur. In conclusion, as exhumation was already done well before the initiation of the monsoonal system, climate dependent effects (erosion) appear negligible in comparison to far-field tectonic effects. / Seit der von Alfred Wegener 1915 postulierten Hypothese der Plattentektonik haben viele Forscher Anstrengungen unternommen die Entstehungsgeschichte und den geologischen Aufbau von Gebirgen nachzuvollziehen. Oberflächennahe Abläufe sind ansatzweise verstanden, während Prozesse im Erdinneren weit weniger bekannt sind. Informationen hierüber können jedoch aus den Gesteinen, ihren Mineralen und wiederum deren chemischen Komponenten gewonnen werden, da diese die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Gebirgsbildung “miterlebt”, und wichtige Informationen gespeichert haben. In dieser Arbeit wurden dazu exemplarisch (Ultra-) Hochdruckgesteine ((U-)HP), sogenannte Eklogite, und deren Umgebungsgesteine aus dem nordwestlichen Himalaja, insbesondere aus dem Kaghan Tal in Pakistan untersucht um den Exhumationsprozess von tief subduzierten Krustengesteinen im allgemeinen, und im Hinblick auf mögliche klimabedingte Einflüsse, besser zu verstehen. Die Bildung des Himalajas ist auf die Versenkung, eines südlich der eurasischen Platte angesiedelten Ozeans, der Tethys, und die nachfolgende Kollision Indiens mit dem Eurasischen Kontinent vor und seit etwa 50-55 Millionen Jahre zurück zu führen. Dabei wurden kalter, dichter Ozeanboden und leichtere Krustensegmente rasch in große Tiefen subduziert. Heute sind diese Hochdruck- und ultra Hochdruckgesteine in einigen Bereichen des Himalaja zwischen schwach metamorph überprägten (600-640°C/ca. 5 kbar) Gesteinen und alten Sedimenten der Tethys aufgeschlossen. Anhand von petrographischen, mineral-chemischen, petrologischen und isotopen-geochemischen Untersuchungen dieser (Ultra) Hochdruckgesteine konnte ich zeigen, dass 1) die Gesteine in über 100 km Tiefe also bis in den Erdmantel vordrangen, 2) sie bei ihrem Aufstieg in Krustenbereiche von 40-35 km zuerst von 790-640°C auf 630-580°C abgekühlten um danach wieder auf 720-650°C aufgeheizt zu werden, sie 3) innerhalb von 700.000 Jahren um mindestens 60 km Richtung Erdoberfläche exhumiert wurden und somit 4) Geschwindigkeiten von 9-14 cm pro Jahr erreichten, die der normaler Plattengeschwindigkeiten (>10 cm/a) entspricht, wobei sich 5) dieser Prozess ab 40-35 km auf 0.1-0.2 cm/a stark verlangsamte und auch 6) ab einer Tiefe von 6 km bis zur Erdoberfläche keine, z. B. niederschlagsbedingt, erhöhte Abkühlungsrate zu erkennen ist. Eine schnelle initiale Exhumierung erfolgte durch den Dichteunterschied von leichtem, subduzierten Krustengestein zum dichteren Mantel. Dieser Prozess kam an der Krusten-Mantel-Grenze nahezu zum erliegen, einhergehend mit einer sekundären Aufheizung des Gesteins und wurde, jedoch weit weniger schnell, durch die Kollision der beiden Kontinente Eurasien und Indien und dadurch bedingte Überschiebungen, Faltungen und gravitative Abschiebungen fortgesetzt, die Gesteine zur Oberfläche transportiert und dort freigelegt. Eine erosions- und damit klimabedingte Beschleunigung oder gar gänzlich davon abhängige kontinuierliche Exhumation konnte in dieser Region des Himalajas nicht bestätigt werden. Vielmehr belegen die Daten eine mehrstufige Exhumation wie sie auch im Tso Morari Gebiet (NW Indien) angenommen wird, für weitere Ultrahochdruckareale wie, z. B. das Kokchetav Massif (Kasachstan), den Dabie Shan (China) oder den europäischen Varisziden (z. B. Böhmisches Massiv) jedoch noch geklärt werden muss, um generell gültige Mantel- und Krustenprozesse abzuleiten.
2

Etude tectonique et géomorphologique du système de failles de Longriba (Est Tibet, Chine)

Ansberque, Claire 11 April 2016 (has links)
Ce manuscrit concerne l'analyse tectonique et géomorphologique du système de failles de Longriba (LFS), localisé à l'Est du plateau tibétain à environ 200 km au Nord-ouest de la chaîne des Longmen Shan. Le LFS est constitué de deux zones de failles décrochantes dextres, parallèles et d'orientation N55°E : la faille de Longriqu, au Nord, et la faille de Maoergai, au Sud. Le rôle géodynamique de ce système est primordial puisqu'il accommode 5 ± 1 mm/an de la composante décrochante induite par la convergence oblique du bloc Aba, elle-même liée à la collision Inde-Asie. De plus, le LFS partitionne la déformation de la marge Est tibétaine; les structures des Longmen Shan étant essentiellement chevauchantes. Cependant l'histoire long-terme du LFS est mal contrainte. L'objectif de cette thèse est donc d'apporter des informations spatio-temporelles sur l'activité du système à l'échelle du Cénozoïque. Pour cela trois études ont été réalisées. La première a permis de mieux contraindre le comportement sismogénique des deux zones de failles à l'aide d'images satellites de basse (90m) et très haute résolution (50cm). L'analyse des déplacements cumulés le long de la faille de Maoergai a permis de proposer que celle-ci était active vers ~15Ma. La seconde étude a mis en évidence un contrôle du système sur la répartition des taux de dénudation au travers de la marge Est tibétaine à l'échelle de l'Holocène. Enfin, les données de thermochronologie basse température suggèrent que la faille de Maoergai a accommodé un mouvement vertical vers ~10Ma. Ce mouvement est probablement lié au rebond isostatique de la marge, découplé du mouvement décrochant qu'elle accommode à la même période. / This manuscript concerns the tectonic and geomorphic analysis of the Longriba fault system (LFS), located in the eastern Tibetan plateau at about 200 km north-west of the Longmen Shan. The LFS consists of two dextral strike-slip fault zones, parallel and N55 °-trending: the Longriqu fault to the north and the Maoergai fault the south. The geodynamic role of the system is essential as accommodates 5 ± 1 mm / year of the slip component induced by the oblique convergence of the Aba block, itself linked to the India-Asia collision. In addition, the LFS partitions the deformation of the east Tibetan margin; the structures of the Longmen Shan are mainly thrust faults. However the long-term history of LFS is poorly constrained. The objective of this thesis is to bring spatial and temporal information on system activity throughout the Cenozoic. To do so, three studies were performed. The first led to better constrain the seismogenic behavior of the two fault zones with low resolution (90m) and very high resolution satellite images (50cm). The analysis of cumulative displacements along the Maoergai fault allowed to propose that it was active at ~ 15 Ma. The second study showed that the system controls the distribution of the denudation rates over the EastTibetan margin throughout the Holocene. Finally, the low-temperature thermochronology data suggest that, in particular, the Maoergai fault has accommodated a vertical movement at ~ 10 Ma. This movement is probably related to the isostatic rebound of the margin, decoupled from the strike-slip movement it accommodates at the same period.

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