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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Fecal pH and starch concentrations in relation to prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle

Depenbusch, Brandon January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / James S. Drouillard / Escherichia coli O157, a food-borne human pathogen, causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Cattle are a major reservoir and the organism resides in the hindgut and is shed in the feces. Cattle feces are a major source of food and water contamination. Houseflies feed on cattle manure and are a source of E. coli O157 transmission. We have observed that houseflies have an affinity for a steam-flaked corn product (SFC-36) made from tempered whole corn that is more ruminally digestible than the traditional SFC (SFC-18). Therefore, we investigated whether SFC-36 diets contained and resulted in higher E. coli concentrations in the feces of cattle compared to SFC-18 diets. Concentrations of E. coli were not different between the two SFC diet samples, but resulted in higher coliforms in diets containing the SFC-36 after exposure to the environment. However, E. coli concentrations in feces from cattle fed the two diets were similar. In fact, cattle fed the diet containing SFC-18 flakes actually shed higher concentrations of coliforms. This led us to speculate that starch digestion may have an effect on the growth of E. coli O157 in the hindgut. We determined whether fecal E. coli O157 was related to fecal starch concentration. Steers (n=263) were sampled for E. coli O157 and fecal starch concentration determinations. Steers positive for E. coli O157 contained 21% more (P < 0.05) fecal starch than steers that were negative for E. coli O157. We attempted to alter the concentration of starch escaping rumen fermentation by feeding diets based on SFC and dry-rolled corn (DRC) to 30 heifers prescreened for being culture positive for fecal E. coli O157. Heifers were sampled for feces and by rectoanal mucosal swab (RAMS) weekly to monitor fecal pH and fecal starch concentration, and prevalence of E. coli O157. Based on RAMS, prevalence of E. coli O157 tended to be higher (P = 0.08) for heifers fed SFC than DRC diet. Fecal starch and pH were similar (P > 0.05) between positive- or negative-E. coli O157 heifers. Apparently, fecal E. coli O157 was not related to fecal pH or starch concentration in cattle.
2

Uso combinado de ionóforo e virginiamicina em novilhos Nelore confinados com dietas de alto concentrado / Combined use of ionophore and virginiamycin in confined Nellore steers fed high concentrate diets

