This thesis presents the synthesis methods and the characterizations of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, silica spheres with Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded, and three dimensional magnetic photonic crystals (MPCs) prepared from the spheres. The structure, material composition, magnetic and optical properties, photonic band gaps (PBGs), as well as how these properties depend on the concentration of the magnetic nanoparticles, are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), Faraday rotation (FR) and optical spectrophotometers. Well-organized, face center cubic (fcc)-structured, super-paramagnetic 3D MPCs have been obtained and their PBGs are investigated through optical spectra. Fe3O4 nanoparticles are synthesized by standard co-precipitation method and a rapid mixing co-precipitation method with particle size varied from 6.6 nm to 15.0 nm at different synthesis temperature (0°C ~ 100°C). The obtained Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which show crystalline structure with superparamagnetic property, are embedded into silica spheres prepared at room temperature through a sol-gel method using the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in a base solution with different concentrations. By controlling the synthesis conditions (e.g., chemicals, the ratio of chemicals and stirring time), different size of MPC spheres in range of 75 nm to 680 nm has been obtained in a narrow distribution. The sphere suspensions in ethanol are dropped on glass substrate in the permanent magnetic field to achieve well organized 3D MPCs with (111) triangular close packed crystal plane of fcc structure parallel to the surface of substrate. From the transmission & forward scattering spectra (TF), five PBGs have been distinguished for these MPCs and they are defined as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th PBGs according to the order of peaks that appear in mathematic fitting analysis. The positions (peak wavelengths) of PBGs show sphere size dependence: with the increase of the sphere size, they increase linearly. Comparing with pure SiO2 PCs at certain sphere size, the positions of PBGs for MPCs containing moderate Fe3O4 conc. (4.3 wt. %) are at longer wavelengths. On increasing the Fe3O4 conc., however, the PBGs shift back to shorter wavelength. The PBGs shift to longer or shorter wavelength is due to the combined effect of refractive index n increasing, as well as the increase of refractive index difference Δn, which are caused by the embedded Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The transmission spectra (T) with varied incidence angle of p- and s- polarized light are studied, obtaining angular dependent and polarization sensitive PBGs. It is found that with the increase of the incidence angle, the 1st PBGs shift to shorter wavelength while the 3rd ones shift to longer wavelength. High Fe3O4 conc. MPCs (6.4 wt. %) show enhancement of this angular dependence. It is also found that the PBGs show dependence on the polarize direction of incident light. Normally, at a certain incidence angle the PBGs sift more for p- polarized incident light than for s-polarized light with respect to normal incidence. This polarized dependence can also be enhanced for high Fe3O4 conc. MPCs. With a high concentration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the polarization sensitivity of p- and s- increased. These PBG properties indicate applications of 3D MPCs as functional optical materials, coatings, wavelength and polarization fibers for fiber optical communications devices and dielectric sensors of magnetic field, etc.. / QC 20110224

El Proceso Analítico Total (Total Analytical Process, TAP) es la metodología general utilizada en todos los laboratorios analíticos para la determinación de compuestos químicos y bioquímicos y está formado, además de otras, por dos etapas fundamentales: (i) la preparación de la muestra, y (ii) la separación/detección. Cuando se ha de seleccionar un método para la realización de un determinado análisis se ha de considerar, entre otros, la matriz de la muestra, así como el nivel de concentración de los analitos. Con el objetivo de solucionar problemas analíticos encontrados en las metodologías actuales y/o determinar concentraciones cada vez más bajas de los analitos de interés en matrices cada vez más complejas, resulta de gran importancia el desarrollo de nuevas metodologías analíticas capaces de conseguir resultados satisfactorios. La etapa de extracción y concentración de los analitos de interés en una muestra, también conocida como preparación de la muestra, ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios, en muchos casos, con tendencia a disminuir el tiempo empleado, así como el consumo de disolventes y aumentar la automatización