Sleep deprivation has been studied for over a century, providing knowledge about the benefits of sleep for many physiological, cognitive, and behavioural functions. However, there have only been anecdotal indications about what a tired or sleep-deprived person looks like, despite the fact that appearance influences not only how other people perceive a person but also how they evaluate them and behave towards them. How someone with sleep loss is perceived and evaluated by others is the focus of this thesis. Facial photographs of 48 participants were taken after normal sleep and after either one night of total sleep deprivation or two nights of partial sleep deprivation. The photographs were then evaluated in four different studies by a total of 288 raters recruited from universities and the general public in Stockholm, Sweden. The faces were rated on attractiveness, health, tiredness, sleepiness, sociability, trustworthiness, employability, and leadership ability. These factors were all adversely affected by sleep loss. Furthermore, looking tired was strongly related to being less attractive, looking less healthy and less trustworthy, and being perceived as a poorer employee and leader. One of the studies assessed facial features commonly associated with looking tired, showing that sleep deprivation results in eyes which appear more swollen and red, with dark circles and hanging eyelids, as well as paler skin with more fine lines and wrinkles. When sleep deprived, people were also perceived as more sad. In conclusion, the four studies show that sleep loss and a tired appearance affect how one is perceived by other people. These perceptions may lead to negative evaluations in interpersonal situations, both personal and professional. This thesis thus demonstrates social benefits of prioritizing sleep, adding to the physiological, cognitive, and behavioural research on sleep loss. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

The main focus of this investigation was to examine the automaticity of facial expression recognition through valence judgments in a modified photo-word Stroop paradigm. Positive and negative words were superimposed across male and female faces expressing positive (happy) and negative (angry, sad) emotions. Subjects categorized the valence of each stimulus. Gender biases in judgments of expressions (better recognition for male angry and female sad expressions) and the valence hypothesis of hemispheric advantages for emotions (left hemisphere: positive; right hemisphere: negative) were also examined. Four major findings emerged. First, the valence of expressions was processed automatically (robust interference effects). Second, male faces interfered with processing the valence of words. Third, no posers' gender biases were indicated. Finally, the emotionality of facial expressions and words was processed similarly by both hemispheres.

Facial appearance has a strong effect on leadership selection. Ratings of perceived leadership ability from facial images have a pronounced influence on leadership selection in politics, from low-level municipal elections to the federal elections of the most powerful countries in the world. Furthermore, ratings of leadership ability from facial images of business leaders correlate with leadership performance as measured by profits earned. Two elements of facial appearance that have reliable effects of perceived leadership ability are perceived dominance and attractiveness. These cues have been predictive of leadership choices, both experimentally and in the real-world. Chapters 1 and 2 review research on face components that affect perceived dominance and attractiveness. Chapter 3 discusses how perceived dominance and attractiveness influence perception of leadership ability. Two characteristics that affect both perceived dominance and attractiveness are height and weight. Chapters 4-9 present empirical studies on two recently-discovered facial parameters: perceived height (how tall someone appears from their face) and facial adiposity (a reliable proxy of body mass index that influences perceived weight). Chapters 4 and 5 demonstrate that these facial parameters alter facial attractiveness. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 examine how perceived height and facial adiposity influence perceived leadership ability. Chapter 9 examines how perceived height alters leadership perception in war and peace contexts. Chapter 10 summarises the empirical research reported in the thesis and draws conclusions from the findings. Chapter 10 also lists proposals for future research that could further enhance our knowledge of how facial cues to perceived body size influence democratic leadership selection.

The cross-race identification effect is a phenomenon anecdotally experienced by many people in viewing, perceiving, and recalling human faces when the perceiver and target individual are not of the same race. In popular vernacular, the idea that ‘they all look alike’ when referring to people from other racial groups has been studied extensively with results providing evidence that “people of other races appear more similar to each other than people of [ones] own race” (Maclin & Malpass, 2001, p. 99). While the cross-race identification effect (or the greater ability to accurately recall same-race than other-race faces and the poorer ability to correctly recall other-race compared to same-race faces) has been found across all racial groups with Whites or Caucasians exhibiting the strongest effect, scholars continue to be challenged with understanding what factors contribute to the effect. An aspect of the cross-race effect that has received minimal attention is the notion of race as a construct in and of itself. Utilization of White racial identity (Helms, 1990) as a psychological variable in social science research is posited to provide a more precise evaluation of White individuals’ social attitudes with respect to race and racial group membership, as compared to the racial socio-demographic categories commonly used in research studies. Based on this contention, the current study sought to empirically explore whether White perceiver’s racial identity status attitudes were associated with Black (or other-race) facial recognition. The sample included 269 White adults from across the U.S. Through an online survey platform, participants viewed a series of White and Black facial images. After completing an intermediary task, they were shown the old in addition to new White and Black facial images and were asked to determine which faces they had and had not seen before in the study. Respondents also completed the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (Helms & Carter, 1990) and a demographic questionnaire. Results indicated that the cross-race identification effect was present in the current study, with White participants demonstrating greater overall accuracy, fewer inaccurate identifications, and a more cautious decision strategy (that generally leads for fewer false identifications) when responding to White (same-race) faces as compared to Black faces. Additionally, Black (cross-racial) facial recognition was significantly related to White racial identity with participants who endorsed an absence of racist views and internal conflict in reaction to race-salient information displaying high rates of correct Black identifications. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.

O sinal de entrada na retina é decomposto em termos de frequência espacial (FE), variações periódicas de luminância ao longo do espaço. Existe vasta literatura sobre o processamento de FE no córtex visual primário. No entanto, não se sabe ao certo como esta informação sensorial básica é processada e integrada numa visão de alto nível. Esta tese aborda este tema ao investigar lateralidade cerebral, tempo de processamento e contexto cognitivo em três diferentes seções com objetivos específicos. Estas seções investigaram comportamentalmente visão de alto nível tendo a face humana como estímulo, dado sua relevância biológica e social. Na primeira seção (Theoretical Review), uma revisão apresenta estudos clínicos e neuropsicológicos que mostram áreas cerebrais envolvidas na percepção de faces e como os hemisférios esquerdo e direito realizam um processamento holístico e analítico baseado em informações de FEs. A especialização hemisférica de FE no reconhecimento de faces é então revisada e discutida. Concluiu-se que assimetrias sensoriais podem ser a base para assimetrias cognitivas de alta ordem. Ademais, foi destacado a influência do tempo de processamento. Na segunda seção (Study 1), foi investigado por método psicofísico a lateralidade de baixas e altas FEs no reconhecimento de faces em diferentes tempos de exposição. Faces com filtragem de FE foram apresentadas em campo visual dividido em alta e baixa restrição temporal em duas tarefas: reconhecimento facial (Experimento 1) e reconhecimento do sexo facial (Experimento 2). No Experimento 1, informações faciais de baixas e altas FEs foram mais eficientemente processadas no hemisfério direito e esquerdo, respectivamente, sem efeito do tempo de exposição das faces. Os resultados do Experimento 2 mostraram uma assimetria do hemisfério direito para baixas FEs em baixa restrição temporal. Conclui-se que o processamento de altas e baixas FEs é lateralizado nos hemisférios cerebrais no reconhecimento de faces. No entanto, a contribuição de altas e baixas FEs é dependente da tarefa e do tempo de exposição. Na terceira seção (Study 2) foi investigado qual estratégia temporal, coarse-to-fine (de baixas para altas FEs) ou fine-to-coarse, cada hemisfério cerebral utiliza para integrar informação de FE de faces humanas numa tarefa de categorização facial homem-mulher. Sequências dinâmicas breves coarse-to-fine e fine-to-coarse de faces foram apresentadas no campo visual esquerdo, direito e central. Os resultados do tempo de resposta e do score de eficiência invertida mostraram uma prevalência geral de um processamento coarse-to-fine, independente do campo visual de apresentação. Ainda, os dados da taxa de erro ressaltam o processamento coarse-to-fine realizado pelo hemisfério direito. No geral, esta tese fornece insights sobre assimetria cerebral funcional, integração de alto nível e curso temporal do processamento de FEs, principalmente para aqueles interessados na percepção de faces. Também foi mostrado que operações lateralizadas, tarefa-dependente