The liberalisation of the banking sector in the Czech Republic (and the former Czechoslovakia) has proceeded at a rapid pace since the collapse of the socialist regime in 1989. The initial separation of commercial banking activities from the central bank was followed by the partial privatisation of three of the four new institutions created as a result. At the same time new privately owned banks were encouraged to enter the market. Over the last two years, however, a number of bank collapses have adversely affected the sector with twelve of the newly created banks coming under the forced administration of the central bank._The authorities responded, initially, to this by refusing to grant licences for any new banks. This action has recently been relaxed but it has been replaced by a more rigorous regulatory regime which clarifies and strengthens the supervisory activities of the authorities. The explanations proposed for these problems have focused on mismanagement in the banks which has led to a growing proportion of bad loans in banks' portfolios and fraudulent activity which resulted in funds being appropriated by the owners or management of the institutions. The aim of this thesis is to examine, in more detail, these two sets of explanations. A review of banking development is undertaken which highlights both the favourable circumstances under which financial reform has been conducted as well as the inherent problems, such as the high initial level of non - performing loans and the inadequate regulatory framework. It will be concluded that the conditions necessary for fraudulent activity to be viable were apparent and this reason can be used to explain a number of the bank collapses which have occurred. The thesis will also examine the pattern of credit allocation and the implications which arise from the process of credit screening by banks. This part of the analysis will contain both quantitative and qualitative evidence. The latter consists of a series of interviews with bank officials with the aim of identifying, precisely, the nature of the process of credit screening in a sample of banks with differing characteristics. The thesis will conclude that the development of the regulatory environment has not kept pace with the rapid expansion of the banking sector. In addition, serious flaws in the credit screening processes adopted by many banks implies that the problem of non - performing loans in bank portfolios may become more serious.

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After our country joins WTO, will face the strong capital competition pressure of the international large-scale financial institution, and after foreign businessman's bank has grand capital, the industry manages completely dark, in the face of so strong impact country the financial market fluctuates and aggravates, has increased the operation pressure of the domestic banking, too. How to transform this pressure into helping hand, utilize aquistion and merger to consider complementarily , lower costs then improve the competitiveness, it is really the question which the banking of Taiwan needs to face at present. Domestic aquistion and merger case or makes up the financial domain that the financial holding company has already affected 14 financial holding companies in Taiwan to reform with the operation pattern jointly at present, but these financial holding companies can reach the value expected and comprehensive result which is greater than two of one plus one (Synergy). The goal needs checking and tests directly. It does not belong to the financial holding company at home to spy on put the independent bank, in case of financial market saturation, the profit shrinks, the income reduces by a wide margin, the quality of the assets is not good, so that is it put rate is it wait for numerous unfavourable factor to remain high to exceed, how face assets huge financial holding company lay big bank create life their extremely, whether it is influenced that purpose calls it and manages the performance; Establish financial holding company purpose is it can reach category economy and purpose of the large-scale production to call separately. Purpose of this research, focus on wanting to untie it under the trend of the international finance, can really improve the bank and manage the performance and business efficiency of independent bank to establish the financial holding company under the double pressure of the domestic trouble and foreign invasion and really not so good as finance holding company bank put. Because of above-mentioned backgrounds and motives, so this text hope book probe into by document, materials collect and utilize materials not to make analytic approach of holding in place with a net(Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA), displaying the result of study, it is by offering competent authorities or the financial holding company policymaker to the government and wanting to set up some reference suggestions of bank of the financial holding company.

State-owned banks in China have been among the last institutions to undergo reform. Over the last ten years, new institutions and regulations have been created and the banks have undergone a process of divesting themselves of bad policy loans in preparation for public listing. Three of the “Big Four” are now exchanged on Chinese stock markets, though majority ownership remains with the state. The recent reforms of China’s financial system have been tested by a financial crisis that has toppled banks around the world; yet China’s banks remain profitable. They have been able to weather the storm because of the unique institutional relationships they have with various state vehicles. In particular, state ownership as manifested through asset-management companies have given the Chinese banks an edge over the international competition. However, this relationship is not without its risks. There still remains a great deal of dependence within China’s financial system on the state and its favorable policies, subjecting the banks to continued interference. / text

