Call number: LD2668 .T4 1964 A22 / Master of Science

No description available.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Present within the biodiverse hypersaline environment are a wide variety of halotolerant filamentous fungi. Many of these phytopathogens are capable of hydrolysing plant cell wall polysaccharides such as hemicellulose which are comprised of mannans and heteromannans which are polymers of the mannose sugars. Endoacting hydrolytic enzymes such as endo-β-1,4-mannanases are secreted into the extracellular environment and are involved in the catalysis of the random hydrolysis of β-1,4-mannosidic linkages within the backbone of mannan, galactomannan, glucomannan, and galactoglucomannan. Poultry are monogastric animals that are unable to efficiently digest high-fibre and mannan rich feeds such as soybean meals and this results in decreased or depressed animal performance. The use of feeds supplemented with β-mannanases has been shown to enhance the feeding value of mannan-based meals. In the current study, the degradation of β-mannan polysaccharides present in poultry feed by halotolerant Scopulariopsis candida LMK008 β-mannanase was investigated. SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE in conjunction with zymogram analysis was used to assess the molecular weight of the endomannanases. At least three isozymes were detected: two of 56 kDa (pI 3.5 and 6.7) and one of 28 kDa. Anion exchange chromatography was used to purify the 28 kDa isozyme. Three mannan-based substrates, viz., locust bean gum, guar gum and soybean flour, were used to evaluate the hydrolysis capability of the crude as well as the purified β-mannanase via the release of reducing sugars and was detected using the DNS assay. The β-mannanase exhibited low activity with pure guar gum but high activity with locust bean gum galactomannan and soybean flour mannan. The hydrolysis activities of the crude and purified enzyme were then tested further on mannan-based soybean meals. In general it was found that more reducing sugars were released from the grower feed than the starter and layer feeds. Another common hydrolysis pattern observed in all feed types was that after prolonged incubation of 24 h there was a decrease in the amount of reducing sugars released which could be attributed to the presence of naturally-occurring microorganisms in the feed sample which metabolised the simple sugars resulting from the enzymatic hydrolysis of the mannan components in the feed samples. This was confirmed by standard plate count assays. The results obtained are encouraging and the purified β-mannanase could be applied as an industrial feed additive within the animal feed industry, however, further testing of the enzyme in situ is needed in order to prove its applicability. The cloning of the endomannanase has to date proven unsuccessful despite numerous techniques being employed and further research is also needed to accomplish this task. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2012.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1948 S35 / Master of Science

Five trials were conducted to assess the nutritive value of high fiber canola meal (HFCM) as a protein supplement for ruminants. Trial one determined the chemical composition of HFCM relative to low fiber canola meal (LFCM) and canola meal in a completely randomized design using samples obtained from five different crushers. In the second trial, the in situ nylon bag technique was used to determine disappearance of dry matter (DMD), crude protein (CPD), neutral (NDFD) and acid (ADFD) detergent fiber from canola meal, LFCM and HFCM samples derived from five different crushers following 24 h of nunen incubation. The effect of crushing plant of origin on in situ nutrient disappearance in the three meals was also determined. In the third trial, rumen nutrient kinetic parameters and effective degradabilities were determined for the blended canola meal, LFCM and HFCM. In situ disappearance of different amino acids canola meal, LFCM and HFCM following 12 h of rumen incubation was determined in the fourth study. The fifth trial was designed to determine nutrient digestibility coefficients by growing lambs of seven diets containing dehydrated alfalfa and 0, 25, 50 and 75% HFCM or canola meal in a randomized complete block design. Milk yield and composition responses of early to mid lactation dairy cows to diets supplemented with HFCM, canola meal or soybean meal were also determined. Results of the first trial indicated that tail-end dehulling of canola meal resulted in more fractionation of fiber than protein between HFCM and LFCM. Results of the second trial showed differences in CPD and DMD within LFCM and HFCM but not within canola meal samples. However, no meal by crusher interaction was observed indicating that in situ nutrient disappearances in the three meals were consistent across crushers. At 5% h^-1 rumen flow rate, effective DM degradability (trial three) was higher (P $<$ 0.05) in LFCM than in canola meal and was higher in canola meal than in HFCM while effective CP degradability was higher in LFCM and canola meal than in HFCM. Effective NDF degradability was higher (P $<$ 0.05) in LFCM than in canola meal and MFCM. However, effective ADF degradability was higher in LFCM than in canola meal and was higher in canola meal than in HFCM. Tail-end dehulling had little effect on in situ disappearance of amino acids from canola meal, LFCM and HFCM following 12 h of rumen incubation. Results from the fifth trial indicated that at 75% inclusion rate, the diet containing HFCM had lower (P $<$ 0.05) DM, CP and gross energy digestibility coefficients relative to canala meal diet. Results of the dairy trial showed no treatment effect on feed intake. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

