Les preuves d'une composante de matière invisible dans l'Univers sont présents à de nombreuses échelles. Cette composante, appelée matière noire (MN), à interaction faible, stable sur des temps cosmologiques, non-relativiste et non-baryonique représente environ 28% du budget d' énergie de l'Univers. L' une des principales stratégies pour identifier la MN est la détection indirecte des produits de son annihilation.Les rayons gamma sont très prometteurs. Le télescope spatiale Fermi-LAT (FL) a mesuré un flux diffus isotrope de gamma, nommé IGRB, qui est généralement associé à l'émission de sources non résolues, mais peut aussi contenir une contribution due à la MN. Les sources gamma les plus nombreuses sont les noyaux actifs de galaxies (NAG) divisés en blazars et NAG non-alignés (NAGna) selon l'orientation de leur jet. Nous avons calculé le flux gamma des NAGna à l'aide de la corrélation entre luminosité radio et gamma pour un échantillon de sources détectées dans les deux bandes. Nous avons ainsi démontré que les très nombreux NAGna peuvent contribuer de 10% à 100% du IGRB mesuré par FL.Nous avons étudié les blazars et, pour la première fois, nous avons utilisé les données de FL et des télescopes TeV au sol en synergie pour dériver leur fonction de luminosité et leur distribution spectrale d'énergie. Nous avons démontré que cette population représente environ 10% du IGRB à 100MeV, jusqu'à sa totalité à des énergies plus élevées, expliquant en détail le ramollissement de l'émission IGRB aux énergies supérieures à 100GeV.Les pulsars sont les sources galactiques le plus nombreuses de gamma et radio. Nous avons calculé que leur contribution maximale au IGRB est de 1% et qu' elles contribuent à hauteur de 8% à l' excès au centre galactique. Compte tenu des résultats précédents, nous avons déduit que l'émission des NAG et des galaxies à sursaut de formation d'étoiles peut expliquer très bien et au même temps l'anisotropie et l'intensité du IGRB. Nous avons calculé les limites supérieures à la section efficace d' annihilation de MN, si on rajoute ce mécanisme d'émission aux contributions astrophysiques. Ces limites sont très strictes, autour de la valeur thermique canonique, pour une large gamme de masses de MN. Nous avons également identifié des régions dans l' espace des paramètres masse MN-section efficace d' annihilation peut améliorer l'ajustement aux données.Les flux de positons (e+) et électrons (e-) pourraient eux aussi cacher un signal de MN. La fraction de e+ (FP) devrait diminuer avec l' énergie si le mécanisme principal de production de e+ était secondaire, à savoir dû à l'interaction des rayons cosmiques avec le milieu interstellaire. Cependant AMS-02 mesure une augmentation de la FP aux énergies supérieures à 10 GeV. Nous avons calculé l'émission de e+ et de e- de rémanent de Supernovae, de nébuleuse de vent de pulsars (NVP) et de production secondaire, montrant que les flux leptoniques peuvent être entièrement expliquée par ces émissions astrophysiques et que la hausse de la FP est compatible avec une émission de paires par les NVP.Enfin, nous avons construit une section efficace phénoménologique pour la production secondaire d'antiprotons, en utilisant les données existantes. Nous avons dérivé que l'incertitude sur la production d'antiprotons totale est d' au moins 20%. Ainsi, à moins que les incertitudes soient réduites grâce à de nouvelles mesures, il sera difficile de dévoiler une contribution de MN au flux d' antiprotons au-delà de la production secondaire avec les prochaines données de AMS-02, à moins que le composant de MN soit dominante dans une certaine gamme d'énergie.Les prochaines années seront très excitantes pour la chasse à la MN: de nouvelles mesures gamma et de particules chargées vont atteindre une précision incroyable; un grand effort devrait être fait dans la modélisation de l' émission de ces flux par des sources astrophysiques afin de démêler un signal de MN des inévitables bruits de fonds / Evidences of an invisible matter component in the Universe are present at many scales. This component, called dark matter (DM), is weakly interacting, stable on cosmological scales, non-relativistic, not made of baryonic particles and costitutes about the 28% of the Universe. One of the main strategies to identify DM is the indirect detection of particles produced via DM annihilation. gamma rays are one of the most promising channels. The Fermi-LAT has measured an isotropic gamma-ray backgound (IGRB) which is associated to the emission from unresolved sources, but could also contain an exotic component from DM. The most numerous gamma-ray sources are the Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) divided in blazars and misaligned AGN (MAGN) according to the orientation of their jet. We have derived the gamma-ray emission from MAGN using the correlation between the radio and gamma-ray luminosities of a sample of detected sources. The unresolved MAGN are very numerous and we have demonstrated that they can account from 10% up to 100% of the IGRB measured by the Fermi-LAT.We have also studied the blazars and, for the first time, we used the Fermi-LAT data and the IACTs measure- ments in synergy to have a better understanding of their spectral energy distribution (SED). Considering these sets of catalogs, we have derived their SED and gamma-ray luminosity function demonstrating that this population accounts for about 10% of the IGRB at 100 MeV up to its totality at higher energies, fully explaining the softening of the IGRB emission at energy larger than 100 GeV.The most numerous Galactic gamma-ray and radio emitting population is the pulsar class. We have calculated that the maximal contribution of pulsars to the IGRB is 1% and that they contribute up to 8% to the putative gamma-ray excess found in the Galactic center.Using the previous results we have derived that the emission from AGN and Star Forming Galax- ies can provide very good fits to the anisotropy and intensity of the Fermi-LAT IGRB. We have also calculated upper limits to the annihilation cross section of DM adding this exotic emission mechanism to the astrophysical source populations. These limits are quite stringent, around the canonical thermal relic value for a wide range of DM masses. We have also identified regions in the DM mass and annihilation cross section parameter space which can significantly improve the fit to data.Positrons and electrons spectra could also hide a DM signal. The positron fraction (PF) is expected to have a decreasing shape if the main mechanism of positron production is ”secondary”, namely due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the interstellar medium. However AMS-02 measured an increased PF at energy larger than 10 GeV. We have calculated the electron and positron emission from Supernovae Remnants, Pulsar Wind Nebulae and secondary production showing that the electron, positron, PF and the inclusive spectra can be fully explained by these astrophysical emissions and that the rising of the PF is consistent with the Pulsar Wind Nebulae emission of positrons.Finally we have built a phenomenological cross section for the secondary production of antiprotons. We have used the most up-to-date data sets and derived that the uncertainty on the total antiproton production is at least 20%. Thus, unless cross section uncertainties will be reduced thanks to new measurements, it will be difficult to unveil a DM contribution to antiprotons above the secondary production with the upcoming AMS-02 antiproton data, unless the DM component is really dominant in some energy range.The next years will be exciting for the hunting of DM. New measurements on gamma-rays and charged parti- cles are going to reach incredible precision and a strong effort should be done in the modeling of the gamma-ray and charged particles emission from galactic and extragalactic sources in order to disentangle a signal of DM above this unavoidable astrophysical background

Contemporary projects to measure anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) are now detecting hundreds to thousands of extragalactic radio sources, most of them blazars. As a member of a group of CMB scientists involved in the construction of catalogues of such sources and their analysis, I wish to point out the potential value of CMB surveys to studies of AGN jets and their polarization. Current CMB projects, for instance, reach mJy sensitivity, offer wide sky coverage, are blind and generally of uniform sensitivity across the sky (hence useful statistically), make essentially simultaneous multi-frequency observations at frequencies from 30 to 857 GHz, routinely offer repeated observations of sources with interesting cadences and now generally provide polarization measurements. The aim here is not to analyze in any depth the AGN science already derived from such projects, but rather to heighten awareness of their promise for the AGN community.

