Orientador: Sarita Leonel / Resumo: O objetivo deste experimento foi o de avaliar o estado nutricional e desenvolvimento fenológico de figueira (Ficus carica L.) cv. 'Roxo de Valinhos' conduzidas durante o estágio de formação (dois anos consecutivos), submetidas a níveis crescentes de potássio. A condução do experimento foi realizada em condições de campo na área do Pomar da Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, dispostos em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas no tempo. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de seis níveis de adubação potássica (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150g de K2O/planta) aplicados em cobertura anualmente no início da fase de brotação com uso de cloreto de potássio como fornecedor do nutriente. Para efeito da composição das causas de variância, os níveis de potássio foram aplicados às parcelas, os dois anos de coletas aplicados às subparcelas e os três meses de coleta aplicados às sub-subparcelas. Realizou-se análise de variância e de regressão, adotando-se a técnica dos polinômios ortogonais, escolhendo o polinômio de maior grau que foi significativo para a determinação da equação. Foram realizadas avaliações do estado nutricional das plantas apor meio de amostragens de folhas e pecíolos durante três meses: outubro (antes do florescimento), dezembro (durante o florescimento) e fevereiro (maturação de frutas); avaliações da fertilidade do solo através análises químicas da camada arável (0-20cm), durante... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The purpose of the research was to evaluate the nutritional states and ecologic development of fig-tree cv. 'Roxo of Valinhos' submitted the increasing doses of potassium. The experiment was carried through in field conditions at the Orchard of Experimental Farm, of the College Agronomic Sciences, Campus of Botucatu. The experimental design was at randomized blocks with four replications and six treatments made use in project of sub-subdivided parcels in the time. The treatments were six doses of potassium fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150g of K2Ò/planta) applied annually in covering in the sprout beginning with chloride potassium as nutrient supplying. For effect of variation causes composition, the potassium concentrations had been applied in parcels, the two years of applied collections subparcelas and tree months of collection-applied sub-sub parcels. A variation and regression analysis was become fulfilled, adopting technical it of the orthogonal polynomials, choosing the polynomial of bigger degree that was significant for equation determination. It had been carried through estimation of the plants nutritional state across of leaves and petiole samplings during tree months: October (before the bloom), December (during the bloom) and February (matured fruits): estimation of the fertility of the ground across chemistry analyses of the layer soil (0-20cm), during the... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 brizola_rmo_me_botfca.pdf: 309790 bytes, checksum: 3e15147c5379642987b2964b220ba2d2 (MD5) / O objetivo deste experimento foi o de avaliar o estado nutricional e desenvolvimento fenológico de figueira (Ficus carica L.) cv. ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ conduzidas durante o estágio de formação (dois anos consecutivos), submetidas a níveis crescentes de potássio. A condução do experimento foi realizada em condições de campo na área do Pomar da Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, dispostos em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas no tempo. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de seis níveis de adubação potássica (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150g de K2O/planta) aplicados em cobertura anualmente no início da fase de brotação com uso de cloreto de potássio como fornecedor do nutriente. Para efeito da composição das causas de variância, os níveis de potássio foram aplicados às parcelas, os dois anos de coletas aplicados às subparcelas e os três meses de coleta aplicados às sub-subparcelas. Realizou-se análise de variância e de regressão, adotando-se a técnica dos polinômios ortogonais, escolhendo o polinômio de maior grau que foi significativo para a determinação da equação. Foram realizadas avaliações do estado nutricional das plantas apor meio de amostragens de folhas e pecíolos durante três meses: outubro (antes do florescimento), dezembro (durante o florescimento) e fevereiro (maturação de frutas); avaliações da fertilidade do solo através análises químicas da camada arável (0-20cm), durante... . / The purpose of the research was to evaluate the