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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
291

La permanence du picaresque dans la littérature contemporaine / The persistence of the picaresque in contemporary literature

Cevasco, Clizia 16 September 2013 (has links)
La problématique critique autour de la permanence du picaresque à l’époque contemporaine révèle, à partir des années soixante, une controverse qui n’est pas parvenue à en donner une vision homogène. L’oscillation entre une conception historique close et une conception a-historique ouverte ne permet pas de saisir les données essentielles d’une présence très riche et qui n’a pas du tout disparu. Pour le démontrer, on a pris en considération deux ensembles d’œuvres des XXe et XXIe siècles qui présentent un caractère bien distinct : d’un côté, un corpus restreint, composé par des réécritures ou des adaptations des textes canoniques espagnols ; de l’autre, un deuxième corpus plus riche en termes quantitatifs, qui ne représente pas forcement une réélaboration du canon du genre picaresque. Pour aborder l’analyse du corpus, on a évidemment essayé d’identifier des caractéristiques spécifiques qui ont survécu, tout en subissant parfois des transformations, au cours des XXe et XXIe siècles : plus particulièrement, on a pris en considération le narrateur, le motif de la naissance ignoble, la marginalisation du héros et son statut dynamique, aussi bien que la conclusion du récit. D’une tel analyse, il émerge en définitive que la réactivation du genre picaresque ne se borne pas à une réécriture contemporaine, mais aussi qu’il constitue un genre dont la survivance ne peut être mise en question, et dont la diffusion est assez ample. L’analyse d’une telle permanence dans la littérature contemporaine permet de comprendre que ce genre n’est pas lié exclusivement à une société particulière et à un moment historique précis, mais qu’il relève d’une structure plus profonde qui réussit à s’incarner, au cours de l’histoire, dans l’écriture et dans la tradition littéraire. / Critical problems about the persistence of the picaresque in contemporary period reveal, from the sixties, a controversy which wasn’t able to give an homogeneous vision of the phenomenon. Variations between a close historical conception and an open a-historical conception don’t allow to distinguish essential details of a very rich presence which seems far from disappearance. In order to prove it, two sets of works of XXth and XXIth centuries have been considered, presenting a very definite character: on the one side, a restricted corpus, composed of rewritings or adaptations of Spanish canonical texts; on the other side, a second larger corpus, which doesn’t represent necessarily a reworking of the canon of picaresque genre. In order to analyze the corpus, we evidently tried to identify the surviving specific characteristics, even when they appeared as being modified, in XXth and XXIth centuries: particularly, we considered the narrator, the motif of vile birth, the marginalization of the hero and his dynamic status and also the conclusion of the stories. What come out from this analysis is that the reactivation of the picaresque genre cannot be limited to a contemporary rewriting, but it also constitute a literary genre, whose survival cannot be questioned and whose diffusion is quite ample. The analysis of this persistence in contemporary literature permits us to understand that this genre is not exclusively bound to one particular social organization or historical period, but that on the contrary it come out from a deep structure which was able, in history, to take form in writing and literary tradition.
292

Corrigé de localisation dans un environment extérieur sans fil en utilisant estimation, filtrage, la prévision et des techniques de fusion : une application par wifi utilisant le terrain à base de connaissances

