Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2015-11-09T15:18:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1583233 bytes, checksum: b5179708bc8bc4d95084463985fbd3d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-09T15:18:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1583233 bytes, checksum: b5179708bc8bc4d95084463985fbd3d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ficus adahtodifolia é conhecida popularmente como figueira-vermífuga, devido à propriedade farmacológica do látex retirado da casca. Apesar do látex ser utilizado na medicina popular no tratamento de verminoses, pouco se sabe sobre a sua constituição química. Dada a importância medicinal da espécie, o objetivo do trabalho foi contribuir com informações anatômicas, histoquímicas e fitoquímicas das cascas e do látex de F. adhatodifolia a fim de se conhecer o sítio de acúmulo dos compostos de interesse farmacológico, bem como a composição química da casca e do látex. Para análise estrutural, as amostras das cascas do caule e da raiz foram processadas de acordo com técnicas usuais em microscopia de luz. Para análise histoquímica, amostras frescas da casca do caule foram seccionadas e submetidas a diversos reagentes. Para a prospecção fitoquímica, os extratos etanólicos da casca do caule e do látex foram submetidos ao estudo por cromatografia de camada delgada (CCD). A presença de laticíferos do tipo não-articulado ramificado, monocristais, fibras gelatinosas e braquiesclereídes encontrados nas cascas são caracteres anatômicos importantes na identificação de F. adhatodifolia. Através da análise histoquímica e fitoquímica foi possível verificar a semelhança na composição química entre o látex e a casca, dessa forma pode-se inferir que a casca possui potencial farmacológico. / Ficus. adahtodifolia is commonly known as figueira-vermífuga due the farmacological properties of the bark latex. Despite the use of the latex in popular medicine to treat parasite infections, few are known about its chemical constitution. Because of the importance of the specie, the aim of this work was to contribute with information over the anatomy, histochemical and phytochemical of the bark and the latex of F. adhatodifolia, in order to kwon the site of accumulation of the pharmacological compounds, as well as the chemical composition of the bark and the latex. Structural analysis of the stem bark were processed according to the usual plant microtechnique methods. Histochemical analysis was performed in fresh samples of stem bark submitted to different reagents. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique was applied for the phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the stem bark and the latex. The presence of laticifers, monocrystals, gelatinous fiber and brachysclereids in the bark are important anatomical features for the identification of F. adhatodifolia. By the histochemical and phytochemical analysis it was possible to verify similarity in the chemical composition beteewn the latex and the bark. Thus, it becomes possible to infer that the bark has pharmacological potential.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Mención Producción Agroindustrial / La tuna púrpura (Opuntia ficus-indica), es una importante fuente natural de compuestos bioactivos, destacándose las betalaínas (betacianinas y betaxantinas) y polifenoles, que representan una alternativa para el desarrollo de ingredientes funcionales debido a sus características colorantes y antioxidantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la estabilidad de las betalaínas en micropartículas de pulpa de tuna púrpura (Opuntia ficus-indica), extracto ultrafiltrado (UF) y nanofiltrado (NF), estudiando su cinética de degradación. Las micropartículas se prepararon por secado por atomización, utilizando Capsul (C) y K-4484 (K), como agentes encapsulantes. Las micropartículas de los seis sistemas (P-C, P-K, UF-C, UF-K, NF-C y NF-K) se almacenaron a tres temperaturas (30, 45 y 60 ºC). Se determinaron las constantes de degradación de betacianinas y betaxantinas y parámetros termodinámicos. La degradación siguió una cinética de primer orden para todos los sistemas de micropartículas estudiados. Las constantes de velocidad de degradación para las betacianinas estuvieron entre 1,8 - 12,1 x 10-3 dias-1 para 30ºC, entre 3,2 - 14,2 x 10-3 dias-1 para 45ºC y entre 5,8 - 30,4 x 10-3 dias-1 para 60ºC. Para las betaxantinas se obtuvieron constantes de degradación entre 1,3 - 2,1 x 10-3 dias-1 para 30ºC, entre 1,8 - 3,1 x 10-3 dias-1 para 45ºC y entre 2,5 - 4,3 x 10-3 dias-1 para 60ºC. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la energía de activación (Ea), entalpía de activación (ΔH≠) y entropía de activación (ΔS≠) para betacianinas entre los sistemas P-C, P-K, UF-C, UF-K y NF-C. Por otro lado, el cambio de energía de activación de betacianina para el sistema NF-K fue significativamente mayor con respecto a los otros sistemas estudiados, lo cual fue concordante con la menor constante de velocidad de degradación. Se obtuvo una relación lineal en el gráfico de ΔH≠ vs ΔS≠, éste efecto sugiere que tanto las betacianinas como las betaxantinas se degradaron por un mecanismo similar. Las micropartículas obtenidas en este estudio, podrían ser utilizadas en la industria de alimentos por sus propiedades colorantes y antioxidantes. Palabras claves: Micropartículas, pigmentos naturales, estabilidad de betalaínas. / Purple cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica), is an important source of bioactive compounds, mainly betalains (betacyanins and betaxanthins) and polyphenols, which represent an alternative for new functional ingredients with colorant and antioxidant properties. The objective of this investigation was to determine the stability of betalains from purple cactus pear pulp (Opuntia ficus-indica), ultrafiltrated (UF) and nanofiltrated (NF) extracts microparticles, studying their kinetics degradation. Microparticles were obtained by spray-drying using Capsul (C) and K-4484 (K) as encapsulating agents. The microparticles (P-C, P-K, UF-C, UF-K, NF-C and NF-K), were stored at three temperatures (30, 45 and 60 °C). Degradation rate constants of betacyanins and betaxanthins and thermodynamic parameters were determined. The betacyanin and betaxanthin degradation followed first order kinetics for all studied microparticles systems. Betacyanins degradation constants were between 1,8 - 12,1 x 10-3 days-1 for 30°C, between 3,2 - 14,2 x 10-3 days-1 for 45°C and between 5,8 - 30,4 x 10-3 days-1 for 60ºC. The degradation constants for betaxanthins were between 1,3 - 2,1 x 10-3 days-1 for 30°C, between 1,8 - 3,1 x 10-3 days-1 for 45°C and between 2,5 - 4,3 x 10-3 days-1 for 60ºC. No significant differences were observed in the activation energy (Ea), activation enthalpy (ΔH≠) and activation entropy (ΔS≠) for betacyanins among P-C, P-K, UF-C, UF-K and NF-C systems. Furthermore, the activation energy change for betacyanin in the NF-K system was significantly higher regard to the other systems, in accordance with the lower degradation constant. A linear relationship was obtained between ΔH≠ and ΔS≠, suggesting that both, betaxanthins and betacyanins, are degraded by a similar mechanism. Microparticles obtained in this study could be used in food industry for their colorant and antioxidant properties.

Tesis presentada como parte de los requisitos para optar al Grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agropecuarias / El mucílago de nopal es un hidrato de carbono complejo, con una gran capacidad para absorber agua, producido por plantas de la familia de las Cactaceae entre ellas la tuna (Opuntia ficus-indica). Algunos investigadores mencionan su potencial industrial, ya que podría emplearse como hidrocoloide en la industria de alimentos (Medina-Torres et al., 2000 y Sáenz et al., 2004). Además, se podría utilizar como agente encapsulante, agente gelificante, modificador de textura y viscosidad y estabilizador de espumas entre otros. Por otro lado, el mucílago al ser extraído de un vegetal, tiene una ventaja sobre los de origen animal, debido a su imagen positiva ante los consumidores (Ibañez y Ferrero, 2003).

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterised by prolonged hyperglycaemia,especially postprandial, in association with the consumption of diets that promote obesity. While different types of the disease have been identified, Type II diabetes also known as insulin dependent diabetes is most prevalent. Treatment for patients with this disease is usually a combination of exercise, low caloric diet and specific medical intervention through the use of allopathic medicines or surgery. While the number of treatment option is large, unfortunately, treatment is usually associated with complication such as drug adverse reactions and failure to halt disease progression. As a result new therapies are required. Herbal medicines such as those derived from the Ficus species, which have been used traditionally in the treatment of diabetes, may serve as new source of drug therapies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of selected South African Ficus species for their potential ability to manage Type II diabetes using in vitro and in vivo screening models. Dried and ground leaves of ten Ficus species were extracted separately with acetone, chloroform and hexane for determination of its phytochemical constituents. Since acetone extracted more variety of compounds, the extracts was used for determination of total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity, glucose uptake in primary cell cultures and established cell lines, and insulin release in pancreatic cell lines. The most active extract (F. lutea) was subjected to solvent-solvent fractionation and the six fraction subsequently evaluated by the same assays. The most active fraction (ethyl acetate) was hereafter subjected to fractionation for the isolation of bioactive compound(s) or direct evaluation in a mouse obesity model. The acetone extract of F. lutea had the highest polyphenolic content (56.85 ± 1.82 mg GAE/g dry weight), the strongest antioxidant activity (4.80 ± 0.90 TEAC) and the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity with an EC50 value of 9.42 ± 2.01 μg/ml. Although the extract of F. lutea had the highest sucrase (64.31 ± 3.57%) inhibitory activity at concentration of 0.5 mg/ml, the ECβ of F. sycomorus (217 ± 69 μg/ml) was the best followed by F. lutea (289 ± 111μg/ml). Based on the correlation coefficient between polyphenol and alpha amylase inhibition (0.80) and alpha glucosidase (sucrase) inhibition (0.84), and the partial non-competitive manner by which the acetone extract of F. lutea inhibited the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, the polyphenols appear to be in part responsible for the evident activity. All ten Ficus species were less toxic than doxorubicin (positive control) but contained compounds that are generally relatively more toxic to the Vero kidney cells than to the C3A liver cells. The extract of F. craterostoma was the least toxic to the C3A and Vero cells, while the LCβ for the extract of F. lutea extract were relatively non-toxic to the Vero cells (214.8 ± 5.0 μg/ml) and more toxic (126.0 ± 6.8 μg/ml) to the C3A cell line. In the glucose uptake assays using primary rat abdominal muscle or epididymal fat cells, F. lutea acetone extracts (200 μg/ml) induced greater glucose uptake of 10.8 ± 1.8% for muscle and of 32.0 ± 8.4% for fat respectively, in comparison to the DMSO control wells.A similar response was seen with the established C2C12 muscle and H-4-II-E liver cell lines, where F. lutea in a dose related manner increased glucose uptake and at the highest concentration (500 μg/ml) increase glucose uptake by 14.9 ± 2.3% and 19.3 ± 0.6% respectively. In contrast no result was quantifiable in the established 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes cell line, most likely due to a flaw in the methodology. The concurrent insulin addition, (1 and 10 μM) also potentiated the glucose utilisation in the F. lutea treated C2C12 and H-4-II-E cells. On addition of extracts to the RIN-m5F pancreatic β-cells, the extract of F. lutea stimulated a dose related increase in insulin release with insulin secretion of 120.8 ± 11.1% at the highest concentration (500 μg/ml) and concurrent dose related decrease in cell viability in comparison to the untreated control. As a result it would appear that F. lutea acetone extracts have a dual mechanism behind its ability to reduce glucose concentrations. The extract of Ficus lutea, was further subjected to solvent-solvent fractionation in hexane, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water due to its superior response. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest polyphenolic content (100.5 ± 1.6 mg GEA/g dried extract) and the highest sucrase inhibitory activity (126.8 ±30.6 μg/ml), while the n-butanol fraction had the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity (26.5 ± 1.3 μg/ml). Nonetheless the inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme activity by the various fractions was in all cases lower than that for the crude extract. In the cytotoxic assay using Vero monkey kidney and C3A liver cell line, the hexane fraction was the least toxic while the ethyl acetate fraction was relatively non-toxic, it had the lowest LDβ against the Vero cells (LDβ = 126.9 ± 1.5 μg/ml). In the glucose uptake assays, the ethyl acetate fraction stimulated the greatest glucose uptake into the C2C12 muscle and H-4-II-E liver cells in dose responsive manner, with no added benefits being achieved through the concurrent addition of insulin. The ethyl acetate fraction also enhanced insulin secretion in RIN-m5F pancreatic β-cells, albeit to a lower extent than the crude extract with dose related decrease in cell viability. With the ethyl acetate fraction being the most active fraction with moderately toxicity, further isolation was attempted. Five compounds were isolated, namely lupeol, stigmasterol, α-amyrin acetate, epicatechin and epiafzelechin, with all of the compounds except epiafzelechin previously known to possess antidiabetic activity. The ethyl-acetate fraction was also evaluated for its weight reducing potential in obese mouse model. Unfortunately no in vivo activity was discernible. In conclusion, this study is the first to report on the in vitro antidiabetic activity of the extract of F. lutea.. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23433号 / 農博第2464号 / 新制||農||1086(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5348(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 保川 清, 教授 谷 史人, 教授 橋本 渉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les odeurs émises par les plantes sont souvent interprétées dans le cadre de leur interaction avec les insectes pollinisateurs, herbivores et ennemis naturels, en tant que signaux de communication dont la fonction est l'attraction ou la répulsion de ces insectes. Pourtant, la communication a une définition précise en biologie évolutive, et le terme « signal » ne doit s'appliquer qu'à des traits de l'émetteur qui ont été sélectionnés dans le cadre de l'interaction avec le récepteur par voie sensorielle. De plus, certaines études démontrent que les Composés organiques volatils (COV) émis par les feuilles participent à la défense des plantes contre divers stress abiotiques (notamment stress oxydant et thermique) et biotiques (pathogènes, induction des défenses). L'idée de cette thèse, c'est d'essayer de faire rentrer l'ensemble de ces contextes et fonctions potentielles dans un cadre commun. En utilisant comme modèle les figuiers, leurs pollinisateur et parasites spécialistes, j'ai choisi comme approche de comparer les variations des odeurs de figue à celles de odeurs de feuille, au cours du développement des figues et au cours d'une journée. Dans les deux cas, les feuilles constituent un témoin permettant de déterminer si les variations observées peuvent être adaptatives vis-à-vis de l'interaction avec les insectes, mais aussi de considérer explicitement les fonctions potentielles des odeurs émises en dehors de la réceptivité. Ainsi, les fonctions de protection contre les stress habituellement attribuées aux odeurs de feuilles sont également pertinentes pour les odeurs de figues. A partir de là, le constat que le concept de communication n'est pas pertinent pour décrire le rôle des odeurs dans les interactions figuier-parasite permet de développer une réflexion sur la manière dont les phytophages et leurs ennemis naturels sont susceptibles d'influer sur l'évolution des odeurs émises par les plantes. Enfin, dans le cas de la communication olfactive figuier-pollinisateur, l'étude du cas de Ficus septica, chez qui deux pollinisateurs écologiquement différenciés coexistent, permet d'imaginer un mécanisme potentiel de co-spéciation écologique dans lequel la divergence des modalités de communication olfactive participerait à la mise en place de l'isolement reproducteur. / The scents emitted by plants are often interpreted in the light of their interaction with pollinators, phytophagous insects and their natural ennemies, as communication signals whose function is to attract or repel those insects. However, according to the adaptive definition of communication, a trait can be called “signal” only if it has been selected for the sensory interaction with a receptor. In addition, it has been shown that the volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by leaves participate to the defense of the plant against abiotic (especially oxidative/heat stress) and biotic stresses (pathogens, induction of defenses). The idea underlying this thesis it to put all all the contexts of emission and functions together within a common framework. Using the fig-pollinator-parasite model, the approach I choose was to compare the variation of fig scent with that of leaf scent, along their development and daily. In both cases, leaf scent is a control trait that allows to determine if the variations observed in figs are possibly adaptive regarding the interaction with insects, and to explicitely consider the potential functions of the scents emitted out of receptivity. Stress-protective functions that are evidenced in leaf scents are thus also relevant in figs. Then, the fact that communication is not relevant to describe the role of scents in the fig-parasite interaction led me to develop a reflection on the way phytophagous insects and their natural enemies could influence the evolution of plant scents. Finally, in the case of fig-pollinator communication, studying the case of Ficus septica, that is associated to two co-occuring ecologically differenciated pollinators, allows to imagine a potential co-speciation mechanism, where the divergence of communication mode would contribute to the establishment of reproductive isolation.

Frente ao intenso processo de fragmentação florestal sofrido no Brasil, este trabalho avaliou o efeito da fragmentação de Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais no Estado de São Paulo sobre a interação Ficus eximia e vespas (polinizadoras e não-polinizadoras). A abordagem foi realizada em duas escalas, (1) Na paisagem, com comparações entre os dados encontrados nas regiões de Teodoro Sampaio (menos fragmentada); Gália (intermediária) e Ribeirão Preto (mais fragmentada); e (2) Na escala local, considerando as características da paisagem no entorno das plantas amostradas. As questões investigadas foram: (a) Existe limitação de pólen em paisagens muito degradadas? (b) A estrutura da comunidade de vespas varia de acordo com o nível de fragmentação e distúrbio dos hábitats? (c) Possíveis limitações de pólen ou parasitismo por vespas não-polinizadoras comprometem os componentes primários de fecundidade das figueiras nas paisagens mais fragmentadas? Para responder tais questões, coletamos figos na fase interfloral (após a entrada da polinizadora e antes da maturação das sementes e prole) e figos em fase próxima à emergência das vespas. Os resultados mostraram que não houve indícios de limitação de vespas polinizadoras em nenhuma das paisagens estudadas. As comunidades apresentaram padrão aninhado, ou seja, a comunidade mais pobre em espécies Teodoro Sampaio representou uma subamostra das comunidades mais ricas Ribeirão Preto e Gália. A disponibilidade de vespas polinizadoras parece ser maior na paisagem mais fragmentada. As vespas parasitas inquilinas afetaram negativamente as produções de sementes e polinizadores em Ribeirão Preto; as vespas galhadoras também afetaram negativamente a produção de sementes em Gália e a produção de sementes e polinizadores em Teodoro Sampaio. No entanto, não foram detectadas, em geral, relações significativas entre as variáveis relacionadas ao potencial reprodutivo das figueiras e as características das paisagens estudadas. O presente estudo mostrou que o mutualismo Ficus-vespas de figo parece ser robusto às alterações da paisagem em escala subcontinental. O sistema reprodutivo alógamo das figueiras, com polinização biótica aprimorada pelo vento torna esse sistema