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Productivity and quality of tall fescue and switchgrass under two harvest managements and different harvest intensities /Ball, Dale Warren, January 1990 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-46). Also available via the Internet.
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AMELIORATING THE EFFECTS OF FESCUE TOXICOSIS IN HEIFERS WITH BLESSED THISTLERazer, Abby 01 May 2011 (has links)
Fescue Toxicosis occurs when animals are fed or grazing on Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) syn. (Lolium arudinacea [Schreb]) grass that is infected with the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum (Bacon et al., 1977). This disease affects cattle, sheep, and horses causing reduced feed consumption, average daily gain (ADG), and reproductive performance (Hoveland, 2003). The disease is caused by ergot alkaloids within the fungus, which lives in the plant (Hoveland et al., 1980). Fescue toxicosis is a major concern because at least 35 million acres in the United States contain Tall Fescue (Faulkner, 1999); areas impacted include southern Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, northern Mississippi, northern Louisiana, Georgia, West Virginia, Arkansas and Missouri and in some areas of the Pacific coast such as Oregon (Roberts et al., 2004). Due to the effects of this disease, producers lose an estimated 609 million dollars per year (Paterson et. al, 1995). The aim of this research project was to determine if the herbal supplement, Blessed Thistle, could be used to counteract the effects of fescue toxicosis in cattle. Eighteen Angus first calf heifers and their calves were divided into three treatment groups (n = 6); negative control fed non-endophyte infected Max Q hay (EN), positive control fed endophyte infected KY-31 fescue hay (E+), or treatment fed KY-31 fescue hay and Blessed Thistle extract (E+/BT). Heifers fed E+/BT diet maintained pretreatment prolactin levels throughout the study. Additionally, the change in prolactin levels E- and E+/BT were not significantly different suggesting a protective effect from the blessed thistle. The change in heifer BCS was insignificant except for the E+/BT group which was significantly different (P = 0.02) before and after. The differences between the calf weights were trending (P = 0.088) indicating the ability of the E+/BT calves to perform similarly to the E- calves. The milk production estimate was insignificant (P = 0.497). The rectal temperatures data indicated a difference at the beginning and end of the study (P < 0.001). However, no differences were detected between treatment groups. These results suggest that Blessed Thistle can ameliorate some symptoms of fescue toxicosis however, further research is needed.
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Assessment of stockpiling methods to increase late summer and early fall forage biomassHickman, Amber Leanna 06 May 2013 (has links)
As one of the major forage crops of the United States management programs to optimize stockpiled tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) can potentially increase livestock profitability. This study consists of two experiments designed to assess different aspects of summer stockpiling. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of summer stockpiling endophyte infected Kentucky 31 tall fescue on biomass and nutritive value of tall fescue forage. Treatments included four whole plot treatments (two nitrogen (N) application timing, legume inclusion, and control) each divided into sub-plot cut and no cut treatments. The cut treatment consisted of a single cutting taken in May. Nitrogen in the form of urea was applied at a rate of 56 kg/ha for the March N treatment and for the June N treatment. Yield and quality of summer stockpiled fescue was adequate to support dry beef cows. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of summer stockpiling on the biomass yield and nutritive value of three types of tall fescue with N fertilization (endophyte infected (E+), endophyte-free (E-), and novel endophyte (MaxQ)) and four species of native warm-season grasses without N fertilization (switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash)). Native warm-season grasses produced much higher yields than all tall fescue types but the nutritive value was not adequate to support the nutrient requirements of livestock. Summer stockpiled tall fescue is a viable resource to provide low requirement animals with quality forage during late summer and early fall. / Master of Science
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Supplementation Strategies for Growing and Finishing Beef Cattle on Tall Fescue Pastures in the SoutheastMurray, Adam Riley 15 March 2024 (has links)
While the Southeastern U.S. does not produce cereal grains at the same output as Midwestern states, a relatively temperate climate and consistent rainfall allow for abundant forage production. Tall fescue dominated pastures in this region provide a high-quality forage source to support consistent cattle growth and production. Furthermore, the nearly year-round grazing potential serves as a cost-effective feed source. Leveraging forage resources is imperative for the U.S. beef industry to maintain consistent production of a quality human protein source at a consumer-friendly price, but energy content in purely forage diets is lacking to produce comparable growth and carcass performance to concentrate-based diets. Therefore, the objectives of this dissertation are to examine supplementation strategies for growing and finishing cattle in fescue-based systems in the Southeast to optimize value for cattle producers.