e coarse-to-fine podem coexistir e interagir no cérebro para processar informação de FE. / Retinal input is decomposed in terms of spatial frequency (SF), i.e., periodic variations of luminance through space. There is extensive literature on the processing of SF in the primary visual cortex. However, it is still unclear how SF information is processed and integrated in high-level vision. This thesis addressed this issue in terms of laterality effects, processing time-course, and the cognitive context in three different sections with specific purposes. These sections behaviorally tackle high-level vision using human faces as stimuli due to their biological and social relevance. In the first section (Theoretical Review) a literature review presented clinical and neurophysiological studies that show brain areas that are involved in face perception and how the right and left hemispheres perform holistic and analytic processing, depending on SF information. The SF hemispheric specialization in face recognition is then reviewed and discussed. Our conclusion is that functional sensorial asymmetries may be the basis for high-level cognitive asymmetries. In addition, we highlighted the role of the processing time. In the second section (Study 1), we psychophysically investigated laterality of low and high SF in face recognition at different exposure times. The SF filtered faces were presented in a divided visual field at high and low temporal constraint in two tasks: face recognition (Experiment 1) and face gender recognition (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, low and high SF facial information were more efficiently processed in the right and in the left hemisphere, respectively, with no effect of exposure time. In Experiment 2, results showed a right hemisphere asymmetry for low SF faces at low temporal constraint. We concluded that the processing of low and high SF is lateralized in the brain hemispheres for face recognition. However, low and high SF contribution is dependent on the task and the exposure time. In the third section (Study 2), we aimed to investigate which temporal strategy, i.e., coarse-to-fine (from low to high SF) or fine-to-course, each brain hemisphere performs to integrate SF information of human faces in a male-female categorization task. Coarse-to-fine and fine-to-course brief dynamic sequences of faces were presented in the left, right and central visual field. Results of the correct response time and the inverse efficiency score showed an overall advantage of coarse-to-fine processing, irrespective of the visual field of presentation. Data of the error rate also highlights the role of the right hemisphere in the coarse-to-fine processing. All in all, this thesis provided some insights on functional brain asymmetry, high-level integration, and processing time-course of SF information, mainly for those interested in face perception. It was also shown that lateralized, diagnostic-oriented, and coarse-to-fine operations may coexist and interact in the human brain to process SF information.

Attention might be advantageously located to attractive faces. To clarify such an advantage in attentional process, the present study investigated the effects of facial attractiveness on two attentional processes, i.e., attention capture and attention adhesion. Attention adhesion refers to the difficulty to switch attention away, whereas attention capture refers to the process of initial orienting of attention. Both top-down (driven by participants’ task knowledge) and bottom-up (driven by the properties inherent in the stimuli) attention capture effects were considered. Given the evolutionary implications of facial attractiveness, I also examined the influence of priming the fundamental needs, i.e., self-protection and mating goals, on the facial attractiveness effect. To address these issues, five experiments were conducted by using visual search and modified cue paradigms. / In Experiments 1a-1c, participants were required to search for the attractive face among a set of unattractive faces, and to search for the unattractive face among a set of attractive faces. In Experiment 1b, before performing the visual search task, participants were primed by watching/seeing scary and romantic movies/pictures to activate their self-protection and mating goals, respectively. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to search for the face among the distractors of neutral or threatening animal pictures and other non-face pictures, whereas in Experiment 3, participants were asked to search for the neutral or threatening animal among the distractors of face and non-face pictures. In Experiments 4 and 5, the modified cue paradigms were used. Participants’ task was to indicate the location of a target dot after two cues were simultaneously presented at the left and right sides of the screen. Faces and non-face pictures were used as the cues. In Experiment 5, participants were required to not only respond to the target dot location but also remember the face-cue when a face was presented as one of the two cues. In Experiments 2-5, the threatening animals, as opposed to the neutral animals, were expected to prime participants with the self-protection goal. The effect of facial attractiveness on top-down attention capture was examined in Experiments 1, 2 and 5, whereas its effect on bottom-up attention capture was tested in Experiments 3 and 4. The effect of facial attractiveness on attention adhesion was assessed in Experiments 1, 3, 4 and 5. / Overall results showed that attention could be captured by the attractive face in a top-down manner when both attractive and unattractive faces were simultaneously presented (Experiment 1), but not in a bottom-up manner (Experiments 3 or 4) or when participants searched for the face among the non-face objects (Experiment 2). After attention was allocated to a face, facial attractiveness can further increase attention adhesion (Experiment 5). There was no significant modulation of the priming of self-protection or mating goals on the effect of facial attractiveness. The findings suggested that attention was not automatically drawn to attractive face. This process needs to be accompanied with fast intentional disengagement of attention from unattractive faces. / 本研究主要探討面孔吸引力對注意捕獲（attention capture）和注意粘附（attention adhesion）的影響。