del proceso. Para la elección de la técnica de extracción necesaria en una metodología analítica hay que tener en cuenta las características físicas de la muestra, y las características químicas de los analitos que se pretenden separar y de la matriz en la que se encuentran. Por otro lado, se deben considerar los parámetros de calidad del análisis (e.g., sensibilidad, resolución, tiempo de análisis, necesidad de una detección específica, etc…). Actualmente, la contaminación del medioambiente es una de las principales preocupaciones globales y por eso la identificación y cuantificación de (micro)contaminantes (i.e., compuestos tóxicos a concentraciones del orden de µg L-1 o ng L-1) es uno de los problemas analíticos que más incentiva el desarrollo de nuevas metodologías analíticas. Concretamente, para el análisis de microcontaminantes orgánicos es necesario, además de una etapa de extracción, una etapa de separación/detección que, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, es la cromatografía de líquidos o gases acoplada a un sistema de detección (i.e., sistema de identificación y cuantificación del analito de interés). Un importante avance en la química analítica actual ha sido la miniaturización de las técnicas de extracción utilizadas para la preparación de la muestra, aportando una mayor rapidez en los análisis, sencillez, un menor coste y una disminución de los daños ambientales. Tales mejoras aportan a las técnicas de extracción miniaturizadas características que se ajustan a los requisitos de la química analítica verde, además de resolver una serie de deficiencias presentadas por las técnicas de extracción clásicas. De esta forma, en esta memoria se presentan tres nuevas metodologías analíticas en las cuales la preparación de la muestra ha sido miniaturizada, en mayor o menor grado, para la determinación de microcontaminantes orgánicos en aguas. En primer lugar, se presentan en cuatro capítulos (4, 5, 6 y 7), una visión amplia pero suficientemente profunda de las técnicas de extracción, las herramientas quimiométricas y los analitos modelo estudiados. A continuación, se presenta un capítulo que incluye tres secciones, una para cada metodología analítica desarrollada, con sus respectivos resultados y discusiones; y otro capítulo en el que se discuten los resultados obtenidos en las tres metodologías mostrando los aspectos comunes y no comunes de las mismas como una visión crítica de los resultados. Finalmente, se resumen, en los capítulos de conclusiones generales y perspectivas futuras, las ventajas observadas en las metodologías desarrolladas frente a las metodologías existentes, prestando una especial atención a los avances que pueden ser aportados al desarrollo futuro de metodologías novedosas y ecológicas para determinación de microcontaminates orgánicos en aguas. En las metodologías propuestas se incluyen técnicas de extracción miniaturizadas para la determinación en aguas de algunos de los microcontaminantes orgánicos de interés actual: siloxanos lineales y cíclicos, y el explosivo 2,4,6-trinitrotolueno (TNT). Sección 9.1: en esta sección se presenta una metodología de análisis de ocho siloxanos en muestras de aguas residuales que incluye una técnica de microextracción líquido-líquido dispersiva asistida por ultrasonidos (USA-DLLME) rápida, simple y ecológica, como etapa de pretratamiento previa a la técnica de separación/detección como la cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Sección 9.2: se propone una segunda metodología rápida, simple, económica y respetuosa con el medio ambiente basada en la extracción en fase sólida magnética (MSPE). Para tal fin se utiliza el adsorbente óxido de grafeno/óxido de hierro (GO/Fe3O4) para la preconcentración del explosivo 2,4,6-trinitrotolueno (TNT) en muestras de agua antes de su determinación por cromatografía líquida-ultravioleta visible (LC-UV-Vis). Este trabajo fue precedido por un estudio sobre la optimización de la síntesis del nanocomposite magnético GO/Fe3O4 a fin de obtener un material adsorbente con excelente capacidad de adsorción/desorción. Sección 9.3: en la tercera sección se muestra una metodología analítica empleando la misma técnica de extracción que la utilizada en la sección 9.2, MSPE con GO/Fe3O4 como adsorbente. Sin embargo, esta metodología también puede ser considerada novedosa por los avances y soluciones aportados para solventar los problemas analíticos encontrados en metodologías desarrolladas anteriormente para la determinación de siloxanos lineales y cíclicos en muestras de agua. El sistema de separación/detección utilizado fue la cromatografía de gases acoplada a la espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). La MSPE/GC-MS propuesta para el análisis de siloxanos en aguas es rápida, sencilla y respetuosa con el medio ambiente.