nutritional states and ecologic development of fig-tree cv. ‘Roxo of Valinhos’ submitted the increasing doses of potassium. The experiment was carried through in field conditions at the Orchard of Experimental Farm, of the College Agronomic Sciences, Campus of Botucatu. The experimental design was at randomized blocks with four replications and six treatments made use in project of sub-subdivided parcels in the time. The treatments were six doses of potassium fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150g of K2Ò/planta) applied annually in covering in the sprout beginning with chloride potassium as nutrient supplying. For effect of variation causes composition, the potassium concentrations had been applied in parcels, the two years of applied collections subparcelas and tree months of collection-applied sub-sub parcels. A variation and regression analysis was become fulfilled, adopting technical it of the orthogonal polynomials, choosing the polynomial of bigger degree that was significant for equation determination. It had been carried through estimation of the plants nutritional state across of leaves and petiole samplings during tree months: October (before the bloom), December (during the bloom) and February (matured fruits): estimation of the fertility of the ground across chemistry analyses of the layer soil (0-20cm), during the... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero en Alimentos / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo en el Portal de Tesis Electrónicas / Las betalaínas son pigmentos coloreados que se clasifican en betacianinas (rojo- púrpura) ó betaxantinas (amarillo-anaranjado). La tuna púrpura (Opuntia ficus-indica) es una de las pocas fuentes de estos pigmentos, siendo rica en betacianinas, principalmente betanina, aceptada como colorante rojo por la Unión Europea y EEUU. Se encapsuló pulpa (P) y extracto nanofiltrado (NF) de tuna púrpura por secado por atomización, utilizando K4484 (K) (dextrina de tapioca) y Capsul (C) (almidón modificado hidrofóbicamente de maíz ceroso), como agentes encapsulantes. Se obtuvo altas eficiencias de encapsulación para las betacianinas (>99%) y betaxantinas (>98%) de los sistemas de micropartículas (P-K, P-C, NF-K y NF-C), lo cual se podría atribuir a interacciones por puentes de hidrógeno y/o electroestáticas entre las betalaínas y los polímeros. Se estudió la cinética de degradación de betanina a tres temperaturas de almacenamiento (30°C, 45°C y 60°C) para los sistemas P, NF, P-K, P-C, NF-K y NF-C. Los resultados mostraron que la degradación de betanina en los seis sistemas estudiados siguió una cinética de pseudo-primer orden (R2= 0,83-0,99), siendo la kobs significativamente menor en las micropartículas (P-K, P-C, NF-K y NF-C) respecto a los extractos (P y NF), mostrando el efecto protector de la encapsulación sobre la betanina. Se obtuvo los parámetros cinéticos y termodinámicos a partir de las ecuaciones de Arrhenius y de Eyring. Al comparar el tipo de extracto en las micropartículas, se encontró un efecto diferente entre K y C. En el sistema NF-K (3,4*10-3 días-1; 5,8*10-3 días-1) se observó una constante de degradación de betanina significativamente menor que en el sistema P-K a 45°C y 60°C (5,7*10-3 días-1; 7,1*10-3 días-1), atribuido a la ausencia de mucílagos en el extracto NF. Contrariamente, las kobs en NF-C (9,8*10-3 días-1; 15,0*10-3 días-1; 30,4*10-3 días-1) fueron significativamente mayores que en P-C (3,1*10-3 días-1; 6,4*10-3 días-1; 8,1*10-3 días-1) a 30°C, 45°C y 60°C, atribuido al mayor contenido de azúcares en el extracto NF. Estos resultados sugieren que la presencia de mucílago y azúcares en las micropartículas favorecieron la degradación de la betanina, lo que se atribuye principalmente al mecanismo de hidrólisis del enlace aldimina (N=C), siendo la higroscopicidad un factor crítico en su estabilidad. El gráfico de H≠ vs S≠ mostró una relación lineal, sugiriendo que la degradación de betanina siguió el mismo mecanismo para todos los sistemas de micropartículas estudiados / Betalains are colored pigments classified as betacyanins (red-purple) and betaxanthins (yellow- orange). The purple cactus pear (Opuntia ficus -indica) is one of the few sources of these pigments, being rich in betacyanins mainly betanin and accepted as red dye by the European Union and USA. Pulp (P) and nanofiltered extract (NF) of purple cactus pear were encapsulated by spray drying, using K4484 (tapioca dextrin) and Capsul® (hydrophobically modified waxy maize starch), as encapsulating agents. The microparticles systems (P-K, P-C, NF- K and NF-C) showed high encapsulation efficiencies for betacyanins (> 99 %) and betaxanthins (> 98 %), which could be attributed to hydrogen bond and/or electrostatic interactions between betalains and polymers. Betanin degradation kinetics was studied at three storage temperatures (30, 45 and 60 °C) for P, NF, P-K, P-C, NF-K and NF-C systems. The results showed that the betanin degradation in all the systems studied followed pseudo-first order kinetics (R2 = 0.83-0.99), being kobs significantly lower in the microparticles (P-K, P-C, NF-K and NF-C) in regard to extracts (P and NF), showing the protective effect of betanin encapsulation. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated from the Arrhenius and Eyring equations. Different effect between K and C was observed when the type of extract in the microparticles was compared. Betanin degradation rate constant in NF-K (3.4*10-3 day -1, 5.8*10-3 day-1) was significantly lower than P-K system for both 45 and 60 °C (5.7*10-3 day -1, 7.1*10-3 day-1), attributed to the absence of mucilages in the NF extract. Contrary, the kobs for NF-C (9.8*10-3 day-1, 15.0*10-3 day -1, and 30.4*10-3 day- 1) were significantly higher than P-C ( 3.1 day-1*10-3, 6.4*10-3 day-1, 8.1*10-3 day-1) at 30, 45 and 60 °C , attributed to the higher content of sugars in the NF extract. These results suggest that the presence of mucilage and/or sugars in the microparticles increase the betanin degradation. The hydrolysis of the aldimine bond (N = C) is the mainly pathway of betanin degradation in microparticles, being hygroscopicity a critical factor. The H≠ vs S ≠ graph showed a linear relationship, suggesting that the degradation of betanin followed the same mechanism for all systems of microparticles studied

Interações ecológicas interespecíficas que resultam em benefício para todos os organismos participantes são conhecidas como mutualismo. No entanto, a troca de benefícios apresenta custos para as espécies participantes. Este fato abre espaço para o surgimento de espécies que adotam estratégias oportunistas, denominadas parasitas de mutualismos. As plantas do gênero Ficus são adequadas para estudos dessas interações, pois apresentam relação mutualística com vespas polinizadoras da família Agaonidae e são exploradas por vespas não-polinizadoras (parasitas do mutualismo). O objetivo desse estudo foi elucidar a biologia larval de vespas não-polinizadoras do gênero Idarnes pertencentes aos grupos carme e flavicollis associadas a Ficus citrifolia no campus da USP em Ribeirão Preto. Foi possível elucidar que a espécie de Idarnes do grupo flavicollis é galhadora, ao passo que a espécie do grupo carme é incapaz de induzir galhas, sendo provavelmente inquilinas específicas da espécie polinizadora. Vespas flavicollis ovipositam nos sicônios antes da polinização e evitam a retaliação pela planta, adotando mecanismo de oviposição semelhante ao das vespas polinizadoras. Vespas carme, por sua vez, depositam seus ovos diretamente dentro do saco embrionário de flores já galhadas, onde se localiza a larva da polinizadora. Contrariando especulações prévias, os resultados mostram que mesmo em espécies próximas filogeneticamente, e.g. grupos flavicollis e carme do gênero Idarnes, podem ocorrer variações acentuadas na biologia e na estratégia de exploração de recursos. / Interspecific ecological interactions which benefit all participants are known as mutualisms. However, the benefit exchange implies in costs for the involved species. This fact enables the appearance of species adopting opportunist strategies, known as parasites of mutualism. Plants belonging to the genus Ficus are suitable for studying these ecological interactions since they show a mutualistic interaction with pollinating wasps belonging to Agaonidae family and are exploited by non-pollinating wasps (parasites of the mutualism). The aim of this study was to elucidate the larval biology of non-pollinating fig wasps, genus Idarnes, belonging to flavicollis and carme species groups, associated with Ficus citrifolia at USP campus in Ribeirão Preto. We showed that species of flavicollis group are gallers, while species of carme group were not able to induce galls, probably being specific inquilines of the pollinating species. flavicollis wasps oviposit in syconia before receptivity and avoid retaliation by the plant, adopting a similar mechanism of oviposition to the one of the pollinators. carme wasps, on the other hand, deposit their eggs directly inside the embrionary sac of already galled flowers, where the pollinator larva is located. In disagreement with previous speculations, the results show that even in phylogenetically close species, such as flavicollis and carme species groups, there may be considerable variation in biology and resource exploitation strategies.