L'âge des galaxies est un paramètre crucial dans le cadre des modèles de formation et d'évolution des galaxies. Ma thèse se base sur l'étude de cette quantité physique dans le cadre du sondage profond de VIMOS (VUDS). Ce sondage permet d'étudier les galaxies dans l'univers jeune et de remonter au moment où il était agé de seulement quelques centaines de millions d'années. Durant ce doctorat, j'ai pu prendre part au traitement des données de ce sondage et j'ai été responsable de l'ensemble de la correction des spectres du sondage. J'ai également modifié et amélioré le logiciel GOSSIP qui est un logiciel d'ajustement de modèle de galaxie permettant d'extraire les paramètres physiques des galaxies. L'utilisation de ce logiciel m'a permis d'étudier l'extinction par le milieu intergalactique des galaxies ainsi que leurs âges. Ceci m'a permis d'étudier l'époque de formation des galaxies ainsi que l'évolution du paramètre de Hubble. / Age of galaxie is a crucial parameter in the framework of galaxy formation and evolution. This thesis is based on the study of this parameter in the framework of the VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey. This galaxy survey allows to study galaxies when the universe was young and to go back when it was few hundreads of million years old. During this PhD I could take part of the data processing and I was responsible of all the spectroscopic corrections. I also implemented and improved the GOSSIP software. This software is a template fitting program that allows the extraction of galaxy physical parameters. The use of this software allowed me to study the extinction of the Inter Galactic medium (IGM) as well as their ages. I could then study the epoch of galaxy formation and the evolution of the Hubble parameter

abstract: Ultraviolet and optical light from stars is reddened and attenuated by interstellar dust, where different sightlines across a galaxy suffer varying amounts of extinction. Tamura et al. (2009) developed an approximate method to correct for dust extinction, dubbed the “βV method,” by comparing the observed to an empirical estimate of the intrinsic flux ratio of visible and ∼3.5 μm emission. Moving beyond that empirical approach, through extensive modeling, I calibrated the βV -method for various filters spanning the visible through near infrared wavelength range, for a wide variety of simple stellar populations (SSP) and composite stellar populations (CSP). Combining Starburst99 and BC03 models, I built spectral energy distributions of SSP and CSP for various realistic star formation histories, while taking metallicity evolution into account. I convolved various 0.44–1.65 μm filter throughput curves with each model spectral energy distribution (SED) to obtain intrinsic flux ratios, βλ,0. To validate the modeling, I analyzed spatially resolved maps for the observed V- and g-band to 3.6 μm flux ratios and the inferred dust-extinction values AV for a sample of 257 nearby galaxies. Flux ratio maps are constructed using point-spread function-matched mosaics of Sloan Digitial Sky Survey g- and r-band images and Spitzer/InfraRed Array Camera 3.6μm mosaics, with all of the pixels contaminated by foreground stars or background objects masked out. Dust-extinction maps for each galaxy were created by applying the βV -method. The typical 1σ scatter in βV around the average, both within a galaxy and in each morphological type bin, is ∼20%. Combined, these result in a ∼0.4 mag scatter in AV. βV becomes insensitive to small-scale variations in stellar populations once resolution elements subtend an area larger than 10 times that of a typical giant molecular cloud. I find noticeably redder V−3.6 μm colors in the center of star-forming galaxies and galaxies with a weak AGN. The derived intrinsic V −3.6 μm colors for each Hubble type are generally consistent with the modeling. Finally, I discuss the applicability of the βV dust-correction method to more distant galaxies, for which large samples of well-matched Hubble Space Telescope rest-frame visible and James Webb Space Telescope rest-frame ∼3.5μm images will become available in the near future. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Astrophysics 2019

Les connaissances sur l'origine de Radio Halos (RHs), sources radio diffuses de faible brillance de surface observées aux échelles des Mpc dans les amas de galaxies massives, ont progressé vers un consensus général au cours des dernières années. Le scénario généralement accepté pour le mécanisme responsable de ce type d'émission diffuse est la ré-accélération des électrons relativistes par les turbulence générées au cours de la coalescence entre amas. Dans ce cadre, les modèles prévoient une fraction plus importante de RHs dans intervalle z = 0.3-0.4. Cependant, les observations radio des amas de galaxies dans ce régime de redshift sont encore limitées. Le projet MACS-Planck Radio Halo Cluster Project vise à explorer l'origine des RHs, ainsi que leur lien avec l'état dynamique des systèmes hôtes, en explorant une gamme de redshift plus élevée par rapport aux études précédentes. Dans cette thèse, je présente les données publiées du sous-échantillon ATCA du projet et les perspectives pour les travaux futurs. / The knowledge on the origin of Radio Halos (Rhs), Mpc-scale low surface brightness diffuse radio emission observed in massive galaxy clusters, has moved towards a general consensus on the recent years. The generally accepted scenario for the mechanism responsible of this kind of diffuse emission is the re-acceleration of relativistic electrons by the turbulence generated in cluster mergers. On this framework, it is expected from models that a larger fraction of RH occurrence may appear at z=0.3-0.4. However, radio observations of galaxy clusters in this redshift regime are still limited. The MACS-Planck Radio Halo Cluster Project has the aim of exploring the origin and occurrence of RHs, as well as their connection with the dynamical state of the host systems by exploring a higher redshift range than previous studies. In this thesis, I present the published data of the ATCA subsample of the project and prospects for the future work.