注意捕獲是指人們的注意被某個目標所吸引；注意粘附是指注意難以從所注意的目標上轉移開去。注意捕獲有兩種過程：自上而下和自下而上。自上而下的注意捕獲指與任務相關的知識所引導的注意捕獲；自下而上的注意捕獲則是指刺激的特徵所引導的注意捕獲。本研究對注意粘附和兩種注意捕獲都進行了討論。除此之外，由於吸引力的進化意義，本研究還探討了進化基本需求（自我保護和擇偶）對以上注意過程的影響。 / 實驗一、二、三採用視覺搜索範式。在實驗一中，參與者被要求在低吸引力/高吸引力的面孔背景中搜索高吸引力/低吸引力的面孔。在實驗一（b）中，在視覺搜索任務之前，參與者被要求觀看恐懼/浪漫的視頻和圖片以激活自我保護和擇偶的動機。在實驗二中，參與者被要求在其他非面孔的圖片背景中搜索面孔，而在實驗三中，參與者被要求搜索動物，面孔和其他非面孔圖片作為干擾項出現。實驗四、五採用改良線索範式。被試的任務是對在同時呈現的左右兩線索圖片後出現的目標點做反應。線索為面孔和非面孔圖片。在實驗五中，被試被額外要求記住面孔線索。在實驗二、三、四、五中，危險動物圖片被用來激活被試的自我保護動機。實驗一、二、五測量了面孔吸引力對自上而下的注意捕獲的影響；實驗三、四測量了面孔吸引力對自下而上的注意捕獲的影響；同時，在實驗一、三、四、五中，也可以分析面孔吸引力對注意粘附的影響。 / 實驗結果顯示，當高低吸引力的面孔同時呈現時，面孔吸引力能引發自上而下的注意捕獲（實驗一）；但不能引發自下而上的注意捕獲（實驗三、四），而且當參與者在非面孔圖片中搜索面孔時，面孔吸引力也不能引發自上而下的注意捕獲（實驗二、五）。同時，面孔吸引力也會引發注意粘附（實驗一）。但是，本研究沒有發現進化基本需求對這些注意機制的影響。研究結果說明，高吸引力的面孔捕獲人們的注意需要伴隨著有意地將注意從低吸引力的面孔上快速轉離。 / Pu, Xiaoping. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-94). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 01, November, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

从面孔表情中感知情绪受到情绪背景的调节。用来指代各种情绪状态的情绪词汇或许是一类情绪知觉的背景。本研究采用改进后的启动范式系统探索了情绪词汇的情景效应的自动化程度和时间进程。实验1 发现情绪词汇和情绪面孔之间的情绪一致性可以调节实验参与者性别判断任务的成绩。实验2 和实验3 采用任务指导语操纵了对于情绪词汇的加工 水平。情绪词汇的情景效应仅在实验参与者主动记忆情绪词汇时被发现（实验2），而在实验参与者仅仅记忆词汇颜色时没有被发现（实验3）。采用更为简单的朝向判断任务，实验4 发现该情景效应仅仅表现在高兴面孔中。该情景效应同样受到情绪词汇加工水平的调节。对于高兴面孔的的情景效应仅仅在实验参与者主动记忆情绪词汇的条件下被发现（实验5 和实验7）。在实验参与者记忆词汇颜色时未被发现（实验6 和实验8）。实验9 采用脑电方法探索了面孔性别判断任务中情绪词汇的情景效应的时间进程。相比一致条件，N170的平均波幅在不一致条件下有更高的波幅。总之，（1）情绪词汇和情绪面孔的整合受到面孔加工任务和情绪词汇加工水平的调节；（2）情绪词汇和情绪面孔的整合或许发生在面孔加工的知觉阶段。 / Emotion perception offacial expressions is modulated by affective contexts. Emotion words, that are used to refer to discrete emotion categories, might also serve as a kind of context of emotion perception. The current study systematically explored the degree of automaticity and time course of context effect of emotion words with a modified priming paradigm. Experiment 1 demonstrated that emotion congruency between emotion words and emotional faces could modulate participants' task performance on gender judgment task, which did not require an explicit emotion judgment. In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3, the processing level of emotion words was manipulated by task instruction on emotion words. The context effect of emotion words was only found when participants deliberately memorized an emotion word (Experiment 2). This effect disappeared when participants memorized the color of emotion word (Experiment 3). With a more simple orientation judgment task, Experiment 4 demonstrated a congruency effect for appy faces only. Processing level of emotion words also modulated this effect. Reliable congruency effect for happy faces was only found when word identities were explicitly processed (Experiment 5 and 7) but not in a superficial word color task (Experiment 6 and 8). Experiment 9 explored the time course of context effect of emotion words on face gender judgment with EEG recording. The mean amplitude of N170 was enhanced in incongruent condition compared with congruent condition. In summary, (1) the integration of emotion words and emotional faces was modulated by task demands on faces and processing level of emotion words; (2) the integration of emotion words and emotional faces might happen at the perceptual stage of face processing. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Yang, Lizhuang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-116). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / Chapter ABSTRACT IN CHINESE --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi / CHAPTER / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Emotional Face Processing --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- General Models of Face Processing --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Emotion Perception of Facial Expressions --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Emotional Faces in Contexts --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Time Course of Context Effect --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Automaticity of Context Effect --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Emotion Words as Context --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Emotion Words --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Emotion Words and Emotion Perception --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Current Study --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Aim and Motivation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- General Methodology --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Overview of Experiments --- p.15 / Chapter 2. --- THE EFFECT OF EMOTION WORDS ON GENDER JUDGMENT --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- Experiment 1 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Method --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Results --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Discussion --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- Experiment 2 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Method --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Results --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- Experiment 