In recent years, nanostructured materials incorporated with inorganic particles and polymers have attracted attention for simultaneous multifunctional biomedical applications. This thesis summarized three works, which are preparation of mesoporous silica coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4@mSiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) as magnetic resonance imaging T2 contrast agents, polymer grafted Fe3O4@mSiO2 NPs response to temperature change, synthesis and biocompatibility evaluation of high aspect ratio (AR) gold nanorods. Monodisperse Fe3O4@mSiO2 NPs have been prepared through a sol-gel process. The coating thickness and particle sizes can be precisely controlled by varying the synthesis parameters. Impact of surface coatings on magnetometric and relaxometric properties of Fe3O4 NPs is studied. The efficiency of these contrast agents, evaluated by MR relaxivities ratio (r2/r1), is much higher than that of the commercial ones. This coating-thickness dependent relaxation behavior is explained due to the effects of mSiO2 coatings on water exclusion. Multifunctional core-shell composite NPs have been developed by growing thermo-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) (P(NIPAAm-co-AAm)) on Fe3O4@mSiO2 NPs through free radical polymerization. Their phase transition behavior is studied, and their lower critical solution temperature (LCST) can be subtly tuned from ca. 34 to ca. 42 °C, suitable for further in vivo applications. A seedless surfactant-mediated protocol has been applied for synthesis of high AR gold nanorods with the additive of HNO3. A growth mechanism based on the effect of nitrate ions on surfactant micelle elongation and Ostwald ripening process is proposed. The biocompatibility of high AR nanorods was evaluated on primary human monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). Their minor effects on viability and immune regulatory markers support further development for medical applications. / QC 20110701

Recent research demonstrated that polymer based nanocomposites (PNCs) have been engineered in order to improve the arc interruption capability of the circuit breakers. PNCs are the combination of nano-sized inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) and polymers, opened up new developments in materials science and engineering applications. Inorganic NPs are selected based on their physical and chemical properties which could make multifunctional PNCs in order to interrupt the electrical arcs effectively. In particular, we presented the PNCs fabricated by using CuO, Fe3O4, ZnO and Au NPs in a poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix via in-situ polymerization method, recently developed method to avoid NPs agglomeration, leading to good spatial distribution in the polymer matrix. Thus, several samples with various wt% of NPs in PMMA matrix have been fabricated. These PNCs have been characterized in detail for the morphology of NPs, interaction between NPs and polymer matrix, and radiative/thermal energy absorption properties. In the next stage, PNCs are tested to determine their arc interruption performance and impact on the electrical arcs of current 1.6 kA generated using a specially designed test set-up. When PNCs interact with the electrical arcs, they generate ablation of chemical species towards core of the electrical arc, resulting in cooling-down