High-pressure homogenization using a new flat valve homogenizer in combination with enzymatic digestion with a crude protease was investigated as a means of releasing Se compounds from zoological and botanical matrices prior to slurry introduction GF-AAS. Timed trials with four zoological certified reference materials (CRMs), three botanical reference materials (RMs), and a food crop indicated that Se release was quantitative after homogenization or became quantitative within 1 h of digestion at 60°C. / The same technique was employed on five animal feed samples. / A new model of homogenizer equipped with ceramic homogenizing valve was evaluated in terms of analyte metal contamination levels within the final sample dispersion. / Five animal feed samples and four wood pulp samples, were investigated for their content of Cu, Fe and Mn using high-pressure homogenization as the sample preparation technique prior to GF-AAS. Dispersions of dried animal feeds were sub-sampled reliably after 7 days of storage at 4°C. Trials on pulp samples indicated that pulps could be sub-sampled reliably after 1 day of storage. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

No description available.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated as a tool to predict the chemical composition of ostrich meat, mutton and feedstuffs. Seventy-three calibrations were developed. NIRS analyses were conducted on an InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer between 1100 and 2500 nm wavelengths. Near infrared reflectance calibrations were developed for (i) the proximate chemical composition of ostrich meat; (ii) the proximate chemical and mineral composition of mutton; (iii) the chemical composition and digestibility of lupins, full-fat canola and the determination of alkaloids in lupins; (iv) the chemical composition and digestibility of winter grains and maize; (v) the chemical composition and digestibility of cereal hay, cereal straw, wheat stubble and alfalfa-grass/hay mixtures. The chemical composition of different types of winter grain produced in the Western Cape area of South Africa, as well as the chemical composition and digestibility of winter grain hay and straw produced in a Mediterranean rainfall area were also determined. Near infrared reflectance spectrometry proved to be successful for the prediction of crude protein (CP) and fat in both animal species, as well as for ash and dry matter (DM) in freeze-dried mutton. Accurate calibrations were also developed for certain minerals (K, P, Na, Mg, Fe and Zn). Calibrations proved to be accurate for all the relevant chemical constituents in lupins, as well as the DM, CP and fat calibrations in full-fat canola. The alkaloid calibration showed potential although more samples should be included for a more accurate calibration. Winter grain calibrations were accurate for fat, acid detergent fibre (ADF), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), lysine and methionine. All chemical composition calibrations of maize, except for ash, were accurate for future prediction. Chemical composition calibrations of wheat stubble and alfalfa-grass hay mixtures resulted in prediction with similar or slightly higher accuracy than calibrations reported in the literature. The calibrations developed for cereal hay and straw were not suitable for prediction purposes. Possible reasons were discussed to explain these inaccurate calibrations. Variation shown between different types of cereal grain (2-row barley, 6-row barley, oats, wheat and triticale) accentuated the need for the analysis of different batches of grain produced under different conditions for use in animal feed. The chemical composition and digestibility of winter grain straw and hay were also obtained. These values provide a database for calculation of inclusion levels of these feedstuffs in animal diets. These investigations showed the NIRS to be a successful and rapid tool for the prediction of the chemical composition of ostrich and lamb meat and locally produced feedstuffs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Naby infrarooi refleksie spektroskopie (NIRS) is geëvalueer as 'n metode om die chemiese samestelling van volstruis- en skaapvleis, asook voedingsgewasse te voorspel. Drie en sewentig kalibrasies is ontwikkel. NIRS ontledings is gedoen met ‘n InfraAlyzer 500 spektrofotometer tussen die golflengtes 1100 en 2500 nm. Naby infrarooi refleksie kalibrasies is ontwikkel vir (i) die basiese chemiese samestelling van volstruisvleis; (ii) die basiese chemiese en minerale samestelling van lamsvleis; (iii) die chemiese samestelling en verteerbaarheid van lupiene en volvet kanola en die bepaling van alkaloïede in lupiene; (iv) die chemiese samestelling en verteerbaarheid van wintergrane en mielies; (v) die chemiese samestelling en verteerbaarheid van graanhooie, graanstrooie, koringstoppels and lusern-gras/hooi mengsels. Die chemiese samestelling van verskillende tipes wintergrane wat in die Wes-Kaap omgewing van Suid-Afrika geproduseer word, sowel as die chemiese samestelling en verteerbaarheid van wintergraanhooi en –strooi wat geproduseer word in ‘n Mediterreënse reënval omgewing, is ook bepaal. Naby infrarooi refleksie spektrofotometrie was suksesvol in die voorspelling van ru-proteïen (RP) en vet in beide dierspesies, sowel as vir die bepaling van as en droë materiaal (DM) in gevriesdroogde lamsvleis. Akkurate kalibrasies is ook ontwikkel vir sekere minerale (K, P, Na, Mg, Fe en Zn). Kalibrasies ontwikkel vir die chemiese samestellings komponente in lupiene is reg deur die bank akkuraat, sowel as die DM, RP en vet kalibrasies vir volvet kanola. Die alkaloïed kalibrasie het goeie potensiaal getoon, alhoewel meer alkaloïedmonsters benodig word vir ‘n akkurate kalibrasie. Wintergraan kalibrasies was akkuraat vir vet, suurbestande vesels (SBV), in vitro organiese materiaal verteerbaarheid (IVOMV), lisien en metionien. Al die chemiese komponent kalibrasies vir mielies, behalwe die een vir as, was akkuraat vir toekomstige bepalings. Chemiese komponent kalibrasies vir koring stoppels en luserngras/ hooi mengsels het akkuraatheid getoon wat gelyk, of effe beter, is as kalibrasies wat in die literatuur opgeteken is. Kalibrasies ontwikkel vir graanhooie en graanstrooie was nie geskik vir voorspellingsdoeleindes nie. Moontlike redes vir die onakkurate kalibrasies is volledig bespreek. Variasie gevind tussen verskillende tipes wintergrane (2-ry gars, 6-ry gars, hawer, koring en korog) het die behoefte beklemtoon vir ontledings van grane geproduseer onder verskillende omgewingstoestande vir gebruik in dierevoeding. Die chemiese samestelling en verteerbaarheid van wintergraanstrooi en –hooi is ook bepaal. Hierdie waardes verskaf ‘n databasis vir berekening by insluiting van hierdie voergewasse in diererantsoene. Hierdie ondersoek het bewys dat NIRS ‘n suksesvolle en vinnige metode is vir die voorspelling van die chemiese samestelling van volstruis- en lamsvleis en plaaslik geproduseerde voergewasse.

