This thesis is an historical investigation of Channel 4’s influence on the British film industry and on British film culture between 1982 and 1998. Combining archival research with interview testimony and secondary literature, this thesis presents the history of a broadcaster’s involvement in British film production, while also examining the cultural and industrial impact of this involvement over time. This study of the interdependence of film and television will aim to bring together aspects of what have hitherto been separate disciplinary fields, and as such will make an important contribution to film and television studies. In order to better understand this interdependence, this thesis will offer some original ideas about the relationship between film and television, examining the ways in which Channel 4’s funding methods led to new production practices. Aside from the important part the Channel played in funding (predominantly low-budget) films during periods when the industry was in decline and film finance was scarce, this partnership had profound effects on British cinema in the 1980s and 1990s. In exploring these effects, this thesis will look at the ways in which the film funding practices of the Channel changed the landscape of the film industry, offered opportunities to emerging new talent, altered perceptions of British film culture at home and abroad, fostered innovative aesthetic practices and brought new images of Britain to cinema and television screens.

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Title on accompanying disc: Zindzi / Television drama demands a strong sense of story to sustain a viewer’s engagement, and fictional characters are key dramatic vehicles in story construction, yet it remains an area that is severely neglected in terms of both theory and practice at this time in South Africa. I have discovered that the ‘death’ of the South African television character can be attributed (at least in part) to a unique set of challenges facing practitioners. My aim is to discover if the moribund television character can perhaps be resuscitated through the application of a concept called ‘the multiplicity of social self’, which finds its roots in the discipline of social psychology. This written explication and its accompanying experimental television film, Zindzi, are twin sites from which to consider the death and possible revival of contemporary South African television characters.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 27-30). / In reflecting on the process of making the short film "The First and Last Loves of Leonardo Lopes" the author argues against interpretation as a method for working with character and its development. It is contended that the formative unconscious imagers) at the heart of a character requires a director to be more sensory in her/his response and to develop an intimate process of animating the image. The descriptive personal vocabularies of feeling, intuition and sensation are accordingly juxtaposed against prescriptive impersonal intellectual modalities that diminish immediacy as a by-product of its "latent content". Active imagination, poetry and music are seen as more appropriate models for the filmmaker than theories and theses. The author goes on to consider the dialectical reinforcement of interpretive strategies as a result of the economic pressures of the film industry and argues for a more process friendly conception of production. After reflecting on the role and insecurities of the director in a collaborative art form, a motivation is provided for the "natural voice" of the accompanying director's commentary.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-44). / A 26-minute docu-comedy product of my studies in film and television production, The Traveling Jewish, captures improvised moments of social interaction through documentary filming style. Through filming, editing, animation and music, it becomes an entertaining half-hour of television and social commentary. It is with each cut, layer, added graphics, omitted sound or musical accompaniment, that the viewer is guided into the cultural understanding and comedic inclination of the creator of such a piece. In doing so, I believe we are opening up a new genre of Television, the Docu-Comedy, which aims to explore comedy in site-specific landscapes, through primarily improvised scenes, using the discretion of the director to do otherwise when narrative comprehension is at risk. In this way humor exists in a way not often exploited on television. As humor serves as a forum to bring to the attention of society activities, beliefs, morals, etc., at the same time challenging their validity or even ethical realities, its mere existence is often seen as a sign of the health of a society. This paper looks at all the technical and theoretical elements of such a proposal.

Includes bibliographical references. / This thesis develops an understanding of animation as transgression based on the work of Christopher Jenks. The research focuses on adult animation, specifically North American primetime television series, as manifestations of a social need to violate and thereby interrogate aspects of contemporary hetero-normative conformity in terms of identity and representation. A thematic analysis of four animated television series, namely Family Guy, Queer Duck, Drawn Together, and Rick & Steve, focuses on the texts themselves and various metatexts that surround these series. The analysis focuses specifically on expressions and manifestations of gay sexuality and sexual taboos and how these are articulated within the animated diegesis. The findings reveal the mutuality between the plasticity of animation, which lends itself to shaping physical representations of reality, and the complex social processes of non-violent cathartic ideological expressions that redefine sociopolitical boundaries. The argument contextualizes the changing face of sexuality and the limits of sexual taboo in terms of current contestations and acceptability and the relationship to animation. Contemporary animation both represents this social performance of transgression and is itself a transgressive product disrupting accepted conventions.

