Une des priorités scientifiques justifiant la construction de télescopes géants (classe 30-50m) est l'étude des premières générations de galaxies situées à de très grands décalages vers le rouge (1

L'Europe prépare actuellement le plus grand télescope du monde : l'European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). Prévu vers 2026, ce télescope géant permettra de répondre à des questions fondamentales de l'astrophysique contemporaine. L'imagerie d'objets astrophysiques depuis des télescopes au sol est cependant perturbée par l'atmosphère qui réduit la capacité des instruments au sol à distinguer les objets proches. L'Optique Adaptative (OA) permet de restaurer cette résolution angulaire en corrigeant en temps réel (via un miroir déformable) le front d'onde perturbé par l'atmosphère (mesuré par l'Analyseur de Surface d'Onde (ASO)). Jusqu'à récemment, la majorité des systèmes d'OA utilisaient des ASO Shack-Hartmann (SH). Des concepts concurrents basés sur le filtrage optique de Fourier (le senseur Pyramide ou l'analyseur Zernike) viennent cependant d'être mis en fonctionnement et leurs résultats semblent surpasser les performances du SH. En vue de leur potentielle utilisation sur les ELTs, cette thèse vise à consolider leur compréhension théorique ainsi qu'à optimiser ces ASO basés sur le filtrage de Fourier. Cette thèse développe un cadre mathématique qui décrit sous un unique formalisme ces ASO. Il permet de généraliser les designs préexistants -passant ainsi d'ASO uniques à des "classes d'ASO"- en transformant leurs grandeurs caractéristiques à l'origine fixées en degrés de liberté. Les classes Pyramide et Zernike sont donc explorées dans le but d'optimiser ces ASO au regard des attentes expérimentales. Des configurations inédites de la classe Pyramide -ASO que l'on appelle Pyramides aplaties- s'avèrent notamment prometteuses et font l'objet d'une étude plus poussée. / Europe is currently preparing the largest telescope of the world: the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). Planned by 2026, this huge telescope will allow to answer fundamental questions of contemporary astrophysics. However, images of astrophysical objects done by ground based telescopes suffer from the atmospheric turbulence which reduces the capacity of instruments to distinguish objects too close to each other. The Adaptive Optics (AO) allows to restore this loss of angular resolution by correcting (thanks to a deformable mirror) in real time the perturbed wave front (measured by the WaveFront Sensor (WFS)).Until very recently, the majority of AO systems had used the Shack-Hartmann (SH) WFS. New concepts based on Fourier filtering (the Pyramid or the Zernike WFSs) have however just been put in operation in several professional observatories and their results seem to outperform the SH. Since they would potentially be chosen for the AO systems of the future ELTs, this thesis aims to consolidate their theoretical understanding and to optimize these Fourier based WFSs.We firstly develop a mathematical framework which describes all these WFSs under an unique formalism. It allows to generalize the pre-existent designs -a WFS thus becomes a "WFS class"- by considering their optical parameters as flexible quantities. We then explored the two Pyramid and Zernike classes to identify the influence of class' parameters on performance criteria in order to optimize optical designs with regard to the instrumental requirements. New configurations of the Pyramid class -that we called Flattened pyramids- show promising behaviors and are studied in details.

All future Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) will be segmented. However, as their size grows, they become increasingly sensitive to external disturbances, such as gravity, wind and temperature gradients and to internal vibration sources. Maintaining their optical quality will rely more and more on active control means. This thesis studies active optics of segmented primary mirrors, which aims at stabilizing the shape and ensuring the continuity of the surface formed by the segments in the face of external disturbances. The modelling and the control strategy for active optics of segmented mirrors are examined. The model has a moderate size due to the separation of the quasi-static behavior of the mirror (primary response) from the dynamic response (secondary, or residual response). The control strategy considers explicitly the primary response of the telescope through a singular value controller. The control-structure interaction is addressed with the general robustness theory of multivariable feedback systems, where the secondary response is considered as uncertainty. Scaling laws allowing the extrapolation of the results obtained with existing 10m telescopes to future ELTs and even future larger telescopes are addressed and the most relevant parameters are highlighted. The study is illustrated with a set of examples of increasing sizes, up to 200 segments. This numerical study confirms that scaling laws, originally developed with simple analytical models, can be used in confidence in the preliminary design of large segmented telescopes.

We report photometric measurements of a sodium resonance guide star against the daylight sky when observed through a tuned magneto-optical filter (MOF). The MOF comprises a sodium vapor cell in a kilogauss-level magnetic field between crossed polarizers and has a very narrow transmission profile at the sodium D-2 resonance of approximately 0.008 nm. Our observations were made with the 1.5 m Kuiper telescope on Mt. Bigelow, AZ, which has a separately mounted guide star laser projecting a circularly polarized single-frequency beam of approximately 6.5 W at 589.16 nm. Both the beam projector and the 1.5 m telescope were pointed close to zenith; the baseline between them is approximately 5 m. Measurements of the guide star were made on the morning of 2016 March 24 using an imaging camera focused on the beacon and looking through the full aperture of the telescope. The guide star flux was estimated at 1.20x10(6) photon/m(2)/s while at approximately 45 minutes after sunrise, the sky background through the MOF was 1100 photon/m(2)/s/arcsec(2). We interpret our results in terms of thermal infrared observations with adaptive optics on the next generation of extremely large telescopes now being built.

The Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC) is a cost-effective upgrade path to the W.M. Keck observatory (WMKO) adaptive optics (AO) system, building on the lessons learned from first and second-generation extreme AO (ExA0) coronagraphs. KPIC will explore new scientific niches in exoplanet science, while maturing critical technologies and systems for future ground-based (TMT, FELT, GMT) and space-based planet imagers (HabEx, LUVOIR). The advent of fast low-noise IR cameras (IR-APD, MKIDS, electron injectors), the rapid maturing of efficient wavefront sensing (WFS) techniques (Pyramid, Zernike), small inner working angle (IWA) coronagraphs (e.g., vortex) and associated low-order wavefront sensors (LOWFS), as well as recent breakthroughs in high contrast high resolution spectroscopy, open new direct exoplanet exploration avenues that are complementary to planet imagers such as VLT-SPHERE and the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI). For instance, the search and detailed characterization of planetary systems on solar-system scales around late-type stars, mostly beyond SPHERE and GPI's reaches, can be initiated now at WMKO.

All future Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) will be segmented. However, as their size grows, they become increasingly sensitive to external disturbances, such as gravity, wind and temperature gradients and to internal vibration sources. Maintaining their optical quality will rely more and more on active control means. This thesis studies active optics of segmented primary mirrors, which aims at stabilizing the shape and ensuring the continuity of the surface formed by the segments in the face of external disturbances.<p><p>The modelling and the control strategy for active optics of segmented mirrors are examined. The model has a moderate size due to the separation of the quasi-static behavior of the mirror (primary response) from the dynamic response (secondary, or residual response). The control strategy considers explicitly the primary response of the telescope through a singular value controller. The control-structure interaction is addressed with the general robustness theory of multivariable feedback systems, where the secondary response is considered as uncertainty.<p><p>Scaling laws allowing the extrapolation of the results obtained with existing 10m telescopes to future ELTs and even future larger telescopes are addressed and the most relevant parameters are highlighted. The study is illustrated with a set of examples of increasing sizes, up to 200 segments. This numerical study confirms that scaling laws, originally developed with simple analytical models, can be used in confidence in the preliminary design of large segmented telescopes. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished