The main objective of this study is to investigate the applicability of a new multilateral well architecture in the domain of small size and offshore gas fields. The new architecture completely reverses the current multilateral technology. The innovative concept suggests that laterals can be achieved like any conventional wells. They could be drilled from the surface and tied back to a common wellbore referred to as the mother well. Production would go through the toe of laterals into the mother well. The mother well could be as simple as a large diameter casing equipped with prepared connections to tie in feeder wells. This study looked past the mechanical challenge of achieving the new architecture. I demonstrated important benefits in terms of cost reduction, well completion and operations, and reservoir drainage. I looked at a typical field case, Phoenix, located in West Africa. Its actual development plan targets an ultimate recovery of 600 BCF with a total of four sub-vertical wells. I implemented a new development scenario with the innovative multilateral architecture. For comparison purposes, I achieved a reservoir simulation and a production forecast with both scenarios. The only simulation variable was the well architecture definition. As a main result, the new multilateral structure could produce as many as four vertical wells with three slim-hole laterals. I achieved a quantitative risk analysis on both development plans. I assessed the development cost of each scenario and performed a Monte Carlo simulation to account for cost uncertainties. In addition to the actual 70 MMSCFD gas contract, I simulated a progressive gas demand increase of 20 MMSCFD every five years and a 150 MMSCFD gas market. The study demonstrates the economic benefits of the new technology in the domain of offshore and small gas fields. This work also shows that this new generation of multilaterals brings new option values to the domain of multilateral technology.

We have carried out a theoretical and an experimental study of thermal effects arising in bulk high-Tc superconductors. The theoretical study has allowed us to predict the self-heating behaviour. We have calculated the temperature evolution. We have shown the existence of a forbidden temperature window, and we have determined the analytical expression of a threshold field (Htr2) separating the « middle» and the «high» dissipation state . From a numerical modelling of a short cylinder, we have determined the time and spatial dependance of dissipated power and temperature within the sample. We have shown that the temperature rise is the highest along the corner location where the dissipated power is maximum. We have designed and constructed a susceptometer for characterizing large bulk superconductors (f →32 mm). The susceptometer allows a small temperature gradient (< 0.1K) to be achieved in the presence of large heating rates. It allows large AC and DC fields to be applied simultaneously, and was upgraded to measure simultaneously local temperatures and magnetic inductions. We have determined the heat transfer occuring in the susceptometer chamber. Magneto-thermal measurements with this system can be carried out with a high sensitivity and are found to be in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions. This work underlines the importance of the cooling conditions that can affect the distribution of the magneto-thermal properties within the superconductor.

This thesis analyses three aspects of the link between a woman’s educational trajectory and her childbearing behaviour. Special attention is paid to educational field as a further dimension of education next to educational enrolment and educational level. It is argued that this dimension has to be taken into account to fully understand the complex interplay between women’s educational careers and fertility. The empirical investigations are based on Swedish register data for the period 1990 to 2004 and carried out by means of event history analyses. Regarding the impact of women’s education on fertility, this study confirms that educational enrolment generally impedes childbearing. Further, in addition to differences in first, second and third birth risks among women with different levels of education, the analyses reveal strong variations in the fertility behaviour of women with different types of education. To investigate the impact of fertility on women’s educational careers, this study examines how becoming a mother influences a woman’s risk to pursue further training in a different field of education. The effect of motherhood on the risk of educational change varies strongly depending on the field Swedish women initially were trained in. Especially women with degrees in fields in which it is difficult to get established in the labour market are found to have a high risk of educational change. For these women giving birth to a child appears to lead them to strive for further training in a field that offers more stable and family friendly employment prospects. Finally, the study explores the impact of unobserved factors on education and fertility. By estimating a simultaneous hazard equation for a woman’s childbearing behaviour and her choice of educational field, it is shown that women’s decisions about education and fertility are correlated due to the existence of unobserved determinants that simultaneously influence both life domains.

The knowledge of the human genome sequence, as revealed in the HUGO project, has created exciting new possibilities for biomedical research. The Swedish Human Proteome Resource (HPR) program aims to make use of this information to gain further insight into the human proteome. Recombinant proteins are generated from coding sequences identified from the human genome sequence and used to produce specific antibodies to target proteins. Antibodies are subsequently utilized for functional analysis of the corresponding proteins using tissue micro arrays. The aim of my project was to investigate the possibility of distinguishing characteristic distribution patterns of intracellular proteins in the resolution capacity offered by light microscopy. A map of representative distribution patterns was created using immunohistological staining with commercially available antibodies toward well-characterised proteins in the cell. Such a map could then aid in interpreting the results of immunohistological staining of intracellular proteins using antibodies produced within the Human Proteome Resource program. Proteins manifested in nucleus, nuclear membrane and plasma membrane were clearly visible at the expected location. Proteins manifested in different organelles in the cytoplasm however, showed all a similar staining pattern, making determination of exact protein location uncertain. A possible explanation is the resolution of the light microscope not being sufficient to visualize certain proteins specific to organelles in the cytoplasm. Results may also have been influenced by the choice of secondary antibody, where the strenghtened signal generated by an enzyme labelled polymer may have a negative effect on depiction of details in the image generated.