the arc due to strong temperature and pressure gradient in the arc quenching domain. This thesis demonstrates for the first time that these engineered PNCs are easily processed, reproducible, and can be used to improve the arc interruption process in electrical switching applications. / Ny forskning har visat att polymerbaserade nanokompositer (PNCs) har utformats för att förbättra strömbrytares förmåga att undvika ljusbågar vid överslag. PNCs är en kombination av nanostora oorganiska nanopartiklar (NP) och polymerer, som har öppnat upp för ny utveckling inom materialvetenskap och tekniska tillämpningar. Oorganiska NP väljs baserat på deras fysikaliska och kemiska egenskaper som kan hjälpa PNCs att motverka elektriska ljusbågar effektivt. I synnerhet, presenterade vi PNCs tillverkade genom användning av CuO, Fe3O4, ZnO och Au NP i en poly (metylmetakrylat) (PMMA)-matris via in situ-polymerisationsmetod, nyligen utvecklad för att undvika NP-agglomerering, vilket leder till god rumslig fördelning i polymermatrisen. Därför har flera prover med olika vikt% av NP i PMMA-matris tillverkats. Dessa PNCs har utvärderats i detalj för NP-morfologi, interaktion mellan NP och polymermatris, och strålnings- och värmeenergiabsorption. I nästa skede testas PNCs för att bestämma deras förmåga att undvika ljusbågar och påverkan på de elektriska ljusbågarna av 1,6 kA strömstyrka, genererade med hjälp av en specialdesignad test-set-up. När PNCs interagerar med de elektriska ljusbågarna, genererar de ablation av kemiska ämnen mot kärnan i den elektriska ljusbågen, vilket resulterar i nedkylning av ljusbågen på grund av starka temperatur- och tryckgradienter i området. Denna avhandling visar för första gången att dessa konstruerade PNCs är lätta att framställa, reproducerbara, och kan användas för att förbättra avbrottsprocessen för ljusbågen i elektriska kopplingstillämpningar. / <p>QC 20170303</p>

La magnétite Fe3O4 est un matériau prometteur pour l'électronique de spin, puisque des calculs de structure de bande la prédisent demi-métallique, ce qui laisse supposer des effets de magnétorésistance importants pour des jonctions tunnel magnétiques utilisant Fe3O4 comme électrode. Nous avons fait croître des films minces de Fe3O4 de 3 à 50 nm d'épaisseur sur α-Al2O3 par épitaxie par jets moléculaires. Les films sont monocristallins mais contiennent des parois d'antiphase. Celles-ci sont responsables des anomalies magnétiques observées sur les films, que nous avons pu reproduire à l'aide d'un modèle unidimensionnel, les résultats ayant étés confrontés avec la taille caractéristique des parois mesurée par une analyse<br />fractale. <br /><br />Nous avons de plus mis au point la croissance de couches minces de γ-Al2O3 épitaxiée sur les films de Fe3O4, en contrôlant la stoechiométrie à l'interface entre oxydes. Les films de γ-Al2O3 d'épaisseur supérieure à 2 nm sont continus, et assurent le découplage magnétique entre les électrodes. Les mesures directes par photoémission résolue en spin conduisent à une polarisation en spin de -40 % pour l'interface Fe3O4/ γ-Al2O3 tandis que l'on mesure<br />une magnétorésistance tunnel, réduite du fait du désordre magnétique induit par les parois d'antiphase, de +3 % à température ambiante pour les jonctions Fe3O4/ γ-Al2O3/Co, ce qui implique une polarisation effective positive pour l'interface Fe3O4/ γ-Al2O3 dans les mesures de transport tunnel.