Nunez, Amoracyr José Costa 03 October 2008 (has links)
Dietas com alto teor de amido podem causar distúrbios metabólicos como acidose ruminal e abscessos hepáticos em bovinos. No entanto, o mais comum é observar desempenhos inconsistentes, particularmente em zebuínos. Aditivos como ionóforos e virginiamicina isoladamente foram bastante estudados e os resultados são consistentes em demonstrar melhora no desempenho e alteração da fermentação ruminal com redução de distúrbios metabólicos. A virginiamicina também apresenta melhora no desempenho em monogástricos. Estudos recentes sugerem que a virginiamicina apresenta efeito aditivo ao do ionóforo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da combinação de virginiamicina e ionóforo sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça, amido e pH fecais e incidência de abscessos hepáticos em bovinos Nelore alimentados com dietas de alto concentrado. 72 novilhos Nelore, castrados, com peso inicial de 278,9 kg, foram confinados em baias individuais por 61 dias após 15 dias de adaptação, recebendo dietas com dois níveis de concentrado (73 e 91%) e dois níveis de virginiamicina (0 e 15 mg/kg MS) em um esquema fatorial 2x2. Todas as dietas continham salinomicina (13 mg/kg MS). O consumo de matéria seca foi maior (P<0,01) para o tratamento com 91% de concentrado, tanto em kg/dia (8,96 vs. 7,79) como em porcentagem de peso vivo (2,07 vs. 1,83), assim como o consumo de energia metabolizável (26,20 vs. 19,86 Mcal/dia; P<0,01) e o ganho de peso (1,79 vs. 1,43 kg/dia; P<0,01). A eficiência alimentar apresentou tendência de aumento para o tratamento com mais concentrado (202,67 vs. 185,91 g/kg; P=0,08), no entanto, não houve diferença para eficiência de utilização de energia metabolizável (P=0,29), e teores de energia líquida para mantença (P=0,38) e ganho (P=0,38) das dietas. O consumo de matéria seca foi menor para o tratamento com virginiamicina, tanto em kg/dia (7,98 vs. 8,76; P<0,01) como em porcentagem de peso vivo (1,88 vs. 2,01; P=0,01), assim como o consumo de energia metabolizável (21,97 vs. 24,09 Mcal/dia; P<0,01). No entanto, o ganho de peso diário não diferiu entre os tratamentos (P=0,66). Os animais tratados com virginiamicina apresentaram maior eficiência alimentar (206,00 vs. 182,58 g/kg; P=0,02), maior eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável (75,05 vs. 67,47 g/Mcal; P<0,05), maior teor de energia líquida para mantença (2,25 vs. 2,08 Mcal/kg MS; P=0,01) e para ganho (1,56 vs. 1,41 Mcal/kg MS; P=0,01). Animais tratados com mais concentrado apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça (55,3 vs. 54,4%; P=0,02) e maior peso de gordura perirrenal e pélvica (8,06 vs. 7,15 kg; P=0,04). A inclusão de virginiamicina não afetou as características de carcaça. Não foram observados abscessos no fígado de nenhum dos animais. O teor de amido fecal foi maior (P<0,01) para o tratamento com 91% de concentrado (19,27 vs. 13,95%), mas não diferiu (P=0,40) em função dos níveis de virginiamicina. O uso combinado de ionóforo e virginiamicina melhorou a eficiência do uso de dietas de alto concentrado e alto amido para bovinos Nelore. / Zebu cattle fed high concentrate diets may present metabolic disorders, such as ruminal acidosis and liver abscesses. Also these animals display inconsistent performances in high starch diets. The use of feed additives such as ionophores and virginiamycin has been thoroughly investigated and the results are very consistent, with improvements in performance, changing ruminal fermentation and reducing the incidence of metabolic disorders. Virginiamycin has also consistent positive effects on performance in swine and poultry animals. Recent studies have suggested that virginiamycin and ionophore may have an additive effect. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of virginiamycin and ionophore in combination on performance, carcass traits, fecal starch, fecal pH and liver abscess incidence in Nellore cattle fed high concentrate diets. 72 castrated Nellore steers, with initial body weight of 278.9 kg, were fed in individual pens for 61 days after a 15 day adaptation period. Diets had two concentrate levels (73 and 91%) and two virginiamycin levels (0 and 15 mg/kg DM) in a 2x2 factorial. All diets had the ionophore salinomycin (13 mg/kg DM). Dry matter intake was higher (P<0.01) for the 91% concentrate treatment, in kg/day (8.96 vs. 7.79) and as percentage of body weight (2.07 vs. 1.83), as well as metabolizable energy intake (26.2 vs. 19.9 Mcal/day; P<0.01). Body weight gain (1.79 vs. 1.43 kg/day; P<0.01) was also higher. There was a trend for increased feed efficiency in the 91% concentrate treatment (202.7 vs. 185.9 g/kg; P=0.08), while no differences were observed for efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization (P=0.29) or dietary net energy content for maintenance (P=0.38) and gain (P=0.38). Dry matter intake was lower for the virginiamycin treatment, in kg/day (7.98 vs. 8.76; P<0.01) and as percentage of body weight (1.88 vs. 2.01; P=0.01), as well as metabolizable energy intake (22.0 vs. 24.1 Mcal/day; P <0.01). However, daily gain did not differ between treatments (P=0.66). Virginiamycin fed animals showed increased feed efficiency (206.0 vs. 182.6 g/kg; P=0.02), efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization (75.05 vs. 67.47 g/Mcal; P<0.05), and dietary net energy content for maintenance (2.25 vs. 2.08 Mcal/kg DM; P=0.01) and gain (1.56 vs. 1.41 Mcal/kg DM; P=0.01). Animals fed 91% concentrate diet had higher dressing percentages (55.25 vs. 54.42%; P=0.02) and heavier kidney and pelvic fat (8.06 vs. 7.15 kg; P=0.04). Virginiamycin levels did not affect carcass traits. Liver abscesses were not observed in these 3 year old animals. Fecal starch content was higher (P<0.01) for the 91% concentrate treatment (19.27 vs. 13.95%), but did not change (P=0.40) due to virginiamycin. These results suggest that the combined use of ionophore and virginiamycin is an efficient tool in high concentrate and high starch diets for Nellore cattle.
3

Uso combinado de ionóforo e virginiamicina em novilhos Nelore confinados com dietas de alto concentrado / Combined use of ionophore and virginiamycin in confined Nellore steers fed high concentrate diets