The first experiment investigated whether steer performance and grazing behavior was affected by supplement feeding time and delivery method in a forage-based backgrounding program. Traditionally, producers choosing to supplement backgrounding cattle with grain or coproduct feeds do so in a single meal event in the early morning. It has been hypothesized that these morning feedings could disrupt the natural diurnal grazing pattern of cattle to negatively affect forage utilization and overall cost of gain. Additionally, while self-feeder systems using supplements containing intake limiters give producers an option to reduce feeding labor compared to daily hand-fed supplementation, alternate methods of supplement delivery also have the potential to influence grazing behavior and cost of gain within backgrounding programs. This experiment used backgrounding steers supplemented daily at 0930 (AM), steers supplemented daily at 1330 (PM), and steers provided supplement through a self-feeder (SELF) to provide cattle performance and economic data directly relevant to regional producers.
Combined 2-yr results show that while AM, PM, and SELF cattle all exhibited altered grazing routines, treatments did not result in differences (P ≥ 0.18) in final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), ultrasound 12th rib fat thickness (uFT), or overall forage mass disappearance. Dry matter intake (DMI) in the SELF treatment exceeded the target despite inclusion of intake limiters, resulting in increased (P < 0.01) supplement DMI, a tendency (P = 0.07) towards decreased G:F, and substantially greater (P < 0.01) cost of gain in SELF relative to the hand-fed treatments. Results support that producers have flexibility in scheduling daily supplementation routines without compromising steer performance in pasture-based backgrounding programs. Furthermore, producers should consider the tradeoff between labor efficiency and ration cost when considering utilizing self-feeders containing intake limiters.
The second experiment investigated the effects of frame size and supplementation containing a rumen protected fat (RPF) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of pasture finished cattle. Market dynamics continue to favor cattle that produce heavier carcasses, which discounts smaller framed feeder calves at sale barns. At the same time, Virginia is flush with cow-calf production, high quality tall fescue pastures, and access to population dense areas with markets that incentivize pasture-finished beef through price premiums. Together, this provides an alternative marketing channel for smaller framed calves through pasture-finished beef markets, but questions remain on how to optimally produce this specialty beef. Supplemental feeds can increase cattle production on pasture, and RPF offer a feeding strategy to increase energy intake without negatively effecting ruminal fiber digestion. There is limited work investigating the application of RPF within beef cattle systems and carcass traits, and it is unclear if RPF has been utilized specifically within pasture finishing systems. Therefore, this experiment examined growth performance, carcass characteristics, and organoleptic qualities of beef from small-framed (SM) and medium-framed (MED) cattle on novel endophyte-infected fescue pasture finishing systems either offered no supplement (NON) or daily supplementation (SUP) containing RPF. Pasture treatments were compared relative to a grain-fed feedlot control (F) to show these cattle had the genetic merit to meet expectations of the U.S. fed-beef system.
