The use of ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass for transportation fuel offers solutions in reducing environmental emission and the use of non-renewable fuels. However, lignocellulosic ethanol production is still hampered by economic and technical obstacles. For instance, the inhibitory effect of toxic compounds produced during biomass pretreatment was reported to inhibit the fermenting microorganisms, hence there was a decrease in ethanol yield and productivity. Thus, there is a need to improve the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol in order to promote its commercialization. The research reported here investigated the use of poultry litter biochar to improve the ethanol production from steam-exploded poplar and corn stover. The effect of poultry litter biochar was first studied on Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 204508/S288C growth, and second on the enzyme hydrolysis and fermentation of two steam-exploded biomasses: (poplar and corn stover). The third part of the study investigated optimal process parameters (biochar loading, biomass loading, and enzyme loading) on the reducing sugars production, and ethanol yield from steam-exploded corn stover. In this study, it has been shown that poultry litter biochar improved the S. cerevisiae growth and ethanol productivity; therefore poultry litter biochar could potentially be used to improve the ethanol production from steam-exploded lignocellulosic biomass.

The current thesis considers the issue of state estimation of condition systems, a form of petri net with signal inputs and outputs. In previous research the problem of unobservability due to progress confusion was identified, in the presence of which state estimation is not possible. Here we introduce the notion of Time Condition Systems", a class of condition systems that uses timing information from condition models to overcome state estimation problem caused by progress confusion. To make use of the timing information in the plant model, a procedure called Exploded Time Plant" is synthesized. This procedure makes the plant model an observable model. It is proved that this procedure does not alter the structural and temporal behavior of the plant model and the plant maintains its integrity. The time plant(s) and the corresponding Exploded time plant(s) are subsequently used to develop observer(s) and controller(s) for Time condition models.

Currently pelletized woody biomass is widely used as a fuel in thermal applications toaccelerate the global transition to renewable energy. Fuel upgrade is one of the key factorsto improve energy conversion processes. Woody biomass can be fractionated into its mainconstituents by steam explosion. Steam-exploded biomass exhibits enhanced heating valueand improves pellet durability. Moreover, there is a significant deviation in thermochemicalbehavior of steam exploded (steam-treated) biomass with respect to the raw material duringpyrolysis. This thesis work concerned combustion characteristics of steam-exploded salix. The steamtreatedmaterial was pelletized and combusted under 21% of oxygen with varying thereactor temperature from 500 to 900°C to study the influence of both surrounding andpretreatment conditions during combustion process. The impact of different pretreatmentseverity factors (Ro) on burning behavior was evaluated: mild (205°C-6min, Ro=3.87),intermediate (205°C-12min, Ro=4.17) and severe (228°C-12min, Ro=4.84). Heterogeneousand homogenous ignition mechanisms were observed, which were dependent on the reactortemperature. The ignition time and devolatilization duration were observed independent onpretreatment severity near 900°C, and slightly influenced near 500°C. Enhanceddevolatilization rate was detected with the increment of Ro from 3.87 to 4.17, whilst themost severe pretreatment conditions (Ro=4.84) weakened biomass reactivity duringdevolatilization. Finally, char reactivity was lowered as a result of the increment ofpretreatment severity.

Fiber hybridization involves the blending of high and low performance fibers in a common matrix to yield a composite with a balance of properties that cannot be achieved by using either fiber alone. In this study, the random wetlay process was used as a compounding method to investigate the effects of fiber hybridization on the mechanical, viscoelastic, and sorption characteristics of steam-exploded wood (SEW) and lyocell (high performance regenerated cellulose) fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. The two fiber types were blended in varying proportions within a fixed total fiber content of 50 wt. % and compared with non-hybrid lyocell- and SEW-PP controls. Using PP matrix as basis, it was observed that moduli of all composites generally increased with increasing lyocell concentration, ranging from a minimum 66 % for SP 50 (SEW/PP control) to a maximum 233 % for LP 50 (lyocell/PP control). Ultimate strengths on the other hand, declined for SP 50 but increased with the inclusion of lyocell fibers. Comparisons of hybrid (having 5 - 20 wt % lyocell) with non-hybrid (having 25 - 50 wt. % lyocell) composites revealed a surprisingly greater strength and modulus-building efficiency (by as much as 2.6 times) in the hybrid composites. This observation indicated possible synergism between lyocell and SEW. Analyses of composite property gains as a function of fiber cost also showed greater cost benefits (highest for tensile modulus) in favor of hybridization. The advantages of fiber hybridization on composite properties were again evident under dynamic mechanical analysis where no significant differences in the storage moduli were found between a hybrid composite with 20 wt. % lyocell and a non-hybrid composite with 50 wt. % lyocell loading. Application of the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) made it possible to predict storage moduli over extended frequencies for PP and its composites. Comparison of shift factor versus temperature plots revealed decreasing relaxation times of PP with increasing lyocell concentration, which indicated that PP interacted better with lyocell than with SEW fibers. Finally, it was observed from sorption tests that hybrid composites absorbed less moisture than non-hybrid counterparts of either fiber type. The reasons for this observation were not apparent. It is however possible that moisture transport mechanisms within the composites may have been modified as a result of hybridization. / Master of Science

No description available.