Thesis (BSc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of bovine colostrum feeding period after hatching on performance and carcass characteristics of male Ross 308 broiler chickens. The experiment was based on 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours of liquid bovine colostrum feeding after hatching of broiler chickens. The experiment commenced with 180 male Ross 308 broiler chicks with an initial live weight of 42 ± 2g per bird and was carried out for six weeks. The chicks were randomly assigned to six treatments with three replications, resulting in 18-floor pens with 10 chicks per replicate. A complete randomized design was used in this experiment. Data was analysed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedures of the Statistical Analysis of system, Version 9.3.1 software program. Where there were significant differences, mean separation was done using the Turkey test at the 5% level of significance. A quadratic regression model was used to determine the optimum productivity of the experiment while a linear model was used to determine the relationships between bovine colostrum feeding period and responses in the variables measured. Feed intake during Week 1, growth rate during Week 3 and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during Weeks 2 and 3 of the growing period of male Ross 308 broiler chickens were not affected (p>0.05) by bovine colostrum feeding periods after hatching. Similarly, bovine colostrum feeding had no effect (p>0.05) on diet dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and ash digestibilities in male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 14 to 21 days. Bovine colostrum feeding period after hatching had no effect (p>0.05) on nitrogen retention (N-retention) in male broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Similarly, gut organ digesta pH, length and weight of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 21 days were not improved (p>0.05) by bovine colostrum feeding after hatching. However, bovine colostrum feeding improved (p<0.05) feed intake during Weeks 2 and 3 of the growing period of male Ross 308 broiler chickens. Similarly, bovine colostrum feeding after hatching improved (p<0.05) crude protein (CP) digestibility in male broiler chickens aged 14 to 21 days. Metabolisable energy (ME) intake of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days was improved (p<0.05) by bovine colostrum feeding period after hatching. Similarly, growth rate of male broiler v chickens during Weeks 1 and 2 was improved (p<0.05) by colostrum feeding after hatching. Feed conversion ratio of male broiler chickens during Week 1 was improved (p<0.05) by bovine colostrum feeding period after hatching. Bovine colostrum feeding after hatching improved (p<0.05) live weight of male Ross 308 broiler chickens at the ages of 7, 14 and 21 days. Nitrogen retention and FCR of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days were not affected (p>0.05) by bovine colostrum feeding after hatching. In addition, live weights of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 35 and 42 days were not affected (p>0.05) by bovine colostrum feeding period after hatching. Similarly, bovine colostrum feeding had no effect (p>0.05) on gut organ digesta pH, large intestine lengths, breast and drumstick weights and breast meat juiciness of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 42 days. However, bovine colostrum feeding improved (p<0.05) feed intake and growth rate of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. Live weights of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 28 days were improved (p<0.05) by bovine colostrum feeding period after hatching. Similarly, bovine colostrum feeding after hatching did not affect (p<0.05) diet DM, CP, NDF, ADF and ash digestibilities in male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 35 to 42 days. Metabolisable energy intake of male broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days was improved (p<0.05) by bovine colostrum feeding period after hatching. Similarly, GIT, small intestine and caecum lengths and crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, caecum, large intestine, carcass and thigh weights of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 42 days were improved (p<0.05) by bovine colostrum feeding after hatching. Bovine colostrum feeding after hatching improved (p<0.05) breast meat tenderness, flavour and shear force of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 42 days. It is concluded that reasons for differing responses to bovine colostrum feeding periods of up to 72 hours after hatching are not clear. Therefore, further studies in which longer bovine colostrum feeding periods are used after hatching are recommended. / National Research Foundation (NRF)