Alam, Muhammad Mansoor 04 November 2011 (has links) (PDF)
L'estimation de la position des noeuds de communication sans fil est un domaine de recherche très populaire au cours des dernières années. La recherche de l'estimation de l'emplacement n'est pas limitée à la communication par satellite, mais elle concerne aussi les réseaux WLAN, MANET, WSN et la communication cellulaire. En raison de la croissance et de l'évolution des architectures de communication cellulaire, l'utilisation des appareils portables a augmenté rapidement, et les appels provenant d'utilisateurs mobiles ont également rapidement augmenté. On estime que plus de 50% des appels d'urgence sont émis par des téléphones mobiles. Les chercheurs ont utilisé différentes techniques d'estimation de la position, tels que les satellites, les techniques statistiques et la cartographie. Afin d'atteindre une meilleure précision, certains chercheurs ont combiné deux ou plusieurs techniques. Cependant, l'estimation de la position basée sur le terrain est un domaine qui n'a pas été considéré en profondeur par les chercheurs. Grâce aux ondes radio qui se comportent différemment dans des atmosphères différentes, les calculs à l'aide de quelques paramètres ne sont pas suffisants pour atteindre une précision avec différents terrains, surtout quand il sont totalement basés sur le format RSS, qui entraine des altérations.Cette recherche se concentre sur la localisation des noeuds de communication sans fil en utilisant des techniques géométriques et statistiques, et en prenant en compte l'altération et l'atténuation des terrains. Le modèle proposé est constitué de quatre étapes, qui sont l'estimation, le filtrage, la prédiction et la fusion. Un prototype a été construit en utilisant le WiFi IEEE 802.11x standard. Dans la première étape, en utilisant le rapport signal-bruit de la zone géographique, la péninsule Malaisienne est classée en 13 types de terrains différents.Dans la deuxième étape, les points de données point-à-point sont enregistrés en utilisant la force du signal disponible et en recevant la puissance du signal en considérant différents types de terrains. L'estimation de la localisation se fait au cours de troisième étape en utilisant la célèbre méthode de triangulation. Les résultats estimés sont encore filtrés dans la quatrième étape en utilisant la moyenne et la moyenne des moyennes. Pour la correction des erreurs, le filtrage de l'emplacement est également fait en utilisant la règle des plus proches voisins. La prédiction est affinée au cours de la cinquième étape en utilisant la variance combinée qui permet de prédire la région considérée. L'utilisation des régions d'intérêt contribue à éliminer les emplacements situés à l'extérieur de la zone sélectionnée. Au cours de la sixième étape, les résultats du filtrage sont fusionnés avec la prédiction afin d'obtenir une meilleure précision.Les résultats montrent que les recherches effectuées permettent de réduire les erreurs de 18 m à 6 m dans des terrains fortement atténués, et de 3,5 m à 0,5 m dans des terrains faiblement atténués.
293

Le fil orthodontique hybride et son influence sur les mouvements de troisième ordre : une étude comparative

Yacoub, Serge January 2008 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal
294

Il Decameron e la letteratura d'Oriente: confronti e scambi / The Decameron and Orient’s literature : comparisons and exchanges

Hoseini, Kassad Mohammed Hossein <1980> 27 April 2015 (has links)
Il lavoro si divide in quattro capitoli in cui il candidato cerca di stabilire i rapporti intertestuali tra il Sindbad, un libro di matrice orientale, e la Disciplina Clericalis da una parte e il Decameron dall’altra. 1- Nel primo capitolo il candidato ha trattato l’origine e la diffusione del Il libro di Sindbad e della Disciplina Clericalis. Il libro di Sindbad è di indubbia origine orientale. Si diffonde in oriente e poi in Occidente. Giunge in Italia nel Dodicesimo secolo. L’altra opera è la Disciplina Clericalis, di Pietro Alfonsi, un-opera di origine orientale. 2- Nel secondo capitolo il candidato ha svolto una attenta ricerca sulla visione boccacciano verso il mondo orientale, arabo-islamico in particolare. 3- Nel terzo capitolo il candidato mette a confronto la struttura narrativa del Sindbad con quella del Decameron, rilevando gli elementi principali che accomunano le due strutture delle due opere sono. Nella parte finale del capitolo il candidato mette in discussione il termine con cui viene definita la struttura narrativa, cioè la cosiddetta cornice, dando una nuova terminologia alla struttura. 4- Nel quarto e ultimo capitolo il candidato cerca di rintracciare le fonti di alcune novelle decameroniane. Le fonti si dividono in due parti: scritte e orali. Nella prima parte mette a confronto alcune novelle del Decameron con racconti della Disciplina Clericalis e del Sette Savi. La seconda parte invece studia le fonti orali di altre novelle decameroniane le cui radici affondano nella tradizione orientale, arabo-islamica soprattutto. La prima novella è la (I, 5) della marchesana Monferrato. La (V, 9), la (VIII, 2), e l’ultima novella in questa parte è la (X, 3). / The work is divided into four chapters in which the candidate seeks to establish the intertextual relationships between Sindbad , a book of an eastern origin, and the Disciplina Clericalis on one side, and the Decameron on the other. 1- In the first chapter the candidate has dealt with the origin and dissemination of the book of Sindbad and Disciplina Clericalis. The book of Sindbad is of undoubted oriental origin. Its spreads in the Orient and then in the West . Arrives in Italy in the twelfth century . The other book is Peter Alfonsi's Disciplina Clericalis, an oriental origin book. This book had had a fundamental importance in the transmission of oriental narrative into the West. 2- In the second chapter, the candidate has done an accurate research about Boccaccio's vision on the Orient, the Arab-Islamic world in particular. 3- In the third chapter, the candidate compares the narrative structure of Sindbad with that of the Decameron. In the final part of the chapter, the candidate questions the terminology which is defined as the narrative structure, that is, the so-called frame. He gave a new terminology to the structure. 4- In the fourth chapter, the candidate tries to track down the sources of some decameronian short stories. The sources are divided into two parts: written and oral. In the first part, the candidate compares some stories of the Decameron with tales from Disciplina Clericalis and The Seven Sages of Rome. The second part studies the oral sources of other decameronian stories with its roots in the Eastern tradition, especially the Arab-Islamic. The first story are: (I, 5), (V, 9), (VIII, 2), and (X, 3).
295