The effects of adding a biodegradable litter amendment (AmmoSoak), developed from steam exploded corncobs, to poultry litter prior to pyrolysis on the product yields and qualities were investigated. Mixtures of litter and AmmoSoak were pyrolyzed in a bench-scale fluidized bed reactor. The objective of the second phase was to start-up a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor unit. The poultry litter had a lower higher heating value (HHV), higher moisture, ash, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine contents than AmmoSoak. Analysis of the poultry litter indicated a mixture of volatiles, hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, ash, and proteins. AmmoSoak had a simpler composition than the litter; mainly hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin. Bench-scale studies indicated that adding AmmoSoak affected the yields and characteristics of the products. Addition of Ammosoak increased the bio-oil and syngas yields and decreased char yields. Adding AmmoSoak to the feed decreased the pH, water contents, initial viscosity, and the rate at which the viscosity increased with time, while densities and HHVs increased. The addition of Ammosoak to poultry litter also increased the carbon and oxygen contents of the boi-oils while nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur, chlorine and ash contents decreased. A pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor was designed, constructed, installed and investigated for the pyrolysis of poultry litter. Fluidization and thermal equilibrium of the reactor were successfully demonstrated. The reactor was heated by combustion of propane. To ensure complete combustion, the combustion water was collected and compared to the stoichiometric yield. Complete combustion was achieved. Bio-oil yields on the pilot scale were lower than those obtained on the bench-scale pyrolysis unit. The water soluble fractions of the bio-oils were rich in oxygen. Water insoluble fractions were rich in carbon and ash. / Master of Science

O mundo se depara atualmente com a perspectiva de um significativo aumento na demanda por etanol combustível. O bagaço de cana está entre os maiores subprodutos agroindustriais no Brasil, sendo uma das alternativas na utilização para a produção do etanol de segunda geração. A degradação do bagaço de cana requer a ação de muitas enzimas diferentes que são reguladas transcripcionalmente. Considerando-se que o custo de celulases e hemicelulases contribuem substancialmente no preço do bioetanol, novos estudos visando o entendimento da eficiência e produtividade de celulases são de grande importância. Para entender como melhorar coquetéis de enzimas que podem hidrolizar o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado, uitlizou-se um experimento de genômica para investigar-se quais genes e vias são transcripcionalmente moduladas durante o crescimento de A. niger em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar explodido. Neste trabalho foram identificados genes que codificam celulases e hemicelulases com aumento da expresão durante o crescimento em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar explodido. Foi também realizada a determinação do acúmulo de mRNA de diversos genes que codificam transportadores para verificar se estes eram induzidos por xilose e por depedência de glicose. Foram identificados 18 genes que corresponde a 58% de celulases preditas em A. niger e 21 genes que correponde a 58% de hemicelulases preditas em A. niger os quias foram altamente expressos durante o crescimento em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar explodido. Foi investigado também o papel central realizado pelas proteínas quinases e fosfatases não essenciais (NPKs e NPPs, respectivamente) quando em presença de celulose como fonte de carbono, no sensoriamento do estado energético e na subsequente via de sinalização no fungo filamentoso modelo Aspergillus nidulans. O estudo com A. nidulans identificou 11 quinases e 7 fosfatases não essências, NPKs e NPPs, respectivamente, envolvidas na produção de celulases e em alguns casos, na produção também de hemicelulases. O envolvimento destas NPKs identificadas na resposta induzida por avicel e na desrepressão foram acessados pela análise do transcriptoma da cepa selvagem e por microscopia de fluorescência através da cepa de fusão CreA::GFP