Biodesulfurization (BDS) is an alternative to hydrodesulfurization (HDS) as a method to remove sulfur from crude oil. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) was chosen as a model compound for the forms of thiophenic sulfur found in fossil fuels; up to 70% of the sulfur in petroleum is found as DBT and substituted DBTs; these compounds are however particularly recalcitrant to hydrodesulfurization, the current standard industrial method. My thesis deals with enhancing BDS through novel strains and through nanotechnology. Chapter highlights are: Chapter 2. My first aim was to isolate novel aerobic, mesophilic bacteria that can grow in mineral media at neutral pH value with DBT as the sole sulfur source. Different natural sites in Iran were sampled and I enriched, isolated and purified such bacteria. Twenty four isolates were obtained that could utilize sulfur compounds. Five of them were shown to convert DBT into HBP. After preliminary characterization, the five isolates were sent to the Durmishidze Institute of Biotechnology in Tbilisi for help with strain identification. Two isolates (F2 and F4) were identified as Pseudomonas strains, F1 was a Flavobacterium and F3 belonged to the strain of Rhodococcus. The definite identification of isolate F5 was not successful but with high probability it was a known strain. Since no new strains were apparently discovered, I did not work further in this direction. Chapter 3. In a second approach I studied the desulfurization ability of Shewanella putrefaciens strain NCIMB 8768, because in a previous investigation carried out at Cranfield University, it had been found that it reduced sulfur odour in clay. I compared its biodesulfurization activity profile with that of the widely studied Rhodococcus erythropolis strain IGTS8. However, S. putrefaciens was not as good as R. erythropolis. Chapter 4 and 5. I then turned to nanotechnology, which as a revolutionary new technological platform offers hope to solve many problems. There is currently a trend toward the increasing use of nanotechnology in industry because of its potentially revolutionary paths to innovation. I then asked how nanotechnology can contribute to enhancing the presently poor efficiency of biodesulfurization. Perhaps the most problematic difficulty is how to separate the microorganisms at the end of the desulfurization process. To make BDS more amenable, I explored the use of nanotechnology to magnetize biodesulfurizing bacteria. In other words, to render desulfurizing bacteria magnetic, I made them magnetic by decorating their outer surfaces with magnetic nanoparticles, allowing them to be separated using an external magnet. I used the best known desulfurizing bacterial strain, Rhodococcus erythropolis IGTS8. The decoration and magnetic separation worked very well. Unexpectedly, I found that the decorated cells had a 56% higher desulfurization activity compared to the nondecorated cells. I proposed that this is due to permeabilization of the bacterial membrane, facilitating the entry and exit of reactant and product respectively. Supporting evidence for enhanced permeabilization was obtained by Dr Pavel Grigoriev, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino. In Chapter 6, to optimize attachment of the nanoparticles to the surface of the bacteria I created thin magnetic nanofilms from the nanoparticles and measured the attachment of the bacteria using a uniquely powerful noninvasive optical technique (Optical Waveguide Lightmode Spectroscopy, OWLS) to quantify the attachment and determine how the liquid medium and other factors influence the process.

This work is dealing with usage of external magnetic field for controlled orientation of structures assembled from magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles in PMMA matrix processed via solvent casting method and further study of these created anisotropic structures and their influence on mechanical properties of composite material.

Sample preparation as an essential step in mass spectrometry-based analysis, plays a critical role in proteomics studies. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used in protein and peptide sample preparation due to their magnetic properties, biocompatibility, easy synthesis and surface functionalization. MNPs loaded with analyte or analyte modification reagent can be easily separated from the reaction medium by an externally applied magnetic field. The small size of MNPs provides high analyte loading and extraction capacity. Additionally, MNP can be decorated with different functional groups to achieve selective modification or extraction of analyte. In this study we have utilized silica coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs) for protein and peptide sample preparation. Fluorescence-based methods were utilized for quantitative and qualitative characterization of N-hydrosucccinimidyl (NHS) ester groups on the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs. Fluorophore Dansylcadaverine was conjugated to NHS ester functional groups. Fluorometric measurement of cleaved dansylcadaveine was employed to determine the number of NHS ester groups per MNPs that was found to be 2.6 × 102 and 3.4 × 103for 20 nm and 100 nm Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPrespectively. The efficiency of labeling native bovine serum albumin (BSA) by NHS ester coated Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs was also explored in terms of maximizing the number of MNPs conjugated per BSA molecule or maximizing the number of BSA molecules conjugated per each MNP. Lysine residues of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) on the surface of intact human low density lipoprotein (LDL) were labeled by NHS ester modified Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs in aqueous solvents at room temperature. The MNP labeledapoB-100 was treated by SDS to remove lipids and then digested using trypsin. Tryptic peptides were eluted from MNPs by cleaving disulfide linkage between labeled peptides and MNPs. LC-MS/MS analysis found 28 peptides containing labeled lysine residues. These lysine residues should be on the solvent exposed surface of LDL since the large size of MNPs prevents contact of the labeling reagent to those lysines embedded inside the structure of LDL. TCEP- immobilized Fe3O4@SiO2MNPs were fabricated and utilized for reduction of disulfide bonds in bovine pancreas insulin and two different cyclic peptides. Disulfide bonds were efficiently cleaved at room temperature in both organic and aqueous solvents confirmed by LC-MS/MS analysis of reduced/alkylated protein and peptides. Disulfide reduction and alkylation reactions was performed in one step and the reducing agent was simply separated from peptide and protein solution by magnetic separation.