Results from this 2-yr experiment indicate that frame size had little impact on growth performance, with SM and MED cattle having similar (P ≥ 0.37) final BW, ADG, and forage DMI in this pasture finishing system. However, MED cattle produced more valuable carcasses compared to SM cattle as evident by greater (P ≤ 0.04) mean HCW, 12th rib fat thickness, and marbling score. Samples of M. longissimus thoracis from MED cattle also had greater (P ≤ 0.02) concentrations of 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2 fatty acids compared to samples from SM cattle. While NON cattle produced carcasses with a lower (P = 0.01) yield grade than SUP cattle, overall, SUP cattle were more productive by both live and carcass metrics. The SUP treatment produced greater (P ≤ 0.04) final BW, ADG, 12th rib fat thickness, HCW, marbling score, dressing percentage, and concentrations of 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2 fatty acids. Similarity (P = 0.55) in objective measures of meat tenderness between F and pasture treatments emphasizes the importance of harvesting cattle before 2 years of age to prevent declines in meat tenderness associated with advancement of connective tissue.
There tended (P = 0.05) to be a frame by supplement interaction for marbling score driven by lower values in SM-NON in relation to other pasture treatments. Tendencies towards frame by supplement interactions for Warner-Bratzler shear force (P = 0.08) and total energy (P = 0.06) were also driven by increased values in SM-NON relative to other pasture treatments. Taken together, a lack fat deposition in SM-NON cattle appears to have a negative impact on beef tenderness relative to pasture treatments. Overall results of this experiment support low levels of supplementation in pasture-finishing systems to improve carcass value, and that medium framed cattle are more flexible in profit margins compared to smaller framed counterparts.
Collectively, these investigations support that tall fescue grazing systems in the Southeast can serve as a nutritional foundation to beef cattle growing and finishing enterprises. Data from these experiments can be directly applied to help producers match cattle type to feed resources when supplementing a pasture-based system to optimize resource management and overall profitability. / Doctor of Philosophy / The U.S. beef cattle industry is unique to any other commercial food animal enterprise. Smaller animals like poultry and swine can be raised within enclosed spaces to control temperature, humidity, and airflow. Beef cattle, however, require a larger land footprint and more feed resources per animal. This exposes cattle to the volatility of outdoor production, which adds another set of variables that cattle managers must account for. Additionally, cattle have the longest lifecycle from conception to harvest relative to all other livestock species, so cattle producers are more vulnerable to long-term financial risk.
Despite these challenges the U.S. beef industry succeeds by organizing cattle production into multiple interconnected business sectors. Segmenting the beef cattle industry allows producers to tailor their management practices to what works within their region of the country based on unique resources, climate patterns, and especially feed availability. Collectively the parts of the beef industry work as a dynamic system, but this also creates cattle with a variety of physical characteristics and genetics to complement the array of production styles. Different types of cattle can be valued differently depending on what traits consumers in a specific market desire. Therefore, sustained economic success in the cattle industry often comes down to pairing different cattle management systems with the correct end consumer market.
Approximately 20% of the U.S. cattle population resides in Southeastern states where relatively temperate climates and consistent rainfall allows for abundant availability of high-quality forage. Especially in states like Virginia, tall fescue and other cool-season grasses provide nearly year-round forage growth for cattle to graze as a relatively inexpensive and abundant feed supply. However, forages lack the nutrient density of cereal grains, which support higher rates of growth and produce beef with an eating experience that the American palate has grown accustomed to. This creates a gradient of cattle nutritional strategies ranging from primarily forage-based cattle production on one end to primarily grain-based strategies on the other. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation was to evaluate supplementation strategies for growing and finishing beef cattle in fescue-based production systems in the Southeast from the perspectives of both live cattle and meat production.
Backgrounding systems are a transitional period following weaning that focuses on lean growth to prepare yearling calves for the feedlot finishing phase. Cattle on these traditionally forage-based systems are frequently supplemented with grain or grain coproduct feeds to increase weight gain, but supplement delivery method and time of feeding varies between producers. This could influence natural cattle grazing cycles to negatively impact pasture utilization, which would increase the cost of gain. Over a 2-yr study post-weaning cattle growth performance and grazing behavior were compared between backgrounded cattle supplemented by hand in the morning, by hand in the afternoon, or through a self-feeder. Although altering the time of day that supplements were provided to cattle changed daily grazing routines, there were no differences in weight gain, body composition, or forage disappearance between all 3 treatments. Self-fed cattle had nearly twice the cost of gain compared to hand-fed cattle, highlighting the importance of accounting for cost of gain when making nutritional program decisions.