expressa no selvagem e no background dos mutantes de NPKs. A ausência das quinases snfA e schA reduziu dramaticamente a resposta transcricional induzida por celulose incluindo a expressão de enzimas hidrolíticas e transportadores, enquanto que a ausência de snfA resultou em uma quase completa modulação gênica induzida por celulose. O mecanismo pelo qual essas duas quinases controlam a transcrição gênica foi identificado, onde os dois mutantes de quinases foram capazes de desbloquear o CreA mediante a repressão catabólica do carbono (CCR), sob condições de desrepressão, como em baixa presença de carbono ou crescimento em celulose. Desta forma, este trabalho abriu novas possibilidades para o entendimento da sacarificação do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar por hidrolases de A. niger e para a construção de coquetéis de enzimas mais eficientes para a obtenção do etanol de segunda geração. Também possibilitou a identificação de muitas quinases e fosfatases envolvidas no sensoriamento do carbono e do estado energético, as quais demonstraram papéis sobrespostos e distintos de snfA e schA na regulação da desrepressão de CreA e na produção de enzimas hidrolíticas em A. nidulans. / The world today is faced with the prospect of a significant increase in demand for fuel ethanol. Sugarcane bagasse is among the largest agro-industrial by-products in Brazil, one of the alternatives in use for the production of second generation ethanol. Degradation of sugarcane bagasse requires the action of many different enzymes which are transcriptionally regulated. Considering that the costs of cellulases and hemicellulases contribute substantially to the price of bioethanol, new studies aimed at understanding and improving cellulase efficiency and productivity are of paramount importance. To understand how to improve enzymatic cocktails that can hydrolyze pretreated sugarcane bagasse, we used a genomics approach to investigate which genes and pathways are transcriptionally modulated during growth of A. niger on steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse. We also sought to determine whether the mRNA accumulation of several steam-exploded sugarcane bagasseinduced genes encoding putative transporters is induced by xylose and dependent on glucose. We identified 18 genes that corresponds to 58% of A. niger predicted cellulases and 21 genes that correspond to 58% of A. niger predicted hemicellulases, that were highly expressed during growth on sugarcane bagasse. The central role performed by nonessential protein kinases (NPK) and phosphatases (NPP) when grown on cellulose as a sole carbon source, in the sensing energetic status and the subsequent signalling pathways was assessed in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. This study identified multiple kinases and phosphatases (NPKs and NPPs, respectively) involved in the sensing of carbon or energetic status, while demonstrating the overlapping and distinct roles of snfA and schA in the regulation of CreA derepression and hydrolytic enzyme production in A.nidulans. The involvement of the identified NPKs in avicel-induced responses and CreA derepression was assessed by genome-wide transcriptomics and fluorescent microscopy of a CreA::GFP fusion proteinexpressed in the wild-type and NPK-deficient mutant backgrounds. The absence of either the schA or snfA kinase dramatically reduced cellulose-induced transcriptional responses including the expression of hydrolytic enzymes and transporters, while the absence snfA resulted in a near complete loss of wild-typecellulose-induced gene modulation. The mechanism by which these two NPKs controlled gene transcription was identified, as neither of NPK-deficient mutants were able to unlock CreA-mediated carbon catabolite repression, under derepressing conditions, such as carbon starvation or growth on cellulose. Our presently reported work opens new possibilities for understanding sugarcane biomass saccharification by A. niger hydrolases and for the construction of more efficient enzymatic cocktails for second-generation bioethanol. This work also enable the identification of multiple kinases and phosphatases involved in the sensing of carbon or energetic status, while demonstrating the overlapping and distinct roles of snfA and schA in the regulation of CreA derepression and hydrolytic enzyme production in A.nidulans.