La spéciation et la diversification sur les iles sont des processus évolutifs tirés par de nombreux facteurs tels qu’histoire géologique et complexité topographique. Réciproquement, l’histoire évolutive d’une espèce contribue à expliquer ses traits biologiques et écologiques actuels. J’ai cherché à analyser ces patrons et processus à travers un système modèle présent à travers toutes les régions tropicales du monde : les Ficus et leurs insectes pollinisateurs (Hymenoptera : Chacidoidea). Plus particulièrement je me suis focalisée sur les Ficus du sous genre Sycomorus et leurs pollinisateurs, les insectes du genre Ceratosolen. Les deux objectif principaux de ma thèse ont été de : (1) étudier l’histoire biogéographique des espèces de Ceratosolen des Philippines à partir des reconstructions phylogénétiques et (2) étudier quelques aspects de la biologie et de l’écologie de ces espèces et de les relier à leur histoire évolutive. Pour l’objectif 1, nous montrons que, comme la plupart des biota des Philippines, les Ceratosolen sont arrivés du sud par Palawan ou par l’archipel de Sulu, à de multiples reprises. Il semble que l’histoire géologique, les bras de mer profonds et les changements de niveau des mers du Pléistocène ont une valeur explicative faible pour comprendre la distribution et la diversification des groupes d’espèces. Les facteurs importants seraient plutôt la complexité topographique des iles, les distances entre iles, la capacité intrinsèque de dispersion des insectes et la spécialisation écologique. Pour l’objectif 2 nous avons étudié les traits suivants : la modification des pattes arrière, la durée de vie, l’activité journalière, la structuration génétique spatiale et la perception des odeurs de figues réceptives. Nous montrons que les pattes postérieures modifiées de C. corneri ont des propriétés hydrophobes plus fortes que celles, non modifiées, de son proche parent, C. jucundus. Le caractère hydrophobe de ces pattes permet aux males de C. corneri de respirer même submergé dans du liquide dans les figues. Cette adaptation est probablement le résultat de la sélection sexuelle car ces males peuvent émerger plus tôt de leurs galles pour féconder les femelles. Nous montrons ainsi comment un trait de la figue, la quantité de liquide, contraint la morphologie et le comportement du pollinisateur. Par ailleurs nous documentons plusieurs cas de coexistence locale de plusieurs espèces de pollinisateurs associées à F. septica. Dans un site nous montrons que les deux espèces de pollinisateurs diffèrent par leur durée de vie mais débutent leur activité en même temps. De plus, F. septica et ses clades de pollinisateurs noirs présentaient une structure géographique similaire. Ce patron a pu apparaitre dans le contexte de barrières géographiques fortes, menant à l’isolement, à l’adaptation locale et finalement, à la co-diversification. Nous montrons que la coexistence de pollinisateurs a probablement été rendue possible par un déplacement initial de caractère suivi d’une extension d’aire. Finalement, nous fournissons des éléments montrant que les variations géographiques d’odeurs de figues réceptives ne limitent pas l’expansion géographique des insectes pollinisateurs. Ceci est confirmé par nos résultats sur la gamme d’odeurs perçues par les insectes. Nous montrons que cette perception était fortement dépendante des stimuli rencontrés. Ainsi nous voyons une convergence des odeurs perçues entre insectes partageant un même hôte. Ceci est une démonstration de la plasticité évolutive du système de perception des odeurs des insectes. Ainsi notre travail explore des aspects historiques et biologiques de l’ensemble des Ceratosolen des Philippines, avec une focalisation sur la diversification en cours dans le système Ficus septica-insectes associés. La suite du travail abordera les moteurs