Le paysage comme fragmentation de l'Esthetique de la nature a l'Epoque contemporaine. Les experiences poetiques de zanzotto, jaccottet at heaney / The landscape as fragmentation of the aesthetics of nature in the present-day. The poetic experiences of Zanzotto, Jaccottet and Heaney

Gaio, Daniele <1982> 04 June 2014 (has links)
In this work, we have considered the theme of landscape in the poetry of Andrea Zanzotto, Philippe Jaccottet and Seamus Heaney within the perspective of a fragmentation of the aesthetics of nature. To that end, the most advanced theories of aesthetics applied to nature, such as environmental Aesthetics and Aesthetik der Natur (also known as ökologische Aesthetik) have been taken into account. The philosophical perspective of Paolo D’Angelo, insights from geography (in particular from the works of Franco Farinelli) and from ecology (considering the contributions of Gilles Clément to this discipline) have also been useful. We have argued that the poetic experiences of Zanzotto, Jaccottet and Heaney follow a similar path, each starting from the fusion between the poetic subject and landscape to reach a two-way relationship between them. In this interpretation, the concept of landscape has been considered, according to Michel Collot’s theory of pensée-paysage, as a phenomenon. The poetic texts have been analysed under the lenses of linguistic, stylistic and rhetorical approaches, consistent with the idea that every text must be studied within its context, as every poetic experience is constituted of three elements: the poetic subject, his language and his world, the latest being shaped by and shaping the subject’s position and the perspectives related to it: that is his discourse to the world and in this world.
296

Raccontare la storia al tempo delle crisi / The relationship between history and narrative in times of crisis

