No description available.

Protective clothing is widely used in many industries and applications to provide protection against fire exposure. Exposure to fire can result in skin burn injuries that range from first-degree to third-degree burn injury depending on the exposure intensity and duration. Within the firefighting community, and especially the petroleum and petrochemical industries flash fire is one of the possible fire hazards for workers. Exposure to flash fire is usually of short duration (a few seconds) until the worker runs away from the fire location. The typical protective clothing system consists of a fire resistant fabric, the human skin, and an air gap between the fabric and skin. The protective performance of the clothing is evaluated based on the total energy transfer from the fabric to the skin through the air gap causing burn injury to the skin. Therefore the air gap between the protective clothing and skin plays an important role in determining the protection level provided by the clothing since the energy transfer through the air gap determines the amount of energy received by the skin. The more realistic the analysis of the air gap, the more reliable the evaluation of the protective performance of the clothing. This study introduces a more realistic analysis for the air gap between protective clothing and the skin compared to that found in the literature. More specifically, the study accounts for the combined conduction-radiation heat transfer through the air gap, which was treated as a thermal radiation participating medium with temperature dependent thermophysical properties. A finite volume model was developed to simulate the transient heat transfer in a single layer protective clothing system with radiation heat transfer. The model was employed to investigate the influence of the conduction-radiation heat transfer through the air gap on the overall heat transfer through the protective clothing system and hence on its protective performance. The influence of different protective clothing parameters on the combined conduction-radiation heat transfer through the air gap such as the air gap absorption coefficient, air gap width, fabric thickness, and fabric backside emissivity was studied. A comprehensive study of the influence of a periodic variation in the air gap width and associated inflow of cool air due to the motion of the person wearing the clothing on its protective performance was carried out. A wide range of variation in the frequency and amplitude of the fabric periodic movement was considered to capture different scenarios for the wearers motion. Finally, a finite volume model was developed to simulate the transient heat transfer in multiple layers firefighters protective clothing. The model considered the combined conduction-radiation heat transfer in the air gaps entrapped between the clothing layers, which were treated as thermal radiation participating media. The influence of each air gap on the overall performance of the clothing was investigated as well. The improved air gap model is a significant improvement for modeling heat transfer in protective clothing. It was used to obtain a more detailed knowledge of the theoretical performance of such clothing, e.g. it was found that reducing the fabric backside emissivity was more effective in improving the clothing protective performance than increasing the fabric thickness. It was also observed that the motion of the person wearing the clothing has a significant effect on the performance of the clothing: an increase in the frequency of the fabric movement improves the protection provided by the clothing, primarily due to the more frequent inflow of cool air, while an increase in the amplitude of the fabric movement reduces the protection provided by the clothing by concentrating the exposure on the skin. Finally, the air gaps entrapped between the clothing layers in firefighters protective clothing were found to improve the clothing performance, and the influence of the air gap between the moisture barrier and the thermal liner is greater than that of the air gap between the outer shell and the moisture barrier.

Although the effects of witnessing domestic violence on young children were long believed to be non-existent, current research indicates that young children do suffer negative consequences as a result of witnessing violence (e.g., Zeanah, et al., 1999). From research with older children it is known that exposure to violence is associated with emotional dysregulation, behaviour problems, and difficulties in school (e.g., Wolfe et al., 2003). Risk factors (e.g., maternal depression) and protective factors (e.g., secure attachment relationship) have been implicated in both emotional regulatory abilities and the effects of exposure to domestic violence. <p>The present research endeavoured to use a developmental psychopathology perspective to understand the experiences of young children exposed to domestic violence, specifically their emotion regulation abilities and behaviour problems. Study 1 explored the application and reliability of an emotion regulation coding scheme for use with young children during the Face-to-Face Still Face scenario. Study 2 examined the relationship between previous exposure to domestic violence and behaviour problems and emotion regulation, while considering possible moderating variables. The coding system from Study 1 served as the measure of emotion regulation in Study 2. Findings indicated that young children in this study who had been exposed to increased levels of domestic violence also displayed increased internalizing behaviour problems. No relationship was found between exposure to domestic violence and emotion regulation or externalizing problems or sleep problems. Child temperament, attachment security and maternal psychological symptomology were associated with behaviour problems in these children. Maternal psychological symptomology was marginally related to emotion regulation, however temperament and attachment security were not. The relationship between exposure to physical aggression and externalizing behaviour problems was moderated by child temperament and attachment security. The relationship between physical aggression and internalizing behaviour problems was moderated by attachment security. The implications of these findings for future research and clinical practice are discussed. Taken together, these two studies expanded the existing literature on the adjustment outcomes associated with exposure to domestic violence in young children.