Dans un contexte de sélection sexuelle, les systèmes de communication permettant l’attraction et la stimulation du partenaire sexuel et la compétition entre individus du même sexe sont indispensables. Ceci est particulièrement vrai chez les espèces à système d’appariement polygyne de type lek, où les mâles rassemblés dans l’espace sont en compétition pour l’accès aux femelles. Chez notre sujet d’étude, l’outarde houbara nord-africaine les males réalisent des parades incluant des démonstrations visuelles et des vocalisations appelées booms, sur des sites espacés les uns des autres par des distances importantes dans un système qualifié de lek explosé. Notre objectif était d’étudier les systèmes de codage-décodage des informations exprimées durant la parade des mâles chez cette espèce. Nous avons démontré l’existence d’un codage de l’identité individuelle porté par des paramètres visuels et des paramètres acoustiques des vocalisations. Des associations significatives entre des paramètres des booms et des caractéristiques physiques et comportementales des mâles susceptibles de refléter leur qualité, ont également été mises en évidence. Ainsi, les mâles qui produisent les booms les plus graves avaient les masses les plus importantes et paradaient le plus intensément. Lorsque des interactions agonistiques étaient simulées expérimentalement en diffusant des leurres acoustiques, les mâles avaient des réponses comportementales différentes en fonction de la fréquence des booms diffusés. Ainsi le niveau fréquentiel des booms des autres mâles est effectivement perçu et décodé par les individus en compétition. Par ailleurs, plusieurs paramètres des booms sont génétiquement déterminés et héritables, et pourraient porter une information sur l’apparentement entre individus.Certains paramètres sont également liés à la consanguinité des individus. Nous avons montré également que les booms sont particulièrement bien adaptés à la communication à grande distance. En effet, les booms sont de très basse fréquence, se propagent à des distances supérieures à 640 m, et les paramètres supportant le codage-décodage de l’information sont résistants à la propagation et produits de manière redondante. Enfin, les signaux acoustiques et des signaux visuels et semblent agir en synergie (multimodalité) ce qui pourraient améliorer l’efficacité de la communication à grande distance. Ainsi notre étude a démontré que des informations complexes sont transmises durant la parade des mâles au travers de signaux acoustiques et visuels au sein d’un réseau de communication à grande distance. / Résumé en anglais ;In a context of sexual selection, the communication between individuals is essential to optimize both intra-sexual (competition between male) and inter-sexual (mate choice) processes. This is particularly true in species with lek mating systems, where both processes reach their full expression. The North African Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata undulata, is a lekking bird where courting males aggregate in a so called ‘exploded-lek’, i.e. where aggregation is detectable only when mapped over a large area. During the breeding season, males perform a conspicuous and spectacular courtship including visual and acoustic (booms) signals. Our aim was to decipher the coding-decoding systems of the courtship in this species. We found that males can be individually discriminated on the basis of visual and acoustic parameters. The booms produced during the courtship are also related to males’ characteristics susceptible to reflect their quality. Individuals who produced the lowest frequency booms were those with the greatest weights and performed the highest intensity courtships. Playback experiment shows that the frequency content of the booms was perceived and decoded by males during agonistic interaction, leading to significantly different behavioural responses according to the frequency of the signals played back. Furthermore, several acoustic parameters of the booms are significantly heritable through genetic transmission and these parameters are also related to the level of inbreeding. Finally, we showed that the booms and the acoustic parameters supporting information are particularly well adapted to the transmission of information at long range as required in a long distance communication network constituted by an exploded lek. First, booms are of very low-frequency and propagate up to 640 m. Second, coding-decoding of information relies on sequentially redundant and propagation-resistant features. Third, acoustic signals are combined with visual signalling (multimodality) which may improve the long distance transmission of the information. This study brought evidence that complex information is conveyed by visual and acoustic signals during the courtship of males within a long distance network.