The work contained within this thesis Is made up primarily of two pieces Both address active galactic nuclei And the galaxies that live nearby The obscured fraction of the population Is the topic of one publication And the type-II fraction in the optical regime In chapter four this is the theme I research the vicinity overdensity Around radio galaxies in chapter three, you’ll see I reduce some spectra at redshift one But not all observations in the end got done With the spectra I have I do what I can As if all target observations had actually ran In the end I conclude with results and the theme of research to be done further downstream. The works contained herein addresses two major topics in extragalactic astrophysics, namely the Type-II AGN fraction and the Overdensity-Radio power relation. Quantifying the Type-II AGN fraction has been attempted by many works in many different observational regimes, finding rather contrasting results. Accretion onto supermassive black holes contributes between 5 per cent and 20 per cent of the luminosity of the Universe, and seems to be closely linked to star formation processes. The large uncertainty on this value is due to the ill-determined contribution from obscured accretion, namely the Type-II fraction. In Chapters 3 and 4 I address this issue from a theoretical standpoint in the X-ray regime and an observational standpoint in the optical regime respectively. In Chapter 3 I show how crude X-ray spectroscopy of partially obscured AGN can lead to catastrophic underestimations of the intrinsic X-ray luminosity of these sources. Acting over an entire population, these partial obscurers can produce an obscured AGN fraction which decreases as a function of observed luminosity. The results are consistent with observations in the X-ray vs. IR luminosity of AGN classes. In Chapter 4 I select a statistically significant sample of AGN from an unbiased 250μm galaxy sample. After spectroscopic classification I find the optical Type- II AGN fraction to be consistent across several decades in [OIII] luminosity, a common proxy for intrinsic AGN luminosity. I also investigate the relation of AGN activity to host galaxy mass, as well as star formation activity and star formation history. Probing the environments of protoclusters will help to constrain the models of structure formation in the Universe. Until now, no dataset has been big enough to probe the environments of high redshift radio galaxies at a statistical level; While many believe that the feedback processes of high luminosity radio jets will have a direct impact on star formation in the surrounding medium it has not been tested. In Chapter 2 I investigate this on an statistical level, finding no meaningful correlation between radio galaxy radio power and source overdensity in the vicinities of these sources. In Chapter 5 I discuss the reduction of a 24μm sample at redshift z ∼ 1 for direct comparison with a local 12μm sample. With only a fraction of the target sample being observed, no statistically significant results could be derived, but the objects are spectroscopically classified and spectroscopic redshifts are measured where possible. Correlations in the data set are investigated and the limitations of the sample selection strategy are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:13:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexsandroPL.pdf: 4519293 bytes, checksum: c4a4db8c9a456e8df376ae0bc81b8b59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The great majority of analytical models for extragalactic radio sources suppose self-similarity and can be classified into three types: I, II and III. We have developed a model that represents a generalization of most models found in the literature and showed that these three types are particular cases. The model assumes that the area of the head of the jet varies with the jet size according to a power law and the jet luminosity is a function of time. As it is usually done, the basic hypothesis is that there is an equilibrium between the pressure exerted both by the head of the jet and the cocoon walls and the ram pressure of the ambient medium. The equilibrium equations and energy conservation equation allow us to express the size and width of the source and the pressure in the cocoon as a power law and find the respective exponents. All these assumptions can be used to calculate the evolution of the source size, width and radio luminosity. This can then be compared with the observed width-size relation for radio lobes and the power-size (P-D) diagram of both compact (GPS and CSS) and extended sources from the 3CR catalogue. In