As my thesis, I have made an adaptation for film of Suddenly Last Summer by Tennessee Williams. The play tells the story of a young woman, Catharine Holly, who has been institutionalized shortly after her return to New Orleans from a vacation on the island of Cabeza de Lobo. Her cousin, Sebastian, a wealthy poet and gay sex-tourist died on this trip. He was killed and partially eaten by a group of impoverished young men (at least some of these men were his former sexual partners). Sebastian's mother, Violet Venable - in the hopes of suppressing the true circumstances surrounding the death of her son - attempts to persuade an ambitious young doctor to lobotomize Catharine as the play opens. It should be noted that the horror film genre has greatly affected my thinking about this project, and I will be discussing three sub-genres of horror at some length: body horror, the slasher film, and race horror. The horror films and trends to be discussed come, in the main, from the period ranging from the late 1970s to the early 1990s and will, I think, be of great help in explaining certain choices I have made in the course of making this film. My main interest is determining whether the themes present in Williams's original text can be explored and expanded upon via recourse to the horror genre. Additionally, my film moves the action of Suddenly Last Summer from the New Orleans of the early half of the twentieth century to modem-day Cape Town. However, the action takes place in a sort of netherworld or blank space that serves as metaphor for both cinema and the white cube of the gallery. This choice of staging is meant to refer to Catharine's mention of the "blazing white wall" against which her cousin's body was thrown after his death. In fact, all throughout Catharine's description of how and why Sebastian died-and it must be remembered that it is this description that serves as the denouement of the play-mentions of white light, white heat, Sebastian's whiteness (as opposed to simply saying he looked pale), and the whiteness of the day itself are employed as a sort of leitmotif That Catharine uses "whiteness" in describing an incredibly violent chapter in her past is crucial to my understanding of the text and has helped me craft a cinematic strategy for my adaptation of this play. The violence and savagery that has marked Catharine's past has followed her into the present, just as it has followed her from the impoverished island of Cabeza de Lobo to the wealthy Garden District of New Orleans, and-if Violet Venable has her way-it will follow Catharine into her future. Taking the key descriptive element of that violent day in Cabeza de Lobo and using it to paint the world of Catharine's present will, I hope, make this connection clear.

Includes bibliographical references. / The way in which indigenous people are represented in documentaries has radically changed within the last century. But "If there (still) is one overriding ethical/political / ideological! question to documentary filmmaking it may be, What to do with the people" (Nichols qtd. in Barbash and Taylor, 1997: p. 12). How can people and issues be represented appropriately? How can one make a documentary about somebody or something with a totally different cultural background to one's own without being unethical? The so-called expository documentary was the first prevailing documentary mode and tries to answer these questions with an authoritative voice-over commentary combined with a series of images that aim to be descriptive and informative. The voice-over approaches the spectator directly and offers facts or arguments that are illustrated by the images. It provides abstract information that the image cannot carry or comments on those actions and events that are unfamiliar to the target audience. This is exactly what some filmmakers reacted against - "to explain what the images mean, as if they don't explain themselves, or as if viewers can't be trusted to work the meaning out on their own. Indeed, the voice-over often seems to attribute a reduced meaning to the visuals; that is it denies them a density they might have by themselves" (Barbash and Taylor, 1997: p. 19). It is typical for the expository documentary style that the narrator speaks about or for other people. Some filmmakers see these voice-overs as "colonial, an enemy of the film, the voice of God" or even as "the (non-existent) view from somewhere" (Barbash and Taylor, 1997: p. 47).

Tiny is a film about a young woman who loses her imagination. Her creative energy is doused. She becomes what most artists are terrified of: uninspired. She is depressed, apathetic and stagnant. She does not move from her bed. Her toes sprout weeds. In order to regain control of herself and reignite her creativity she needs to plunge deeply into her multilayered psyche - an adventure that not only provides material for new creative insights but also guides Tiny to understanding herself better. She accepts the gods and demons that dwell within, recognising these complexes as the spirits of her bloodline.