O mundo se depara atualmente com a perspectiva de um significativo aumento na demanda por etanol combustível. O bagaço de cana está entre os maiores subprodutos agroindustriais no Brasil, sendo uma das alternativas na utilização para a produção do etanol de segunda geração. A degradação do bagaço de cana requer a ação de muitas enzimas diferentes que são reguladas transcripcionalmente. Considerando-se que o custo de celulases e hemicelulases contribuem substancialmente no preço do bioetanol, novos estudos visando o entendimento da eficiência e produtividade de celulases são de grande importância. Para entender como melhorar coquetéis de enzimas que podem hidrolizar o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado, uitlizou-se um experimento de genômica para investigar-se quais genes e vias são transcripcionalmente moduladas durante o crescimento de A. niger em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar explodido. Neste trabalho foram identificados genes que codificam celulases e hemicelulases com aumento da expresão durante o crescimento em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar explodido. Foi também realizada a determinação do acúmulo de mRNA de diversos genes que codificam transportadores para verificar se estes eram induzidos por xilose e por depedência de glicose. Foram identificados 18 genes que corresponde a 58% de celulases preditas em A. niger e 21 genes que correponde a 58% de hemicelulases preditas em A. niger os quias foram altamente expressos durante o crescimento em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar explodido. Foi investigado também o papel central realizado pelas proteínas quinases e fosfatases não essenciais (NPKs e NPPs, respectivamente) quando em presença de celulose como fonte de carbono, no sensoriamento do estado energético e na subsequente via de sinalização no fungo filamentoso modelo Aspergillus nidulans. O estudo com A. nidulans identificou 11 quinases e 7 fosfatases não essências, NPKs e NPPs, respectivamente, envolvidas na produção de celulases e em alguns casos, na produção também de hemicelulases. O envolvimento destas NPKs identificadas na resposta induzida por avicel e na desrepressão foram acessados pela análise do transcriptoma da cepa selvagem e por microscopia de fluorescência através da cepa de fusão CreA::GFP expressa no selvagem e no background dos mutantes de NPKs. A ausência das quinases snfA e schA reduziu dramaticamente a resposta transcricional induzida por celulose incluindo a expressão de enzimas hidrolíticas e transportadores, enquanto que a ausência de snfA resultou em uma quase completa modulação gênica induzida por celulose. O mecanismo pelo qual essas duas quinases controlam a transcrição gênica foi identificado, onde os dois mutantes de quinases foram capazes de desbloquear o CreA mediante a repressão catabólica do carbono (CCR), sob condições de desrepressão, como em baixa presença de carbono ou crescimento em celulose. Desta forma, este trabalho abriu novas possibilidades para o entendimento da sacarificação do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar por hidrolases de A. niger e para a construção de coquetéis de enzimas mais eficientes para a obtenção do etanol de segunda geração. Também possibilitou a identificação de muitas quinases e fosfatases envolvidas no sensoriamento do carbono e do estado energético, as quais demonstraram papéis sobrespostos e distintos de snfA e schA na regulação da desrepressão de CreA e na produção de enzimas hidrolíticas em A. nidulans. / The world today is faced with the prospect of a significant increase in demand for fuel ethanol. Sugarcane bagasse is among the largest agro-industrial by-products in Brazil, one of the alternatives in use for the production of second generation ethanol. Degradation of sugarcane bagasse requires the action of many different enzymes which are transcriptionally regulated. Considering that the costs of cellulases and hemicellulases contribute substantially to the price of bioethanol, new studies aimed at understanding and improving cellulase efficiency and productivity are of paramount importance. To understand how to improve enzymatic cocktails that can hydrolyze pretreated sugarcane bagasse, we used a genomics approach to investigate which genes and pathways are transcriptionally modulated during growth of A. niger on steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse. We also sought to determine whether the mRNA accumulation of several steam-exploded sugarcane bagasseinduced genes encoding putative transporters is induced by xylose and dependent on glucose. We identified 18 genes that corresponds to 58% of A. niger predicted cellulases and 21 genes that correspond to 58% of A. niger predicted hemicellulases, that were highly expressed during growth on sugarcane bagasse. The central role performed by nonessential protein kinases (NPK) and phosphatases (NPP) when grown on cellulose as a sole carbon source, in the sensing energetic status and the subsequent signalling pathways was assessed in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. This study identified multiple kinases and phosphatases (NPKs and NPPs, respectively) involved in the sensing of carbon or energetic status, while demonstrating the overlapping and distinct roles of snfA and schA in the regulation of CreA derepression and hydrolytic enzyme production in A.nidulans. The involvement of the identified NPKs in avicel-induced responses and CreA derepression was assessed by genome-wide transcriptomics and fluorescent microscopy of a CreA::GFP fusion proteinexpressed in the wild-type and NPK-deficient mutant backgrounds. The absence of either the schA or snfA kinase dramatically reduced cellulose-induced transcriptional responses including the expression of hydrolytic enzymes and transporters, while the absence snfA resulted in a near complete loss of wild-typecellulose-induced gene modulation. The mechanism by which these two NPKs controlled gene transcription was identified, as neither of NPK-deficient mutants were able to unlock CreA-mediated carbon catabolite repression, under derepressing conditions, such as carbon starvation or growth on cellulose. Our presently reported work opens new possibilities for understanding sugarcane biomass saccharification by A. niger hydrolases and for the construction of more efficient enzymatic cocktails for second-generation bioethanol. This work also enable the identification of multiple kinases and phosphatases involved in the sensing of carbon or energetic status, while demonstrating the overlapping and distinct roles of snfA and schA in the regulation of CreA derepression and hydrolytic enzyme production in A.nidulans.