biologiques et les processus biologiques tels que la co-spéciation ou le partage de pollinisateurs que nous avons documentés ici. / Speciation and diversification in islands are evolutionary processes that are driven by many factors such as geological history and topographic complexity. In turn, the evolutionary history of a species contributes to explaining its present biological and ecological traits. In wanting to investigate these patterns and processes, I chose a model system that is present throughout the tropical areas of the world: the figs (genus Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Specifically, I focused on a subgroup of this model system: the subgenus Sycomorus figs and their associated pollinators, the Ceratosolen wasps. The two main objectives of this thesis were: (1) to investigate the biogeographic history of the Philippine Ceratosolen species using phylogenetic tree reconstructions and (2) to investigate certain biological and ecological traits of Philippine Ceratosolen species and to relate these traits to their evolutionary history. For Objective 1, we have shown that, like most Philippine biota, Ceratosolen wasps most likely arrived from the south of the Philippines via Palawan or the Sulu archipelago. It is likely that geological history, deep-water barriers and Pleistocene sea-level changes were not major factors explaining the distribution and diversification of these species groups. They are most likely affected by other factors such as island topographic complexity, distances between islands, intrinsic wasp dispersal ability and ecological specialization. For Objective 2, we specifically looked at the following wasp traits: hind leg modifications, life span and daily activity, spatial genetic structuring and odour perception. We have shown that male C. corneri modified hind legs were able to repel liquids more than its close relative, C. jucundus, that has unmodified hind legs. The hydrophobicity of these hind legs allows C. corneri male wasps to respire even when they are submerged in fig liquid. This adaptation is probably a response to sexual selection because these male wasps now have the ability to emerge earlier to search for mates. We have thus shown how fig functional traits, i.e. amount of fig liquid, can constrain fig wasp morphology and behaviour. Moreover, in the F. septica system, we documented several instances of multiple pollinator species associating with F. septica. In one site, these two pollinator species differed in life span, but are active the same time. Also, F. septica and its black pollinator clades exhibited similar geographic structuring. This could originally be due to strong geographic barriers leading to isolation, local adaptation, and finally co-diversification. We also show the co-existence of pollinating species in an area which probably had been brought about by initial character displacement and subsequent range expansion. Lastly, we provide evidence that receptive fig odours do not constrain the species specificity of the interactions. This was further supported by our results on the range of wasp odour perception. We saw that odour perception in fig wasps is highly dependent on the olfactory stimuli. Convergence in odour perception was seen when wasps shared hosts and divergence was demonstrated when wasp species were constrained to respond to different scent profiles. This is remarkable evidence of the evolutionary plasticity in the insect odour perception system. Thus, this work explored aspects of the history and biology of Philippine Ceratosolen, as a whole, with a focus on the current on-going diversification processes in the Ficus septica-wasp system. Future work should look at the biological drivers of evolutionary processes such as co-speciation and pollinator sharing that we have documented here.