biológico bastante insensível às modificações ambientais em pequena escala. / Brazilian forests, especially in the central and southeast regions, have been subject to intense habitat fragmentation. This study evaluated the fragmentation effects of semideciduous seasonal forests in São Paulo on the interaction between Ficus eximia and associated wasps (pollinating and non-pollinating). Our approach comprised two scales: (1) landscape scale, for which we compared data from the studied regions, namely Teodoro Sampaio (less fragmented), Gália (intermediate) and Ribeirão Preto (more fragmented) and (2) local scale, for which we considered the characteristics of the surrounding landscape of the sampled plant. The investigated issues were the following: (a) Is there pollen limitation in greatly degraded landscapes? (b) Does wasp community structure vary with fragmentation level and habitat disturbance? (c) Is it possible that limitations of pollen or parasitism by nonpollinating wasps compromise the primary fertility components of fig trees in the more fragmented landscape? To answer these questions, we collected figs at interfloral phase (after the pollinator had entered the fig and before offspring and seeds had completed their development) and figs close to wasp emergence phase. The results showed no evidence of pollination limitation in any studied landscape. The communities had a nested pattern, i.e., the species-poorest community Teodoro Sampaio is a subsample of the richer communities Ribeirão Preto and Gália. The availability of pollinating wasps appears to be greater in more fragmented landscapes. Inquiline fig wasps negatively affected seed and pollinator production in Ribeirão Preto; galler wasps also negatively affected seed production in Gália and seed and pollinator production in Teodoro Sampaio. However, significant relationships between variables related to fig reproductive potential and landscape characteristics were generally not detected. This study showed that Ficus-fig wasp mutualism appears to be resistant to landscape changes on a subcontinental scale. The reproductive system of fig biotic pollination enhanced by the wind makes this biological system rather insensitive to small-scale environmental changes.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The culture of the fig tree fits in different climatic conditions, as long as it provides favorable conditions for the region where it is deployed, such as appropriated management. Even being adapted to different climate and soil conditions, the cultivation of the fig tree is sensible to water scarcity, if appropriate, the use of irrigation. In this sense, this study aims to evaluate the behavior of the fig tree culture (Ficus carica L) submitted to the application of different depths of irrigation water. The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Sector of Polytechnic College, at Federal University of Santa Maria. The culture of the fig tree was in the sixth year of production and was observed from August, 2010, to June, 2011. The experiment consisted on five treatments with 7 replications, with randomized block experimental delineation, considering an adult plant per plot. The irrigation system consisted on localized drip irrigation, comprising a half-moon shape in rows around each plant. For the irrigation management, the evapotranspiration calculated by Penman equation was adopted as reference, in order to calculate the crop maximum evapotranspiration, using the Kc of 0.47. Reaching evapotranspiration of 20 mm, the irrigation was performed by applying the depth of 20 mm, corresponding to the 100% treatment, 15 mm for the 75% treatment, 10 mm to 50% treatment and 5mm to 25% treatment. The harvesting began on January 10, 2011, in other words 149 days after production pruning, starting the collection of data. Therefore, it was analyzed the following variables of production: productivity (ton.ha-1), weight (g), number and diameter of ripe figs (mm). To the classification of figs, such variables were determined: diameter (mm) and width (mm) of ripe figs. Sampling and data collection lasted 140 days, and the harvesting ended on May 28, 2011. After data collection, the information was subjected to variance analysis, submitted to the t test for multiple comparison of means in a10% level of probability, such as regression analysis. It was concluded that the fig tree was not influenced by the water levels for mean weight and mean diameter of figs variables, however the mean weight ranged from 54.78 to 57.39 g and the diameter ranged from 47.19 to 48, 37 mm. In relation to the number of fruits, differences were observed on the 100% treatment of Etc., resulting on an estimated maximum number of fruits of 292 fruits per plant. The yield responded significantly to the application of different irrigation levels, reaching maximum values of 30.61 ton ha-1, with depth corresponding to 100% of maximum crop evapotranspiration (160 mm). The figs were classified as medium, regarding that treatments did not influence the classification. The efficiency of water use showed better results with the depth equivalent to the 25% treatment of ETc, with an estimated 0.74 kg ha-1 mm-1. Regarding the results presented for the Roxo de Valinhos fig tree variety