The subject of this paper is to examine the view of diversity among ten teachers and three principals in the Swedish compulsory school. The purpose is to investigate how they relate to the diversity and in what ways it is involved in their work. The French sociologist Pierre Bourdieus basic ideas of habitus, capital and field are used as a theoretical starting point. The study is mainly based on interviews supported by literature in the subject area. The findings show that diversity is associated with ethnicity among all informants. The drawn conclusion is that this is partly due to the mediated picture but also since ethnicity mainly serves as a starting point in the literature.

¡§Phononic crystal,¡¨ a binary-composite medium composed of a square array of parallel circular steel cylinders in a air matrix is studied. Phononic crystal exists full band-gaps phenomenon which is caused by strongly constructive interference of Bragg reflection in their acoustic transmission spectrum. The Bragg reflection theorem is also a basis for searching the full band-gaps in this thesis. This thesis applies the boundary element simulation software BEASY to analyze the sound field characteristics of solid/fluid composite medium, phononic crystal. The forbidden bands of the band gap are shown by the relative amplitude in the incidence before and after. First, the study by Varadan and Faran aims at scattering sound field of the single rigid sphere and the circular cylinder in water which constructed a simulation of the boundary element model. It is compared to under the different kr change result of its scattering sound field and it has demonstrated that our simulation work was feasible. Second, the study constructs the boundary element model for a two-dimensional phononic crystal which was studied by S&#x00E1;nchez-P&#x00E9;rez etc. with experimentation, constituted of rectangular and triangular array of parallel circular stainless steel and aluminum cylinders in air. The study is compared with the forbidden bands of the band gap in the reference which performs the simulations with the mono-frequency by sweep. The full band gaps are determined from the combination of the results in both the [100] and [110] direction. Finally, the study aimed at the scattering pattern of sound field in phononic crystal to make discussion. In order to understand the sound source acts on the phononic crystal, the status of the sound pressure is distributed over the spatial. So it could get up to reduce the influence of the noise by way of the improvement the structure in phononic crystal. The study has successfully shown the boundary element simulation for the solid/fluid phononic crystal. The study of experiment in the reference is compared with the BEM simulation in this thesis. The results have demonstrated that the boundary element method is a good tool for the design of phononic crystal in application to new type sound absorption (isolation) material in the future.

Nearly a centennial after the granted women’s suffrage in the United States, almost 40 yearsfrom the start of the 70’s women’s right’s movements women have shown that they canobtain same level in education as men can and graduate with competitive skills as men.However, according to statistics that is when the equality seems to loose its balance. Despitethis there are women in this “Yes We Can”-era of where a former First Lady was verycompetitive in a Presidential Race, that with certain success factors compete effectively invarious male-dominant fields.

The self-consistent field theory (SCFT) has reveived a great success in prediction of the physical properties of a variety of polymeric systems in the recent two decades. However, the traditional SCFT is based on the Gaussian chain model, completely neglecting the chain rigidity effects, which is ascribed to one of the intrinsic properties of polymer chains. This thesis concentrates on the development of SCFT in the framework of the wormlike chain model and studies the influence of the chain rigidity on the chain configuration which directly determines properties of polymer materials in the mesoscale. Firstly, considering Onsager-type, orientational-dependent repulsive interactions, we study a model for the isotropic-nematic interface in liquid-crystals. Through adjusting the ratio of total contour length L to the persistence length lambda, we consider systems consisting of molecules with various degrees of flexibility: from rods to flexible chains. Physical properties such as the surface tension, interfacial width and density- and order-parameter profiles were numerically calculated as functions of the flexibility L/lambda and tilt angle, which is defined as the angle between the interfacial normal and the nematic director. Secondly, We examine the influence of persistency on the phase diagram of AB diblock copolymers and the properties of the phase transition as a function of volume fraction, Flory-Huggins parameter and chain rigidity, covering a broad regime spanning from Gaussian chains to rigid rodlike chains. On one hand, we demonstrate that results from a Gaussian-weight based theory can be recovered in the long-chain limit, and on the other hand, we display that significant revisions to the phase diagram, due to the persistency effects, exist for shorter chains. To achieve this, an efficient numerical scheme is designed for implementing the calculations of the wormlike-chain SCFT in a full six-dimensional space.

Starting from a mathematical basis where one analyses and developing different techniques in how to solve and represent different kinds of integrals with diagrams. Representing the integrals as n-valent vertices and introducing propagators is a great tool that helps with the book-keeping of the solutions and will sometimes do the calculations redundant. The symmetries of diagrams are analysed and how one extracts the symmetry factors from looking at a diagram by using some fairly simple combinatorics and cleverness. Introducing the probability amplitude and do some analysis of the path integral formulation is the step into physics. Discussing experiments as the double-slit experiment and deriving the Schrödinger equation from the generating functional. Looking at diagrams in Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory will explore the use of the crucial understanding of our generators for the diagrams. This thesis makes use of the so called generating functional almost throughout and to connect the first discussed mathematics to real physical theories is the aim.

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