Interações ecológicas interespecíficas que resultam em benefício para todos os organismos participantes são conhecidas como mutualismo. No entanto, a troca de benefícios apresenta custos para as espécies participantes. Este fato abre espaço para o surgimento de espécies que adotam estratégias oportunistas, denominadas parasitas de mutualismos. As plantas do gênero Ficus são adequadas para estudos dessas interações, pois apresentam relação mutualística com vespas polinizadoras da família Agaonidae e são exploradas por vespas não-polinizadoras (parasitas do mutualismo). O objetivo desse estudo foi elucidar a biologia larval de vespas não-polinizadoras do gênero Idarnes pertencentes aos grupos carme e flavicollis associadas a Ficus citrifolia no campus da USP em Ribeirão Preto. Foi possível elucidar que a espécie de Idarnes do grupo flavicollis é galhadora, ao passo que a espécie do grupo carme é incapaz de induzir galhas, sendo provavelmente inquilinas específicas da espécie polinizadora. Vespas flavicollis ovipositam nos sicônios antes da polinização e evitam a retaliação pela planta, adotando mecanismo de oviposição semelhante ao das vespas polinizadoras. Vespas carme, por sua vez, depositam seus ovos diretamente dentro do saco embrionário de flores já galhadas, onde se localiza a larva da polinizadora. Contrariando especulações prévias, os resultados mostram que mesmo em espécies próximas filogeneticamente, e.g. grupos flavicollis e carme do gênero Idarnes, podem ocorrer variações acentuadas na biologia e na estratégia de exploração de recursos. / Interspecific ecological interactions which benefit all participants are known as mutualisms. However, the benefit exchange implies in costs for the involved species. This fact enables the appearance of species adopting opportunist strategies, known as parasites of mutualism. Plants belonging to the genus Ficus are suitable for studying these ecological interactions since they show a mutualistic interaction with pollinating wasps belonging to Agaonidae family and are exploited by non-pollinating wasps (parasites of the mutualism). The aim of this study was to elucidate the larval biology of non-pollinating fig wasps, genus Idarnes, belonging to flavicollis and carme species groups, associated with Ficus citrifolia at USP campus in Ribeirão Preto. We showed that species of flavicollis group are gallers, while species of carme group were not able to induce galls, probably being specific inquilines of the pollinating species. flavicollis wasps oviposit in syconia before receptivity and avoid retaliation by the plant, adopting a similar mechanism of oviposition to the one of the pollinators. carme wasps, on the other hand, deposit their eggs directly inside the embrionary sac of already galled flowers, where the pollinator larva is located. In disagreement with previous speculations, the results show that even in phylogenetically close species, such as flavicollis and carme species groups, there may be considerable variation in biology and resource exploitation strategies.

La Opuntia ficus-indica “tuna morada”, especie nativa que crece en la región Quechua del Perú, fue recolectada en la estación experimental de CANAAN, distrito de Ayacucho, provincia de Huamanga, departamento de Ayacucho. El objetivo fue extraer el colorante natural de la pulpa del fruto de “tuna morada” para evaluar su actividad antioxidante y su aplicación en crema chantilly. La extracción se realizó utilizando solución hidroalcohólica (acidulada con ácido cítrico al 0,2%). La actividad antioxidante se determinó por dos métodos: método de la actividad secuestradora del Radical 1,1-Difenil-2-Picrilhidrazilo (DPPH) y el método de peroxidación lipídica microsomal. La estabilidad del colorante se determinó a través de su absorbancia a 537 ηm mediante el espectrofotómetro UV-visible; el pH por potenciometría y sólidos totales por refractometría; finalmente, se determinó los parámetros de color, olor, sabor mediante escala ordinal de aceptación sensorial del producto crema chantilly a la que se le añadió el extracto de Opuntia ficus-indica. Los resultados de la extracción hidroalcohólica del colorante natural presentaron un rendimiento de 16 % de la pulpa total. La actividad antioxidante del extracto