this work we introduce two important improvement as compared with a previous work: (1)We have put together a larger sample of both compact and extended radio sources / A grande maioria dos modelos anal?ticos de r?dio fontes extragal?cticas utilizam a hip?tese de auto-similaridade, onde os modelos podem ser classificados em tr?s tipos: I, II e III. N?s desenvolvemos um modelo anal?tico que representa uma generaliza??o dos modelos existentes na literatura e mostramos que os tr?s tipos s?o casos particulares desse modelo. O modelo assume que a ?rea da cabe?a do jato varia com seu tamanho de acordo com uma lei de pot?ncia e que a luminosidade do jato ? uma fun??o do tempo. A hip?tese b?sica comumente usada ? a de que a cabe?a do jato e o casulo se expandem em equil?brio de press?o com o meio ambiente. As equa??es de equil?brio e conserva??o da energia permitem que expressemos o tamanho e largura da fonte e a press?o no casulo como uma lei de pot?ncia e encontremos seus respectivos expoentes. Todas essas suposi??es podem ser usadas para calcular a evolu??o do tamanho e comprimento da fonte e de sua luminosidade r?dio. Podemos comparar esses resultados com as rela??es observadas da largura-tamanho para r?dio l?bulos e diagrama pot?ncia-tamanho (P-D) de fontes compactas (GPS e CSS) e de fontes extensas do cat?logo 3CR. Neste trabalho introduzimos duas importantes melhorias em rela??o `a trabalhos anteriores: (1) Coletamos uma grande amostra de r?dio fontes compactas e extensas com raios de hot spots conhecidos de forma a estabelecer a rela??o entre a ?rea da cabe?a e o tamanho da ponte; (2) O n?mero de fontes em nossa amostra com a largura da ponte medida aumentou consideravelmente em rela??o a trabalhos anteriores. Isso nos permitiu aumentar a gama de tamanhos de fontes em nossa an?lise. Essa compara??o nos possibilita determinar os v?rios par?metros do modelo e entendermos os processos f?sicos envolvidos no fen?meno da evolu??o das r?dio fontes extragal?cticas

Les amas de galaxies sont des structures massives composées à plus de 80% de matière noire. Leur coeur peut atteindre une densité de masse critique qui en déformant l'espace-temps fait converger les rayons lumineux vers l'observateur. Grâce à des relevés photométriques profonds de l'amas Abell 2744, de nombreux systèmes multiples ont été découverts. Identifier ces systèmes reste un défi, j'ai donc développé une méthode robuste basée sur les propriétés photométriques conservées par l'effet de lentille gravitationnelle qui permet de les détecter automatiquement. Le meilleur moyen de prouver que des images proviennent de la même galaxie reste la mesure de leur distance(redshifts) grâce à leur spectre. En analysant les données collectées par le spectrographe à intégrale de champ MUSE j'ai mesuré un grand nombre de sources (514) dont 83 d'entre elles sont des images multiples. Bénéficiant de cette large couverture spectrale, j'ai créé un modèle paramétrique de masse parmi les plus contraints à ce jour. La sensibilité atteinte par le modèle permet de sonder l'influence de structures périphériques (jusqu'à une distance de 700kpc), révélant ainsi des erreurs systématiques sur la mesure de la masse due à la paramétrisation du modèle (6%). Comparé aux précédentes études, on voit une diminution de 10% de la masse dans un rayon 100 kpc montrant ainsi en partie le gain offert par la spectroscopie. Ce gain, bien que négligeable sur la mesure de l'amplification, s'est avéré pouvoir contraindre la balance en masse entre les différentes composantes de notre modèle, dépassant par endroits 2 fois l'incertitude statistique / Clusters of galaxies are large and massive structures containing more than 80% of dark matter. In the cluster core, the mass density can reach a critical threshold making the curvature of space-time large enough to bend light path and then allow multiple convergence of images from the same sources to appear on the observer field of view. Thanks to deep photometric coverage of Abell 2744, a lot of multiply-imaged systems were discovered. Nevertheless, finding them remain a challenge and based on the preserved photometric properties by lensing, I developed a robust method to automatically find them. However, measuring the redshifts for each multiple images remains the best way to surely associate them. The deep coverage of the integral field spectrograph MUSE allowed me to identify a large number of sources ( 514 ) among them 83 were multiple images. Thanks to this large spectroscopic coverage, I built one of the most constrained parametric mass model for lensing cluster to date. The sensitivity raised by this model allow me to probe the influence of outskirts substructures ( at 700 kpc distance ), revealing systematic sources of uncertainties related to the mass model parametrisation ( 6% ). Compared to previous studies, I notice a 10% lower mass in the center ( within 100kpc ) showing one of the benefit of large spectroscopic constraints. This benefit, is smaller on the amplification estimation but shows a significant discrepancy between different mass counterparts in the models, up to 2 times the statistical uncertainties