3 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Method --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Results --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Discussion --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- General Discussion --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Summary of Main Findings --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Perceptual Locus of Context Effect --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Task Demand on Context --- p.39 / Chapter 3. --- THE EFFECT OF EMOTION WORDS ON ORIENTATION JUDGEMENT --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- Experiment 4 --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Method --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Results --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Discussion --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- ExperimentS --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Method --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Results --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experiment 6 --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Method --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Results --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Discussion --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4 --- Experiment 7 --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Method --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Discussion --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5 --- Experiment 8 --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Method --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Results --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Discussion --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6 --- General Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Results Summary --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Context Effect and Task Demand on Face --- p.73 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Context Effect and Task Demand on Context --- p.76 / Chapter 4. --- CONTEXT EFFECT OF EMOTION WORDS: AN ERP STUDy --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experiment 9 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Method --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Results --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3 --- General Discussion --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Results Summary --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The Locus of Context Effect of Emotion Words --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Influence of Language on Perception --- p.87 / Chapter 5. --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview of Results --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Modified Priming Paradigm --- p.92 / Chapter 5.3 --- Automaticity of Context Effect of Emotion Words --- p.94 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Locus of Context Effect of Emotion WordsError! Bookmark not defined. / Chapter 5.5 --- Limitations and Future Directions --- p.96 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.100 / APPENDIX / Chapter A. --- Face Stimuli Source --- p.101 / Chapter B. --- Emotion Categorization of Faces --- p.102 / Chapter C. --- Happy Face Advantage in Orientation Experiment --- p.l03 / Chapter D. --- Summary of Measures of Pl and N170 in Face Task --- p.106 / BIBLIOGRAPHy --- p.108

Perceptions of intelligence are strongly related to attractiveness and have a significant impact on first impressions. The introductory chapters (1 - 3) provide an overview of the literature on attractiveness, halo effects, and intelligence, while the experimental chapters (4 - 6) explore perceptions of cues to intelligence beyond attractiveness, individual differences in the susceptibility to the halo, and the accuracy of perceptions of competence. Chapter 4 investigated the malleable facial cues of eyelid-openness and mouth curvature and their influence on perceived intelligence. Attractiveness partially mediated intelligence impression, but effects of eyelid-openness and subtle smiling enhanced intelligence ratings independent of attractiveness. These effects were observed and replicated in between individual (cross-sectional) studies of natural images of adult faces, child faces, through digital manipulation of individual cues in the same faces, and in a within individual sleep-restricted sample. Chapter 5 investigated the relationship between perceived intelligence and attractiveness by exploring whether a raters' own intelligence may be related to a stronger endorsement of the perceived intelligence-attractiveness halo. The correlation between ratings of the perceived intelligence and attractiveness was found to be stronger for participants who scored higher on an intelligence test than participants with lower intelligence test scores. Chapter 6 investigated the limiting effects of attractiveness on perceptions of competence. When statistically controlling for the attractiveness halo, academic performance could be predicted from judgments of conscientiousness but not from ratings of intelligence. Thus this thesis demonstrates that malleable facial cues can influence perceptions of intelligence independent of attractiveness, identifies an individual difference that influences endorsement of the intelligence-attractiveness halo, and shows the limiting effects of the attractiveness halo on potentially accurate perceptions of academic performance. Collectively these findings provide evidence of the powerful influence of attractiveness on perceptions of intelligence; such work is necessary if we are to mitigate such bias.