La Valle, Paolo <1984> 06 May 2015 (has links)
La ricerca analizza il tema della relazione tra storia e narrazione nella letteratura degli ultimi quindici anni in tre contesti nazionali: Italia, Spagna e Portogalo. Per indagare un campo così vasto si sono identificate tre direttrici principali connesse tra loro, coincidenti con tre "crisi": la crisi del rapporto tra letteratura e mercato, la crisi del concetto di verità e la crisi dello stato nazione. Attraverso le riflessioni sul postmoderno (Lyotard, Jameson Hutcheon) e l’analisi di Bourdieu si indaga il rapporto tra mercato e autore letterario, facendo particolare riferimento ai percorsi letterari di Rafael Chirbes, Mia Couto e Wu Ming. Il tema della forma letteraria è invece letto atttraverso le analisi di Hutcheon e analizzando i testi di Helder Macedo (Pedro e Paula), Isaac Rosa (¡Otra maldita novela sobre la guerra civil!) e Tommaso De Lorenzis-Guido Favale (L’aspra stagione). La crisi del concetto di verità viene analizzata alla luce del dibattito sulla storiografia nella seconda metà del Novecento. In particolare si evidenzia la tensione tra Hayden White e Carlo Ginzuburg. Per evidenziare come le relazioni di potere influenzino la narrazione della storia si fa inoltre riferimento alle analisi di Michel Foucault, Michel de Certeau, Stephen Greenbaltt e Gayatri Spivak. Si analizzano quindi Anatomía de un instante, di Javier Cercas, Romanzo criminale, di Giancarlo de Cataldo e As três vidas, di João Tordo. Infine ci si riferisce alla crisi dello stato-nazione individuando una tensione tra le analisi di György Lukács e Franco Moretti, e allargando la riflessione agli studi sociologici di Immanuel Wallerstein e Saskia Sassen. Inoltre, attraverso i testi di Benedict Anderson, Homi B. Bhabha, José Saramao e Eduardo Lourenço si articola una riflessione sull’immaginario politico nazionale. I testi analizzati sono Victus, di Albert Sánchez Piñol, Pro Patria, di Ascanio Celestini e A voz da terra di Miguel Real. / The research arises from the issue of the relationship between history and narrative in the literature of the last fifteen years in three national contexts: Italy, Spain and Portugal. In order to investigate such a wide-spreading field, three intertwined main guidelines have been identified, coinciding with three "crisis". Through reflections on postmodernism (Lyotard, Jameson Hutcheon) and the analysis of Bourdieu, the relationship between market and literary author has been explored, with particular reference to the literary trail of Rafael Chirbes, Mia Couto and Wu Ming. The theme of the literary form was instead investigated by referring to the analyses of Hutcheon and taking into account the texts by Helder Macedo (Pedro e Paula), Isaac Rosa (¡Otra maldita novela sobre la guerra civil!) and Tommaso De Lorenzis-Guido Favale (L’aspra stagione). The crisis of the concept of truth is evaluated with regard to the debate on historiography. In particular, the tension between Hayden White and Charles Ginzuburg has been highlighted. As to provide a deeper understanding of how power relations influence the narrative of the story, the analyses performed by Michel Foucault, Michel de Certeau, Stephen Greenbaltt and Gayatri Spivak are taken into account. Javier Cercas’ Anatomía de un instante, Giancarlo de Cataldo’s Romanzo criminale and João Tordo’s As três vidas are therefore examinated. Lastly, the crisis of the nation-state is taken into consideration by identifying a tension between the analysis of György Lukács and the ones of Franco Moretti, and widening the reflection to the sociological analysis of Immanuel Wallerstein and Saskia Sassen. In addition, through the texts of Benedict Anderson and Homi Bhabha B., the reflection on the national political imaginary takes shape. The texts analyzed are Victus, by Albert Sánchez Piñol, Pro Patria, by Ascanio Celestini e A voz da terra by Miguel Real.
297

Global cities, global literature: New York e Tokyo nella narrativa contemporanea / Global cities, global literature: New York and Tokyo in contemporary novel

Barbieri, Francesco Eugenio <1982> 06 June 2013 (has links)
Scopo del lavoro è quello di tracciare un parallelismo tra la narrativa giapponese e angloamericana contemporanea, viste come parte di un sistema di significati che trascende la dimensione nazionale e si installa invece in una dinamica di tipo globale. Le opere letterarie prese in considerazione sono alcune fra quelle ambientate nelle due vere e proprie capitali culturali dei paesi, rispettivamente New York per gli Stati Uniti e Tōkyō per il Giappone. Spunto di partenza dell’analisi è stato il concetto di “global city”, formulato dalla studiosa e sociologa Saskia Sassen, che permette di mettere in relazione dal punto di vista economico, strutturale ma anche sociale le città di New York e Tōkyō. Tale formulazione consente infatti di ragionare in maniera motivata sull’esistenza di un rapporto di flussi di scambio di tipo culturale e, parallelamente, sull’acquisizione di una dimensione di tipo transnazionale di soggetti e tematiche della letteratura. In questo senso, il rapporto tra economia e globalizzazione evidenziato da Sassen può essere paragonato a quello che intercorre tra la letteratura e la globalizzazione. Punto di snodo metodologico del lavoro è rappresentato dall’analisi dello spazio urbano, esaminato sia in chiave urbanistico-architettonica che più specificamente letteraria. / The research aims at drawing a parallelism between contemporary American and Japanese fiction. Moving from the definition provided by Saskia Sassen of “global city”, the analysis concentrates on the representation of urban space in a selection of novels set in New York and Tōkyō, to underline similarities in subject and themes of contemporary literary expression that are valid in a transnational dimension.
298

Macchine esperienziali: Narrativa, cognizione e atto di lettura / Experiential Machines: Narrative, Cognition, and the Act of Reading