I have investigated the properties of the large scale structure of the nearby Universe using data from the Galaxy and Mass Assembly survey (GAMA). I generated complementary halo mass estimates for all groups in the GAMA Galaxy Group Catalogue (G³C) using a modified caustic mass estimation algorithm. On average, the caustic mass estimates agree with dynamical mass estimates within a factor of 2 in 90% of groups. A volume limited sample of these groups and galaxies are used to generate the large scale structure catalogue. An adapted minimal spanning tree algorithm is used to identify and classify structures, detecting 643 filaments that measure up to 200 Mpc/h, each containing 8 groups on average. A secondary population of smaller coherent structures, dubbed `tendrils,' that link filaments together or penetrate into voids are also detected. On average, tendrils measure around 10 Mpc/h and contain 6 galaxies. The so-called line correlation function is used to prove that tendrils are real structures rather than accidental alignments. A population of isolated void galaxies are also identified. The properties of filaments and tendrils in observed and mock GAMA galaxy catalogues agree well. I go on to show that voids from other surveys that overlap with GAMA regions contain a large number of galaxies, primarily belonging to tendrils. This implies that void sizes are strongly dependent on the number density and sensitivity limits of the galaxies observed by a survey. Finally, I examine the properties of galaxies in different environments, finding that galaxies in filaments tend to be early-type, bright, spheroidal, and red whilst those in voids are typically the opposite: blue, late-type, and more faint. I show that group mass does not correlate with the brightness and morphologies of galaxies and that the primary driver of galaxy evolution is stellar mass.

Remarkably, the central regions of galaxies are very important in shaping and influencing galaxies as a whole. As such, galaxy cores can be used for classification, to determine which processes may be important in galaxy formation and evolution. Past studies, for example, have found a dichotomy in the inner slopes of early-type galaxy surface brightness profiles. Using deprojections of the galaxies from the ACS Virgo and Fornax Cluster Surveys (ACSVCS/FCS), we show that, in fact, this dichotomy does not exist. Instead, we demonstrate that the brightest early-type galaxies tend to have central light deficits, a trend which gradually transitions to central light excesses – also known as compact stellar nuclei – as we go to fainter galaxies. This effect is quantified, and can be used to determine what evolutionary factors are important as we move along the galaxy luminosity function. The number of stellar nuclei that we observe is, in fact, an unexpected result emerging from the ACSVCS/FCS. Being three times more common than previously thought, they are present in the vast majority of intermediate and low-luminosity galaxies. Conversely, it has been known for over a decade that there is likely a supermassive black hole weighing millions to billions of solar masses at the center of virtually every galaxy of sufficient size. These black holes are known to follow scaling relations with their host galaxies. Using the ACSVCS, along with new kinematical data from long-slit spectroscopy, we measure the dynamical masses of 83 galaxies, and show that supermassive black holes and nuclei appear to fall along the same scaling relation with host mass. Both represent approximately 0.2% of their host’s mass, implying an important link between the two types of central massive objects. Finally, we extract elliptical isophotes and fit parameterized models to the surface brightness profiles of new Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the ACSVCS galaxies, observed in infrared and ultraviolet bandpasses. Taken together, the two surveys represent an unprecedented collection of isophotal and structural parameters of early-type galaxies, and will allow us to learn a great deal about the stellar populations and formation histories of galaxy cores. / Graduate