under different levels of drip irrigation in this experiment, it is possible to conclude that the most suitable depth for the culture, when it comes to the production increasement, is the additional water depth of 160 mm (100 % ETc). Although, concerning the water use efficiency, the water slide of 25% of ETc was the most efficient. For classification of ripe fruits, the irrigation showed no significant difference. / A cultura da figueira se adapta em diversas condições climáticas desde que tenha condições favoráveis e um manejo adequado para a região onde será implantada. Mesmo se adaptando em diversas condições de clima e solo, o cultivo da figueira é sensível à escassez hídrica, sendo necessário, o uso da irrigação. Com isso este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento da cultura da figueira (Ficus carica L) submetida à aplicação de diferentes lâminas irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Fruticultura no Colégio Politécnico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. A cultura da figueira estava no sexto ano de produção e foi acompanhado durante o período de agosto de 2010 a maio de 2011. Foram empregados 5 tratamentos com 7 repetições, com a utilização do delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso considerando uma planta adulta por parcela. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi o localizado tipo gotejamento, constituído por 1 linhas no formato meia lua ao redor de cada planta. Para o manejo da irrigação foi utilizado como referência a evapotranspiração de referência calculada pela equação de Penman, para em seguida calcular a evapotranspiração máxima da cultura utilizado o Kc de 0,47. Ocorrendo 20 mm de evapotranspiração da cultura realizou-se a irrigação aplicando a lâmina de 20 mm que correspondente ao tratamento 100%, 15 mm para o tratamento de 75%, 10 mm para 50% e 5 mm para o tratamento 25%. A colheita teve início em 10 de janeiro de 2011 aos 149 dias após a poda de produção com início das coletas dos dados. Para tanto foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis de produção: produtividade (ton. ha-1), peso (g), número e diâmetro (mm) dos figos maduros, e para classificação dos figos foram determinadas as variáveis: diâmetro (mm) e largura (mm) dos figos maduros. A colheita e a coleta dos dados duraram 140 dias, sendo a colheita encerrada em 28 de maio de 2011. Após a coleta dos dados, as informações foram submetidas à análise de variância submetida ao teste de t para comparação múltipla de médias, em nível de 10% de probabilidade de erro, e também à análise de regressão. Verificou-se que a figueira não sofreu influência dos níveis de irrigação para as variáveis, peso médio e diâmetro médio dos figos, no entanto, o peso médio variou de 54,78 a 57,39g e o diâmetro variou de 47,19 a 48,37 mm. Para a variável no número de frutos houve influência com o tratamento 100% da Etc, resultando no número de frutos máximo estimado de 292 frutos Planta-1. A produtividade respondeu significativamente à aplicação de diferentes lâminas de irrigação, atingindo valores máximos estimados de 30,61 ton ha-1com lâmina correspondente a 100% da evapotranspiração máxima da cultura (160 mm). Os figos foram classificados como médios tendo em vista que os tratamentos não influenciaram na classificação dos mesmos. A eficiência do uso da água apresentou um melhor resultado com a lâmina de equivalente ao tratamento 25% da ETc, com um valor estimado de 0,74 kg ha-1 mm-1. Diante dos resultados apresentados para a cultura da figueira variedade Roxo de Valinhos sob diferentes níveis de irrigação complementar por gotejamento para este experimento é possível de concluir que a lâmina mais indicada para a cultura quando se trata do aumento da produção e a lâmina hídrica complementar de 160 mm (100% da ETc). Porém para a eficiência do uso da água a lâmina hídrica correspondente a 25% da ETc que apresentou a maior eficiência. Para a classificação dos frutos maduros as lâminas de irrigação não fizeram diferença.

Frente ao intenso processo de fragmentação florestal sofrido no Brasil, este trabalho avaliou o efeito da fragmentação de Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais no Estado de São Paulo sobre a interação Ficus eximia e vespas (polinizadoras e não-polinizadoras). A abordagem foi realizada em duas escalas, (1) Na paisagem, com comparações entre os dados encontrados nas regiões de Teodoro Sampaio (menos fragmentada); Gália (intermediária) e Ribeirão Preto (mais fragmentada); e (2) Na escala local, considerando as características da paisagem no entorno das plantas amostradas. As questões investigadas foram: (a) Existe limitação de pólen em paisagens muito degradadas? (b) A estrutura da comunidade de vespas varia de acordo com o nível de fragmentação e distúrbio dos hábitats? (c) Possíveis limitações de pólen ou parasitismo por vespas não-polinizadoras comprometem os componentes primários de fecundidade das figueiras nas paisagens mais fragmentadas? Para responder tais questões, coletamos figos na fase interfloral (após a entrada da polinizadora e antes da maturação das sementes e prole) e figos em fase próxima à emergência das vespas. Os resultados mostraram que não houve indícios de limitação de vespas polinizadoras em nenhuma das paisagens