Caracciolo, Marco <1984> 24 May 2012 (has links)
La mia tesi si riallaccia al dibattito teorico-letterario contemporaneo sulla possibilità di un approccio cognitivo alla narrativa e alla letteratura in particolare. Essa si propone di esplorare il rapporto tra narrazione ed esperienza, ridefinendo il concetto di “esperienzialità” della narrativa introdotto da Monika Fludernik nel suo Towards a “Natural” Narratology (1996). A differenza di Fludernik, che ha identificato l’esperienzialità con la rappresentazione dell’esperienza dei personaggi, la mia trattazione assegna un ruolo di primo piano al lettore, cercando di rispondere alla domanda: perché leggere una storia è – o si costituisce come – un’esperienza? L’intuizione dietro tutto ciò è che le teorizzazioni dell’esperienza e della coscienza nella filosofia della mente degli ultimi venti anni possano gettare luce sull’interazione tra lettori e testi narrativi. Il mio punto di riferimento principale è la scienza cognitiva “di seconda generazione”, secondo cui l’esperienza è un relazionarsi attivo e corporeo al mondo. La prima parte del mio studio è dedicata all’intreccio tra la narrativa e quello che chiamo lo “sfondo esperienziale” di ogni lettore, un repertorio di esperienze già note ai lettori attraverso ripetute interazioni con il mondo fisico e socio-culturale. Mi soffermo inoltre sul modo in cui relazionarsi a un testo narrativo può causare cambiamenti e slittamenti in questo sfondo esperienziale, incidendo sulla visione del mondo del lettore. Mi rivolgo poi al coinvolgimento corporeo del lettore, mostrando che la narrativa può attingere allo sfondo esperienziale dei suoi fruitori anche sul piano dell’esperienza di base: le simulazioni corporee della percezione contribuiscono alla nostra comprensione delle storie, incidendo sia sulla ricostruzione dello spazio dell’ambientazione sia sulla relazione intersoggettiva tra lettori e personaggi. Infine, mi occupo del rapporto tra l’esperienza della lettura e la pratica critico-letteraria dell’interpretazione, sostenendo che – lungi dal costituire due modalità opposte di fruizione dei testi – esse sono intimamente connesse. / My thesis makes a contribution to the contemporary literary-theoretical debate concerning the possibility of a cognitive approach to narrative and to literature in particular. It seeks to explores the relationship between narrative and experience, redefining the concept of the “experientiality” of narrative introduced by Monika Fludernik in her Towards a “Natural” Narratology (1996). Unlike Fludernik, who equates experientiality with the representation of characters’ experiences, my account places a premium on the act of reading, attempting to answer the question: why does reading a story offer itself as an experience? My intuition is that theorizations of experience and consciousness in the philosophy of mind of the last twenty years can shed light on the interaction between readers and narrative texts. I draw mainly on “second-generation” cognitive science, according to which experience is an active and embodied engagement with the world. The first part of my study is devoted to the interrelation between narrative and what I call the “experiential background” of every reader – the repertoire of experiences readers are familiar with through past interactions with the physical and socio-cultural world. I also examine the ways in which reading a narrative text can have an effect on this experiential background, leaving a mark on readers’ worldview. I then turn to readers’ bodily involvement, showing that narrative can draw on interpreters’ experiential background at the level of basic experience: embodied simulations of perception are part and parcel of our imaginative engagement with stories, contributing both to readers’ reconstruction of narrative space and to their intersubjective relationship with characters. Finally, I investigate the connection between the reading experience and the literary-critical practice of interpretation, arguing that – far from being two radically different ways of engaging with stories – they are intimately bound up.
299

Metamorfosi temporali e spaziali: dal “Revisore” di Nikolaj Gogol’ alla “Morte accidentale di un anarchico” di Dario Fo. / Spatial and Time Metamorphosis: from "The Government Inspector" by Nikolai Gogol to "Accidental Death of an Anarchist" by Dario Fo.