frente al DPPH fue de 62,56% comparado con la vitamina C que fue de 69,77%. A mayor concentración del extracto hay mayor efecto antioxidante. La actividad antioxidante según modelo de la peroxidación lipídica microsomal, inhibió al complejo malondialdehido-ácido tiobarbitúrico en 0,117 μmol/mL, frente a la vitamina C de 0,103 μmol/mL, comparado con el blanco que reportó 0,540 μmol/mL. En cuanto a la aplicación del colorante natural al producto crema chantilly presenta actividad antioxidante y con un tiempo de vida útil de siete días. Se concluye que los pigmentos del fruto de “tuna morada” tienen actividad antioxidante y es aplicable en crema chantilly. / The Opuntia ficus-indica "purple tuna", native species that grows in the region Quechua of Peru, was collected at the experimental station of Canaan district of Ayacucho, Huamanga province, department of Ayacucho. The objective was to remove the natural coloring of the fruit pulp of "purple tuna" to evaluate its antioxidant activity and its application in whipped cream. Extraction was performed using water-alcohol solution (acidified with 0,2% citric acid). The antioxidant activity was determined by two methods: the method Radical scavenging activity of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrilhidrazilo (DPPH) and the method of microsomal lipid peroxidation. The dye stability was determined by its absorbance at 537 ηm by UV-visible spectrophotometer; the pH by potentiometry and total solids by refractometry; finally, determined the parameters of color, odor, flavor by sensory acceptance ordinal scale chantilly cream product to which was added the extract of Opuntia ficus-indica. The results of the natural coloring hydroalcoholic extraction showed a yield of 16% of the overall pulp. The antioxidant activity of the extract against DPPH was 62,56% compared with vitamin C which was 69,77%. A higher concentration of no greater antioxidant extract. The antioxidant according to the model of microsomal lipid peroxidation, inhibited the thiobarbituric acid-malondialdehyde complex in 0,117 mol/mL, compared to vitamin C of 0,103 mmol/mL, compared to that reported white 0,540 mmol/mL. As regards the application of natural coloring whipped cream product presents an antioxidant activity and useful life time of seven days. We conclude that the pigments of the fruit of "purple tuna" have antioxidant activity and is applicable in whipped cream. Key words: Opuntia ficus-indica, purple tuna, antioxidant activity.

Busca elaborar una bebida alcohólica destilada utilizando Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller “tuna”, procedente del distrito de San Bartolomé, provincia de Huarochirí, departamento de Lima. Del estudio fisicoquímico bromatológico de la pulpa fresca de la tuna, se obtiene los siguientes resultados expresados en g % de muestra fresca: 86,0 de humedad; 2,0 de fibra cruda; 0,1 de extracto etéreo; 0,4 de cenizas; 0,5 de proteínas; 11,0 de carbohidratos. Además, esta pulpa tiene una acidez total de 0,044 g% ácido cítrico, un pH de 6,15 y 11° brix. Se proponen 24 tratamientos de fermentación considerando 4 variables: el tipo de materia prima, la dilución, la concentración de levadura y el pH. Los parámetros de fermentación que permitieron el mayor rendimiento son pH 4,0, dilución 1:2 (pulpa: agua) y concentración de levadura 0,4 g/L. Luego de analizar la bebida alcohólica destilada obtenida con los parámetros de fermentación antes mencionados, según la NTP 211.001 (para elaboración de pisco), se encuentra que esta bebida posee una graduación alcohólica de 48,00 %v/v y 0,05 g/L de extracto seco. Además, la bebida presenta los siguientes resultados expresados en mg/ 100 mL de alcohol anhidro: 11,10 de metanol; 0,00 de furfural; 367,32 de alcoholes superiores totales; 79,24 de acidez volátil; 13,73 de acetato de etilo y 52,75 de acetaldehído. La bebida alcohólica destilada obtenida cumple con todos los requisitos fisicoquímicos de la NTP 211.001 (para elaboración de pisco), con excepción del valor de alcoholes superiores totales. / Tesis