Amoracyr José Costa Nunez 03 October 2008 (has links)
Dietas com alto teor de amido podem causar distúrbios metabólicos como acidose ruminal e abscessos hepáticos em bovinos. No entanto, o mais comum é observar desempenhos inconsistentes, particularmente em zebuínos. Aditivos como ionóforos e virginiamicina isoladamente foram bastante estudados e os resultados são consistentes em demonstrar melhora no desempenho e alteração da fermentação ruminal com redução de distúrbios metabólicos. A virginiamicina também apresenta melhora no desempenho em monogástricos. Estudos recentes sugerem que a virginiamicina apresenta efeito aditivo ao do ionóforo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da combinação de virginiamicina e ionóforo sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça, amido e pH fecais e incidência de abscessos hepáticos em bovinos Nelore alimentados com dietas de alto concentrado. 72 novilhos Nelore, castrados, com peso inicial de 278,9 kg, foram confinados em baias individuais por 61 dias após 15 dias de adaptação, recebendo dietas com dois níveis de concentrado (73 e 91%) e dois níveis de virginiamicina (0 e 15 mg/kg MS) em um esquema fatorial 2x2. Todas as dietas continham salinomicina (13 mg/kg MS). O consumo de matéria seca foi maior (P<0,01) para o tratamento com 91% de concentrado, tanto em kg/dia (8,96 vs. 7,79) como em porcentagem de peso vivo (2,07 vs. 1,83), assim como o consumo de energia metabolizável (26,20 vs. 19,86 Mcal/dia; P<0,01) e o ganho de peso (1,79 vs. 1,43 kg/dia; P<0,01). A eficiência alimentar apresentou tendência de aumento para o tratamento com mais concentrado (202,67 vs. 185,91 g/kg; P=0,08), no entanto, não houve diferença para eficiência de utilização de energia metabolizável (P=0,29), e teores de energia líquida para mantença (P=0,38) e ganho (P=0,38) das dietas. O consumo de matéria seca foi menor para o tratamento com virginiamicina, tanto em kg/dia (7,98 vs. 8,76; P<0,01) como em porcentagem de peso vivo (1,88 vs. 2,01; P=0,01), assim como o consumo de energia metabolizável (21,97 vs. 24,09 Mcal/dia; P<0,01). No entanto, o ganho de peso diário não diferiu entre os tratamentos (P=0,66). Os animais tratados com virginiamicina apresentaram maior eficiência alimentar (206,00 vs. 182,58 g/kg; P=0,02), maior eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável (75,05 vs. 67,47 g/Mcal; P<0,05), maior teor de energia líquida para mantença (2,25 vs. 2,08 Mcal/kg MS; P=0,01) e para ganho (1,56 vs. 1,41 Mcal/kg MS; P=0,01). Animais tratados com mais concentrado apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça (55,3 vs. 54,4%; P=0,02) e maior peso de gordura perirrenal e pélvica (8,06 vs. 7,15 kg; P=0,04). A inclusão de virginiamicina não afetou as características de carcaça. Não foram observados abscessos no fígado de nenhum dos animais. O teor de amido fecal foi maior (P<0,01) para o tratamento com 91% de concentrado (19,27 vs. 13,95%), mas não diferiu (P=0,40) em função dos níveis de virginiamicina. O uso combinado de ionóforo e virginiamicina melhorou a eficiência do uso de dietas de alto concentrado e alto amido para bovinos Nelore. / Zebu cattle fed high concentrate diets may present metabolic disorders, such as ruminal acidosis and liver abscesses. Also these animals display inconsistent performances in high starch diets. The use of feed additives such as ionophores and virginiamycin has been thoroughly investigated and the results are very consistent, with improvements in performance, changing ruminal fermentation and reducing the incidence of metabolic disorders. Virginiamycin has also consistent positive effects on performance in swine and poultry animals. Recent studies have suggested that virginiamycin and ionophore may have an additive effect. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of virginiamycin and ionophore in combination on performance, carcass traits, fecal starch, fecal pH and liver abscess incidence in Nellore cattle fed high concentrate diets. 72 castrated Nellore steers, with initial body weight of 278.9 kg, were fed in individual pens for 61 days after a 15 day adaptation period. Diets had two concentrate levels (73 and 91%) and two virginiamycin levels (0 and 15 mg/kg DM) in a 2x2 factorial. All diets had the ionophore salinomycin (13 mg/kg DM). Dry matter intake was higher (P<0.01) for the 91% concentrate treatment, in kg/day (8.96 vs. 7.79) and as percentage of body weight (2.07 vs. 1.83), as well as metabolizable energy intake (26.2 vs. 19.9 Mcal/day; P<0.01). Body weight gain (1.79 vs. 1.43 kg/day; P<0.01) was also higher. There was a trend for increased feed efficiency in the 91% concentrate treatment (202.7 vs. 185.9 g/kg; P=0.08), while no differences were observed for efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization (P=0.29) or dietary net energy content for maintenance (P=0.38) and gain (P=0.38). Dry matter intake was lower for the virginiamycin treatment, in kg/day (7.98 vs. 8.76; P<0.01) and as percentage of body weight (1.88 vs. 2.01; P=0.01), as well as metabolizable energy intake (22.0 vs. 24.1 Mcal/day; P <0.01). However, daily gain did not differ between treatments (P=0.66). Virginiamycin fed animals showed increased feed efficiency (206.0 vs. 182.6 g/kg; P=0.02), efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization (75.05 vs. 67.47 g/Mcal; P<0.05), and dietary net energy content for maintenance (2.25 vs. 2.08 Mcal/kg DM; P=0.01) and gain (1.56 vs. 1.41 Mcal/kg DM; P=0.01). Animals fed 91% concentrate diet had higher dressing percentages (55.25 vs. 54.42%; P=0.02) and heavier kidney and pelvic fat (8.06 vs. 7.15 kg; P=0.04). Virginiamycin levels did not affect carcass traits. Liver abscesses were not observed in these 3 year old animals. Fecal starch content was higher (P<0.01) for the 91% concentrate treatment (19.27 vs. 13.95%), but did not change (P=0.40) due to virginiamycin. These results suggest that the combined use of ionophore and virginiamycin is an efficient tool in high concentrate and high starch diets for Nellore cattle.

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