estudadas. As comunidades apresentaram padrão aninhado, ou seja, a comunidade mais pobre em espécies Teodoro Sampaio representou uma subamostra das comunidades mais ricas Ribeirão Preto e Gália. A disponibilidade de vespas polinizadoras parece ser maior na paisagem mais fragmentada. As vespas parasitas inquilinas afetaram negativamente as produções de sementes e polinizadores em Ribeirão Preto; as vespas galhadoras também afetaram negativamente a produção de sementes em Gália e a produção de sementes e polinizadores em Teodoro Sampaio. No entanto, não foram detectadas, em geral, relações significativas entre as variáveis relacionadas ao potencial reprodutivo das figueiras e as características das paisagens estudadas. O presente estudo mostrou que o mutualismo Ficus-vespas de figo parece ser robusto às alterações da paisagem em escala subcontinental. O sistema reprodutivo alógamo das figueiras, com polinização biótica aprimorada pelo vento torna esse sistema biológico bastante insensível às modificações ambientais em pequena escala. / Brazilian forests, especially in the central and southeast regions, have been subject to intense habitat fragmentation. This study evaluated the fragmentation effects of semideciduous seasonal forests in São Paulo on the interaction between Ficus eximia and associated wasps (pollinating and non-pollinating). Our approach comprised two scales: (1) landscape scale, for which we compared data from the studied regions, namely Teodoro Sampaio (less fragmented), Gália (intermediate) and Ribeirão Preto (more fragmented) and (2) local scale, for which we considered the characteristics of the surrounding landscape of the sampled plant. The investigated issues were the following: (a) Is there pollen limitation in greatly degraded landscapes? (b) Does wasp community structure vary with fragmentation level and habitat disturbance? (c) Is it possible that limitations of pollen or parasitism by nonpollinating wasps compromise the primary fertility components of fig trees in the more fragmented landscape? To answer these questions, we collected figs at interfloral phase (after the pollinator had entered the fig and before offspring and seeds had completed their development) and figs close to wasp emergence phase. The results showed no evidence of pollination limitation in any studied landscape. The communities had a nested pattern, i.e., the species-poorest community Teodoro Sampaio is a subsample of the richer communities Ribeirão Preto and Gália. The availability of pollinating wasps appears to be greater in more fragmented landscapes. Inquiline fig wasps negatively affected seed and pollinator production in Ribeirão Preto; galler wasps also negatively affected seed production in Gália and seed and pollinator production in Teodoro Sampaio. However, significant relationships between variables related to fig reproductive potential and landscape characteristics were generally not detected. This study showed that Ficus-fig wasp mutualism appears to be resistant to landscape changes on a subcontinental scale. The reproductive system of fig biotic pollination enhanced by the wind makes this biological system rather insensitive to small-scale environmental changes.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-17T15:53:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertacao CamilaFinal final 2.pdf: 2477705 bytes, checksum: 3ff6c5608f3fea0d1609c7eba5605437 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-17T15:53:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertacao CamilaFinal final 2.pdf: 2477705 bytes, checksum: 3ff6c5608f3fea0d1609c7eba5605437 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / CNPQ / Nas últimas décadas tem-se verificado avanços significativos envolvendo estudos fitoquímicos e farmacológicos de plantas medicinais visando obter novos compostos com propriedades terapêuticas. A palma forrageira, Opuntia fícus indica (Cactaceae), é rica em hidratos de carbono complexos (fibras solúveis, mucilagens, celulose) polifenois (em particular flavanóides, como quercetina e kaempferol), carotenoides, vitaminas C e E entre outros, fazendo com que esta planta apresente várias propriedades terapêuticas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo detectar compostos fenólicos, avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante, como também a toxicidade aguda em ratos Wistar da mucilagem de cladódios de Opuntia fícus indica. A princípio foi realizada dosagem de compostos fenólicos (polifenóis e flavonoides). A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada pelo método de microdiluição em placa de 96 poços para determinar a CMI (concentração mínima inibitória) e CMB/CMF (concentração mínima bactericida ou fungicida), os seguintes micro-organismos foram utilizados: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538); Micrococcus luteus (ATCC2225); Bacillus subtilis (UFPEDA-16); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (UFPEDA-39); Mycobacterium smegmatis (UFPEDA-71); Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC6057); Escherichia coli (ATCC25922); Serratia sp (UFPEDA-398); Candida albicans (UFPEDA-1007); Staphylococcus aureus (CI, 731UFPEDA, Secreção de ferida-HC, ORSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CI, 736-UFPEDA, Secreção