Market dynamics favor cattle that produce heavier carcass weights, but this has led to smaller framed feeder calves receiving discounts at sale barns. The Southeast is flush with cow-calf production, abundant forage resources, and population dense areas that incentivize pasture-finished beef. This creates opportunity for cattle producers looking to increase the value of smaller framed calves through premiums in specialty beef markets. A 2-yr study examined the effects of frame size and supplementation containing a rumen protected fat on cattle growth performance, forage utilization, and carcass characteristics. Small framed and medium framed cattle on novel endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures were either received daily supplementation or no supplement and were compared against a grain-fed control group. Smaller framed cattle grew at a slower rate relative to medium framed cattle, and produced less valuable carcasses in terms of both the amount of beef produced and meat quality. Low levels of supplementation improved growth performance and carcass value, but overall medium frame, unsupplemented cattle had the greatest profit flexibility relative to other pasture treatments.
Collectively, these experiments highlight the profit potential of forage-based beef cattle production in the Southeast. The beef industry will have to continue to adapt to produce more beef to feed a growing global population through tighter constraints, and forage resources will play a key role in providing a cost-effective, high quality feed source. Accounting for differences in resource management, end markets, and cattle type is paramount in maintaining a sustainable and profitable U.S. beef industry.
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The Control of Various Bermudagrass Cultivars in Tall Fescue Utilizing Fenoxaprop & FluazifopJohnson, Michael Dale 04 May 2000 (has links)
Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L). Pers.) is considered to be one of the most difficult to control grass weeds in turf throughout the U.S. Recent breeding efforts have produced much more desirable bermudagrass cultivars, and therefore its use has increased. Ironically, as bermudagrass use becomes more popular it poses even greater difficulties to the turf manager. The need to control these warm season turfgrass species, without causing injury to other desirable turfgrass species, is one of the most intractable problems a turf specialist encounters. Herbicides previously used to selectively control bermudagrass such as siduron and oxadiazon have proven to be of only minimal efficacy or to induce significant injury to other desirable turfgrasses. Tests conducted in 1993, 1994 and 1995 have indicated that fenoxaprop plus fluazifop (Horizon 2000R) controlled bermudagrass effectively. Six bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) cultivars and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were used in the susceptibility studies. Visual control and cover ratings were taken at two-week intervals until ten weeks after the final treatment. Sequential applications of labeled rates of fenoxaprop or fluazifop alone only temporarily controlled bermudagrass shoots. Horizon 2000 applied at 0.40 kg ai/ha in three sequential applications proved effective in controlling bermudagrass rhizomes and stolons. From results of previous studies and research conducted here it has been hypothesized that synergistic effects of fenoxaprop on fluazifop allow both differential control of various bermudagrass cultivars and increased tall fescue tolerance to these herbicides. / Master of Science
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Molecular cytogenetic analysis of genomes between Festuca mairei and Lolium perenneCao, Mingshu, January 2001 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.
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Evaluation of the forage quality of interseeding birdsfoot trefoil with tall fescue and grazing steers performance on the pasturesWen, Lian, January 2001 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves -). Also available on the Internet.
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Molecular cytogenetic analysis of genomes between Festuca mairei and Lolium perenne /Cao, Mingshu, January 2001 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.
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Evaluation of the forage quality of interseeding birdsfoot trefoil with tall fescue and grazing steers performance on the pastures /Wen, Lian, January 2001 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves -). Also available on the Internet.
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Molecular genome characterization and introgression in Lolium perenne and Festuca speciesChen, Caifu, January 1996 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1996. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.
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