Neste trabalho, a estrutura local e média de nanopartículas foi estudada utilizando-se métodos de espalhamento e difração de raios X. Os métodos utilizados foram: Análise da Função de Distribuição de Pares Atômicos (Atomic Pair Distribution Function Analysis, em inglês) para o estudo do ordenamento estrutural de curto alcance, Refinamento de Rietveld e Modelamento Total do Perfil de Difração de Pó para o estudo do ordenamento médio. Os materiais estudados foram: nanopartículas de KY3F10 dopadas com Tb, nanocubos núcleo-camada (core-shell, em inglês) de FeO-Fe3O4 e nanopartículas de ferritas de Mn-Zn. O trabalho teve como objetivo demonstrar como os métodos mencionados podem ser utilizados de forma complementar para fornecer informações de curto, médio e longo alcance usando-se dados de espalhamento e difração de raios X. Neste trabalho, ressalta-se a importância de cada método no estudo da estrutura cristalina e demonstra avanço e desenvolvimento de metodologias para a sua aplicação. / In this work, local and average structure of nanoparticles were studied using X-ray scattering and diffraction methods. The methods used were: Atomic Pair Distribution Function Analysis to study the short-range ordering, Rietveld refinement and Whole Powder Pattern Modelling to study the long-range ordering. The studied materials were: Tb-doped KY3F10 nanoparticles, core-shell FeO-Fe3O4 nanocubes and Mn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles. The objective of this work was to demonstrate how the methods mentioned can be used in a complementary way to provide short, average and long range information about the structure using X-ray scattering and diffraction data. The importance of each method to study the crystalline structure is highlighted demonstrating progress and development of methodologies for its application.

Neste trabalho, a estrutura local e média de nanopartículas foi estudada utilizando-se métodos de espalhamento e difração de raios X. Os métodos utilizados foram: Análise da Função de Distribuição de Pares Atômicos (Atomic Pair Distribution Function Analysis, em inglês) para o estudo do ordenamento estrutural de curto alcance, Refinamento de Rietveld e Modelamento Total do Perfil de Difração de Pó para o estudo do ordenamento médio. Os materiais estudados foram: nanopartículas de KY3F10 dopadas com Tb, nanocubos núcleo-camada (core-shell, em inglês) de FeO-Fe3O4 e nanopartículas de ferritas de Mn-Zn. O trabalho teve como objetivo demonstrar como os métodos mencionados podem ser utilizados de forma complementar para fornecer informações de curto, médio e longo alcance usando-se dados de espalhamento e difração de raios X. Neste trabalho, ressalta-se a importância de cada método no estudo da estrutura cristalina e demonstra avanço e desenvolvimento de metodologias para a sua aplicação. / In this work, local and average structure of nanoparticles were studied using X-ray scattering and diffraction methods. The methods used were: Atomic Pair Distribution Function Analysis to study the short-range ordering, Rietveld refinement and Whole Powder Pattern Modelling to study the long-range ordering. The studied materials were: Tb-doped KY3F10 nanoparticles, core-shell FeO-Fe3O4 nanocubes and Mn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles. The objective of this work was to demonstrate how the methods mentioned can be used in a complementary way to provide short, average and long range information about the structure using X-ray scattering and diffraction data. The importance of each method to study the crystalline structure is highlighted demonstrating progress and development of methodologies for its application.