de ferida -HC), Enterobacter aerogenes (CI, 739-UFPEDA, Secreção de ferida HC), o extrato foi testado com concentrações entre 2000 a 3,9 μg/ml. A atividade antioxidante foi detectada pelo método ABTS, DPPH e capacidade antioxidante total. A toxicidade letal foi estimada usando Artemia salina e para a determinação da toxicidade aguda (in vivo) foram utilizados ratos Wistar, machos, que receberam por via oral a dose única de 2000 mg/kg da mucilagem de palma forrageira e foram avaliados por um período de 14 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que o conteúdo de polifenóis foi de 64,9 ± 0,6 μg/ml e flavonoides 31,8 ± 0,4 μg/ml. Resultados significativos foram encontrados para a atividade antioxidante: a percentagem de inibição ABTS foi 98,40 ± 0,40% após 120 min, equivalentes ao TEAC de 2.173,30 ± 8,80 μM Trolox, percentagem de inibição da formação de radicais DPPH foi 64,03 ± 7,8% e capacidade antioxidante total foi 48,42 ± 0,3% equivalente ao ácido ascórbico e 67,2 ± 0,4% equivalente ao ácido gálico. A mucilagem de palma forrageira mostrou atividade antimicrobiana contra: Micrococcus luteus (CMI= 1000 μg/ml e CMB= 2000 μg/ml), Mycobacterium smegmatis (CMI= 500 μg/ml e CMB= 2000μg/ml); Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Pseudomonas aeruginosa – IC ambas exibiram CMI de 2000 μg/ml e não apresentaram CMB. A mucilagem também foi ativa contra Candida albicans (CMI= 1000 μg/ml e CMF= 2000μg/ml). A toxicidade letal (CL50) para Artemia salina foi 584,11 μg/ml. No teste de toxicidade aguda in vivo não mostrou sinais de intoxicação e nem alterações fisiológicas, com DL50 (dose letal mediana) estimada maior que 2000 mg/kg (classe GHS 5 da OECD). A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a planta estudada é uma potencial fonte de compostos bioativos, sendo promissores em estudos visando à obtenção de novos agentes antimicrobianos e antioxidantes naturais com baixa toxicidade. / In recent decades there has been significant progress involving pharmacological and phytochemical studies of medicinal plants in order to obtain new compounds with therapeutic properties. The fodder palm, Opuntia ficus indica (Cactaceae), is rich in complex carbohydrates (soluble fiber, mucilage, cellulose) polyphenols (particularly flavonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol), carotenoids, vitamins C and E among others, making this plant present various therapeutic properties. This study aimed to detect phenolic compounds, evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, as well as acute toxicity of the Opuntia ficus indica cladodes mucilage in Wistar rats. Firstly, it was held dosage of phenolic compounds (polyphenols and flavonoids). The antimicrobial activity was performed using the microdilution method in 96-well plate to determine the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC/MFC (minimum bactericidal or fungicidal concentration), the following microorganisms were used: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538); Micrococcus luteus (ATCC2225); Bacillus subtilis (UFPEDA-16); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (UFPEDA39); Mycobacterium smegmatis (UFPEDA-71); Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC6057); Escherichia coli (ATCC25922); Serratia sp (UFPEDA-398); Candida albicans (UFPEDA1007); Staphylococcus aureus (CI, 731-UFPEDA, Wound secrecion-HC, ORSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CI, 736-UFPEDA, Wound secrecion -HC), Enterobacter aerogenes (CI, 739-UFPEDA, Wound secrecion -HC), the extract was tested at concentrations between 2000 to 3.9 μg/ml. Antioxidant activity was detected by the method ABTS, DPPH and total antioxidant capacity. Lethal toxicity was estimated using Artemia salina and to determine the acute toxicity (in vivo) were used male Wistar rats that were orally administered a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of fodder palm mucilage and were evaluated for a period 14 days. The results showed that the polyphenol content was 64.9 ± 0.6 μg/ml and flavonoids 31.8 ± 0.4 μg/ml. Significant results were found for the antioxidant activity: percent inhibition ABTS was 98.40 ± 0.40% after 120 min, equivalent to TEAC 2173.30 ± 8.80 μM Trolox, percentage of inhibition of DPPH was 64.03 ± 7.8% and total antioxidant capacity was 48.42 ± 0.3% equivalent to ascorbic acid and 67.2 ± 0.4% equivalent to gallic acid. The fodder palm mucilage showed antimicrobial activity against: Micrococcus luteus (MIC = 1000 μg/ml and MBC = 2000 μg/ml) Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC = 500 μg/ml and MBC = 2000 μg/ml); Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa - IC exhibited both MIC 2000 μg/ml and not paresentaram MBC. The mucilage was also active against Candida albicans (MIC = 1000 μg/ml and MFC = 2000 μg/ml). The lethal toxicity (LC50) for Artemia salina was 584.11 μg/mL. In the in vivo acute toxicity test showed no signs of intoxication nor physiological alterations, with LD50 (median lethal dose) estimated greater than 2000 mg/kg (class 5 GHS the OECD). From the results, it was concluded that the plant studied is a potential source of bioactive compounds, with promising studies in order to obtain new antimicrobial agents and natural antioxidants with low toxicity.