The English language could be considered to be a second language in Swedish society; it is present in more than just school, such as television, the world of computers and radio. The general field of interest for this study is an exchange between two schools, one located in Sweden and one in Italy, called the Da Vinci Project. The aim of the study is to get an insight into the effects on language development for the students participating in the project. The study focuses on exposure and error-feedback. The information was gathered using both interviews and questionnaires with students and teachers and I had the opportunity to visit the students when attending the school in Italy. Visiting the school in Italy made it easier to understand both the Italian and the Swedish students’ experience of a different school system than they were accustomed to. The results have been analyzed and it was possible to draw conclusions concerning the students’ language development as a result of meeting different teaching methods in the different school systems. The teachers’ answers provided important information about different teaching methods. Using theoretical approach to second language acquisition the results have been analyzed. Stephen Krashen’s monitor model has been an important component in analyzing the results. The results of the survey showed that the Da Vinci Project involves two totally different school systems using different methods when focusing on error-feedback and exposure. A “gap” was found between the two schools but the results of this survey show that for some students it has been their second language, English, has improved through the exchange. While a few students, in the Da Vinci Project, believe that they have not developed in their second language.

Protective clothing is widely used in many industries and applications to provide protection against fire exposure. Exposure to fire can result in skin burn injuries that range from first-degree to third-degree burn injury depending on the exposure intensity and duration. Within the firefighting community, and especially the petroleum and petrochemical industries flash fire is one of the possible fire hazards for workers. Exposure to flash fire is usually of short duration (a few seconds) until the worker runs away from the fire location. The typical protective clothing system consists of a fire resistant fabric, the human skin, and an air gap between the fabric and skin. The protective performance of the clothing is evaluated based on the total energy transfer from the fabric to the skin through the air gap causing burn injury to the skin. Therefore the air gap between the protective clothing and skin plays an important role in determining the protection level provided by the clothing since the energy transfer through the air gap determines the amount of energy received by the skin. The more realistic the analysis of the air gap, the more reliable the evaluation of the protective performance of the clothing. This study introduces a more realistic analysis for the air gap between protective clothing and the skin compared to that found in the literature. More specifically, the study accounts for the combined conduction-radiation heat transfer through the air gap, which was treated as a thermal radiation participating medium with temperature dependent thermophysical properties. A finite volume model was developed to simulate the transient heat transfer in a single layer protective clothing system with radiation heat transfer. The model was employed to investigate the influence of the conduction-radiation heat transfer through the air gap on the overall heat transfer through the protective clothing system and hence on its protective performance. The influence of different protective clothing parameters on the combined conduction-radiation heat transfer through the air gap such as the air gap absorption coefficient, air gap width, fabric thickness, and fabric backside emissivity was studied. A comprehensive study of the influence of a periodic variation in the air gap width and associated inflow of cool air due to the motion of the person wearing the clothing on its protective performance was carried out. A wide range of variation in the frequency and amplitude of the fabric periodic movement was considered to capture different scenarios for the wearers motion. Finally, a finite volume model was developed to simulate the transient heat transfer in multiple layers firefighters protective clothing. The model considered the combined conduction-radiation heat transfer in the air gaps entrapped between the clothing layers, which were treated as thermal radiation participating media. The influence of each air gap on the overall performance of the clothing was investigated as well. The improved air gap model is a significant improvement for modeling heat transfer in protective clothing. It was used to obtain a more detailed knowledge of the theoretical performance of such clothing, e.g. it was found that reducing the fabric backside emissivity was more effective in improving the clothing protective performance than increasing the fabric thickness. It was also observed that the motion of the person wearing the clothing has a significant effect on the performance of the clothing: an increase in the frequency of the fabric movement improves the protection provided by the clothing, primarily due to the more frequent inflow of cool air, while an increase in the amplitude of the fabric movement reduces the protection provided by the clothing by concentrating the exposure on the skin. Finally, the air gaps entrapped between the clothing layers in firefighters protective clothing were found to improve the clothing performance, and the influence of the air gap between the moisture barrier and the thermal liner is greater than that of the air gap between the outer shell and the moisture barrier.

Although the effects of witnessing domestic violence on young children were long believed to be non-existent, current research indicates that young children do suffer negative consequences as a result of witnessing violence (e.g., Zeanah, et al., 1999). From research with older children it is known that exposure to violence is associated with emotional dysregulation, behaviour problems, and difficulties in school (e.g., Wolfe et al., 2003). Risk factors (e.g., maternal depression) and protective factors (e.g., secure attachment relationship) have been implicated in both emotional regulatory abilities and the effects of exposure to domestic violence. <p>The present research endeavoured to use a developmental psychopathology perspective to understand the experiences of young children exposed to domestic violence, specifically their emotion regulation abilities and behaviour problems. Study 1 explored the application and reliability of an emotion regulation coding scheme for use with young children during the Face-to-Face Still Face scenario. Study 2 examined the relationship between previous exposure to domestic violence and behaviour problems and emotion regulation, while considering possible moderating variables. The coding system from Study 1 served as the measure of emotion regulation in Study 2. Findings indicated that young children in this study who had been exposed to increased levels of domestic violence also displayed increased internalizing behaviour problems. No relationship was found between exposure to domestic violence and emotion regulation or externalizing problems or sleep problems. Child temperament, attachment security and maternal psychological symptomology were associated with behaviour problems in these children. Maternal psychological symptomology was marginally related to emotion regulation, however temperament and attachment security were not. The relationship between exposure to physical aggression and externalizing behaviour problems was moderated by child temperament and attachment security. The relationship between physical aggression and internalizing behaviour problems was moderated by attachment security. The implications of these findings for future research and clinical practice are discussed. Taken together, these two studies expanded the existing literature on the adjustment outcomes associated with exposure to domestic violence in young children.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.