Chikhladze, Marietta <1981> 24 May 2012 (has links)
La tesi si propone di tracciare un confronto tra due autori molto distanti tra loro sia nel tempo che nello spazio: Nikolaj Gogol’ e Dario Fo; in particolare si analizzano le commedie Il Revisore di Gogol’ (1836) e Morte accidentale di un anarchico di Fo (1970). Il nesso tra le due opere è stato individuato dalla critica italiana (Franco Quadri, Ferdinando Taviani, Paolo Puppa). Tuttavia gli spunti interpretativi e comparativi non sono mai stati sviluppati appieno della critica. Nonostante le grandi distanze temporali e spaziali, l’analisi si propone dunque di evidenziare i numerosi motivi di consonanza tra le due opere e i due autori, che peraltro testimoniano anche della grande fortuna arrisa all’estero all’autore ucraino, attraverso la mediazione del teatro russo-sovietico del XX secolo. L’approccio metodologico adottato si fonda sui testi dei formalisti russi, di Lotman, sulla Stilkritik di Aurbach, sugli studi di Frye sulla Bibbia intesa come “grande canone” della letteratura occidentale, e soprattutto sull’analisi della cultura carnevalesca e popolare condotta da Bachtin. Lo studio è indirizzato su alcuni elementi precisi: la trama, lo scambio della personalità, l’impostura, la paura e il riso. Per ciascun di questi elementi è stata svolta l’analisi comparativa delle due opere, situandole in un contesto letterario e culturale che va all’antichità e al Medio Evo, dal quale entrambi gli autori mutuano molte suggestioni. / The thesis aims to draw a comparison between two authors widely separated in time and space: Nikolai Gogol and Dario Fo, in particular, we analyze the comedies The Government Inspector by Gogol (1836) and Accidental Death of an Anarchist by Fo (1970). The link between the two works has already been recognized by some Italian critics (Franco Quadri, Ferdinando Taviani, Paolo Puppa). However, comparative guidelines between the two works have never been fully developed. Despite the vast distances of space and time, our analysis is to highlight the many reasons of consonance between the two works and the two authors, which also testified, however, of the great fortune abroad of the Ukrainian author, through the mediation of the Russian-Soviet theater of the twentieth century. Our methodological approach is based on the Russian formalists, Lotman, on Stilkritik of Auerbach, on Frye analysis of the Bible as the "great canon" of Western literature, and especially on the analysis of the carnival and popular culture worked by Bakhtin. Our study focuses several crucial items: the Plot; the “Exchange of Personality”; the Deception; the Fear; the Laughter. Comparison has been carried out for each of these items, resulting the situation of the two comedies in a large literary and cultural context expanding from Antiquity and the Middle Ages to the second half of the twentieth century. From this context both authors, as we demonstrate, have borrowed a lot of suggestions.
300

Le désert et la littérature de voyage européenne du XIXe siècle / Il deserto e la letteratura di viaggio europea del XIX secolo / Desert and European Travel Literature in the XIXth Century

Barre, Nicole <1982> 03 June 2014 (has links)
L'Europe commence à découvrir le désert à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Ce milieu présente des aspects multiples aux premiers explorateurs, qui le décrivent comme un lieu vivant et varié. La géopolitique constitue le premier approche d'analyse : le désert peut être rendu plus viable si mieux administré, donc libre de la domination ottomane. Au cours du siècle, le tourisme se développe, aussi en raison de la colonisation ; l'expérience du désert devient commune, et les voyageurs partent en quête d'une expérience spirituelle aussi bien que d'une aventure. Le désert devient un écran de projection pour la rêverie et les souvenirs des Européens (la Bible et les topos traditionnels demeurent actifs dans l'imaginaire occidental) ; seules certaines caractéristiques de ce milieu sont dès lors appréciées par les voyageurs. Ensuite, avec l'âge du Réalisme, devient objet d'appréciation de la part des peintres. Grâce à la médiation de l'art, la littérature commence à regarder au désert d'un point de vue esthétique, et elle lui reconnaît un charme de la nudité et du dépouillement. La mort et le minéral caractérisent ce milieu vers la fin du siècle ; le désert se vide, et devient le "désert de sable" que nous tous connaissons aujourd'hui. / Europe starts its discovery of the desert at the end of XVIIIth century. This environment presents multiple aspects to the first explorers, who describe it as a various and living territory. Geopolitics is the first approach to the desert : this environment could be emproved by a wise government, different from Turkish domination. During the century, tourism develops, also as an effect of colonisation ; the experience of the desert becomes more common, and travellers seek spiritual experience as well as adventure. The desert starts then to be a projection screen for Europeans' fantasies and memories(the Bible and traditional topos still work in Western imagery), and thus only some of its components are apreciated by travellers. Then, in contemporary with the age of Realism, the desert becomes an interesting subject in itself for painters. Art helps Literature evolve towards an aesthetic appraisal of bare and waste desert. Death and mineral are the main aspects of this environment towards the end of the century ; desert gets empty, and prepare to become the "sandy desert" we all know.

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