Para el desarrollo de este trabajo se han considerado variables como: investigaciones de mercado, procedimientos técnicos y económicos del néctar de tuna. El estudio de mercado nacional nos indica que la mayor parte de la producción nacional de néctar es de durazno y mango, cuyas calidades no son buenas. Estudios realizados en el año 2 006 nos indica que ese año hubo una demanda 107 324 toneladas y para el año 2 010 habrá una demanda proyectada de 284 833 ton/año. El tamaño de planta determinado es de 169 Toneladas/año (558 600 botellas de 0,3 L) y estará ubicada en el distrito de Chincho de, Provincia de Angaraes, departamento de Huancavelica; latitud sur 12º58'29”, latitud oeste 74º21'54”. El distrito de Chincho cuenta con 1 550 ha de tuna silvestre, equivalente a 9 427 toneladas de fruta de tuna de los cuales sólo se usará el 20% (1 885 toneladas/año) y sólo 188 toneladas de fruta es para néctares, por otro lado el distrito de Chincho limita con las provincias de Huanta y Huamanga, que son las mayores productoras de tuna del departamento de Ayacucho, por lo que la disponibilidad de materia prima es superior a la requerida. Teniendo en cuenta el delicado aroma y sabor de la fruta, en la elaboración del producto, se ha empleado la tecnología de conservación por métodos combinados (Temperatura de pasteurización de 80-85Cº, durante 5-10 minutos.

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero en Alimentos / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento hasta diciembre de 2015 / En la actualidad, frutas y verduras están siendo consumidas en todas partes del mundo en diferentes formatos, generándose gran cantidad de subproductos, partes no comestibles del fruto, las cáscaras, los carozos, las semillas, etc. La utilización de estos subproductos se ha convertido en un punto principal para evitar la acumulación de desechos que provocan las industrias de alimentos y, a la vez, aumentar sus riquezas. En el caso del fruto del nopal Opuntia ficus-indica, la cáscara es considerada su subproducto, y de esta es posible extraer un hidrocoloide comúnmente conocido como mucílago. Los hidrocoloides naturales pueden ser utilizados en las industrias dependiendo de las propiedades físico-químicas que posean. Sobre este marco, el objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener mucílagos de la cáscara de la tuna proveniente del nopal Opuntia ficus-indica a partir de métodos de extracción con y sin escaldado. Se llevaron a cabo dos métodos de extracción de mucílagos a partir de cáscaras de tunas no escaldadas y escaldadas. Luego de la obtención de ambos productos, se determinaron sus valores de humedad, cenizas, grasas, proteínas y carbohidratos totales. Junto a esto se hicieron análisis de color, actividad de agua, pH, ángulo de reposo, tamaño de partícula, ensayos microbiológicos y de reología. En base a los resultados obtenidos, se pudo concluir que ambos mucílagos son similares en sus características físico-químicas, como también en términos microbiológicos y reológicos. Esto indica que el proceso de escaldado de las cáscaras de la tuna puede ser omitido en la producción del mucílago / Nowadays, fruits and vegetables are being eaten in all over the world in different formats, generating a huge quantity of byproducts, inedible fruit parts like peel, pits, seeds, etc. The use of these byproducts have become in a main point to avoid the wastes accumulation that food industries produce. In the case of fruit of Opuntia ficus-indica, the peel is considerated its byproduct, and from this is possibly to extract a hydrocolloid commonly known like mucilage. The natural hydrocolloids can be important at industries, and it depending of their physical-chemicals properties. On this framework, the aim of this work was obtain mucilage from fruits’s peel of Opuntia ficus-indica’s fruits applied extraction methods. Two extraction methods of mucilages were performed from peel of fruits of O. ficus-indica blanched and don’t blanched. After to obtain both products, their values of moisture, ash, fat, proteins and total carbohydrate were determined. Additionally, analysis color, water activity, pH, angle of repose, particule size, microbiologies and rheological tests were made. It can be conclude that both mucilages are similar in their physicochemical, microbiological and rheological characteristics. This indicates that blanching of Opuntia ficus-indica’s fruit peel is able to omit in the mucilage production