Jang Kim-fung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-124). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Introduction about Face Processing Framework --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Basic architecture --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Face detection --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Face tracking --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Face recognition --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- The scope and contributions of the thesis --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- The outline of the thesis --- p.8 / Chapter 2 --- Facial Feature Representation --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- Facial feature analysis --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Pixel information --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Geometry information --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Extracting and coding of facial feature --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Face recognition --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Facial expression classification --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Other related work --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3 --- Discussion about facial feature --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Performance evaluation for face recognition --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Evolution of the face recognition --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Evaluation of two state-of-the-art face recog- nition methods --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4 --- Problem for current situation --- p.58 / Chapter 3 --- Face Detection Algorithms and Committee Ma- chine --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction about face detection --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2 --- Face Detection Committee Machine --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Review of three approaches for committee machine --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The approach of FDCM --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3 --- Evaluation --- p.70 / Chapter 4 --- Facial Feature Localization --- p.73 / Chapter 4.1 --- Algorithm for gray-scale image: template match- ing and separability filter --- p.73 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Position of face and eye region --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Position of irises --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Position of lip --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2 --- Algorithm for color image: eyemap and separa- bility filter --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Position of eye candidates --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Position of mouth candidates --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Selection of face candidates by cost function --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3 --- Evaluation --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Algorithm for gray-scale image --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Algorithm for color image --- p.88 / Chapter 5 --- Face Processing System --- p.92 / Chapter 5.1 --- System architecture and limitations --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2 --- Pre-processing module --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Ellipse color model --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3 --- Face detection module --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Choosing the classifier --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Verifying the candidate region --- p.97 / Chapter 5.4 --- Face tracking module --- p.99 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Condensation algorithm --- p.99 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Tracking the region using Hue color model --- p.101 / Chapter 5.5 --- Face recognition module --- p.102 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Normalization --- p.102 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Recognition --- p.103 / Chapter 5.6 --- Applications --- p.104 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.106 / Bibliography --- p.107

Cheung, Kin Wang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-82). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Introduction to Biometrics --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Face Recognition in General --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3. --- A Typical Face Recognition System Architecture --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4. --- Face Recognition in Surveillance Cameras --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.5. --- Face recognition under Pose Variation --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2. --- Motivation and Objectives --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3. --- Related Works --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Overview of Pose-invariant Face Recognition --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Standard Face Recognition Setting --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Multi-Probe Setting --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4. --- Multi-Gallery Setting --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.5. --- Non-frontal Face Databases --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.6. --- Evaluation Metrics --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3.7. --- Summary of Non-frontal Face Recognition Settings --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4. --- Proposed Methods for Non-frontal Face Recognition --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5. --- Thesis Organization --- p.30 / Chapter 2. --- PARTIAL ELASTIC BUNCH GRAPH MATCHING --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2. --- EBGM for Non-frontal Face Recognition --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Overview of Baseline EBGM Algorithm --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Modified EBGM for Non-frontal Face Matching --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3. --- Experiments --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Experimental Setup --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Experimental Results --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4. --- Discussions --- p.40 / Chapter 3. --- FACE RECOGNITION BY FRONTAL VIEW SYNTHESIS WITH CALIBRATED STEREO CAMERAS --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2. --- Proposed Method --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Image Rectification --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Face Detection --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Head Pose Estimation --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.4. --- Virtual View Generation --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.5. --- Feature Localization --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.6. --- Face Morphing --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3. --- Experiments --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Data Collection --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Synthesized Results --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Experiment Setup --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.4. --- Experiment Results on FERET database --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5. --- Experiment Results on CAS-PEAL-R1 database --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4. --- Discussions --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5. --- Summary --- p.66 / Chapter 4. --- "EXPERIMENTS, RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS" --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1. --- Experiment Setup --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2. --- Experiment Results --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3. --- Discussions --- p.70 / Chapter 5. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.74 / Chapter 6. --- BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.76