The thesis contains three essays that investigate the effects of macroeconomic reforms on the Malawian economy between 1980 and 2010. Specifically, the thesis tries to answer three broad questions. First, what is the effect of financial reforms on consumption behavior in Malawi? Second, how did monetary transmission mechanism in Malawi change over time following the implementation of financial reforms? Last, how did the monetary policy respond to foreign aid increases following the implementation of financial reforms in the country? Although answers for these questions are available for other developing countries where abundant research has been conducted, this is not the case in Malawi. Existing research on Malawi has not accounted for the effects of the reforms on consumption behavior, the evolution of the transmission mechanism over time and the monetary policy impact of aid on the economy. Yet such information is very useful in the design and proper implementation of financial and monetary policies that contribute to price stability and economic growth. The first essay assesses whether financial reforms has had a statistically significant effect on Malawi consumption behaviour. More specifically, the essay starts by examining the existence of Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) and then proceed to assess whether the reforms have affected consumption behaviour by reducing liquidity constraints. The essay presents a robust account of the financial reforms and constructs financial reform indices for the country. These indices are then used to exam the effects of the reforms on consumption. The essay finds that the PIH does not hold in Malawi. Most consumers are current income consumers (rule-of-thumb). They consume from “hand to mouth” and very little is left to smooth consumption in their life time. The reforms did not shift current income consumers to permanent income consumers. Empirical evidence from the thesis shows that the main failure of the PIH hypothesis is due to liquidity constraint which is manifested in the under development of the financial market and unstable macroeconomic conditions in Malawi. Weak financial institutions, both structural and operational have impacted negatively on the accessibility of financial resources for most Malawians despite the reforms. This is a bigger lesson for policy makers to consider in the preparation of future broad based financial reforms. The second essay provides an empirical analysis of the lag effect of implementing financial reforms on price stability and economic growth. We use the monetary transmission mechanism framework based on the time varying parameter vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model with stochastic volatility. It is becoming clear from literature that financial reforms can change the transmission mechanism by changing the overall impact of the policy or by altering the transmission channels overtime. Therefore, the impact of monetary policy on price stability and output growth can vary and portray delayed effects overtime. The essay finds that inflation, real output and exchange rate responses to monetary policy shocks vary over the period under review. Importantly, beginning mid-2000, the monetary policy transmission performed consistently with predictions of economic theory and there is no evidence of price puzzle as found in the previous literature on Malawi. In the last essay, a Bayesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model for Malawi is developed and estimated to account for the short-run monetary response to aid inflows in Malawi between 1980 and 2010. The model incorporated the rational expectations of economic agents based on micro foundations. The estimated model showed that monetary authorities reacted to foreign aid inflows. Based on how aid was spent and absorbed in Malawi, aid inflows appeared to be associated with depreciations of the exchange rate rather than the expected real appreciation. There is also evidence of limited impact of a positive aid shock on depreciation and inflation when RBM targets monetary aggregates compared to when the authorities use the Taylor rule and incomplete sterilisation. On the other hand, the thesis found that the implication of increased aid inflows became more prominent in an economy comprising of few economic agents having access to financial assets. Furthermore, the monetary policy responses are much clear consistent with economic theory in a market with less controls over prices and open capital account. The contribution of the thesis to the literature is that, firstly, this looks into the effects of macroeconomic reforms on economic activities in the context of a Sub-Saharan Africa country, Malawi. The thesis enhances the understanding of the effects of macroeconomic reforms on consumption, evolution of monetary policy overtime and the impact of aid inflows on the conduct of monetary policy in Malawi in ways that have not been done before. Secondly, the thesis takes advantages of multivariate econometric methodologies in an attempt to capture both the dynamics of time series data and the relationship among key macroeconomic variables. The thesis develops and estimates a DSGE model for Malawi which is derived from microeconomic foundations of optimisation problem, making it less susceptible to the Lucas critique and thus suitable for policy analysis. The results will help policy makers and development partners such as the IMF and the World Bank in the design of policies and programs that aim at improving the financial sector that is accommodative of achieving price stability and economic growth in Malawi. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Economics / PhD / unrestricted

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This thesis is a collection of three essays, each of which analyses an economic institution in one or more developing countries. A careful analysis of institutions is crucial for the understanding of economic performance and for the design of effective policy measures. In the first essay, "On the Structure of Tenancy Contracts" I analyse the effect of crop and tenant characteristics on the form and on the length of tenancy contracts. Using a principal-agent model I show that highpowered incentives are used when, due to the characteristics of the crop, their benefit is high and/or when, due to the characteristics of the tenant, their cost is low. The theoretical predictions are consistent with the empirical evidence from a unique data set of 705 contracts. The purpose of the second essay, "Competing for Protection: Land Fragmentation and the Rise of Mafia in 19th Century Sicily", is to identify the conditions that fostered the development of the mafia. I argue that in the context of 19th century Sicily, land fragmentation was crucial for the rise of mafia. Using a menu-auction model I show that, by inducing landlords' competition for protection, land fragmentation increases the profits of mafia groups even if the assets in need of protection are unchanged. I show that the predictions of the theory are consistent with the available empirical evidence from a sample of 70 Sicilian villages. In the third essay, "Does Financial Reform Raise or Reduce Savings?", we analyse the effect of financial liberalisation on private savings in eight developing countries. To this purpose we construct an index which summarises the reform process and estimate an error correction model for savings. We find that the effect of financial reform on savings is ambiguous. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 1999. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

The thesis is focused on the community, their management and reporting. There is also mention of the financial reform, which took place in 2010. The work is divided into two parts on the theoretical and practical. The theoretical part deals with the characteristics of communities, their financial management and the impact of the accounting reform. The practical part is focused on the performance of a particular community and that is the town of České Budějovice. It is broken down budget of 2009 and 2010, and balance sheets, profit and loss, attachment and cash flows and changes in equity. Finally, it outlined the draft budget for 2012.

Libya is a predominately Muslim country where Islamic finance has not yet been established. However, given the current extensive program of financial reform in Libya and the rapid growth and appeal of Islamic finance in comparable economies, there is growing pressure for a system of Islamic finance to be provided. There is then a pressing need for research into the prospects for Islamic finance from a consumer and provider perceptive to inform this debate and thereby meet the needs of policymakers, financial service providers and prospective users. Accordingly, this study of Libyan attitudes towards Islamic methods of finance, the first study attempted in the Libyan context and one of few studies globally, applies a model derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action to analyse attitudes towards Islamic finance. The particular focus is to understand how the Theory of Reasoned Action can be used for predicting and understanding attitudes towards the potential use of Islamic methods of finance by Libyan retail consumers, business firms and banks. Four main research questions are posed to address this objective. First, does awareness of Islamic methods of finance influence attitudes towards the use of Islamic finance? Second, do socioeconomic, demographic and other factors influence attitudes towards Islamic finance? Third, what are the principal motivating factors towards the potential use of Islamic finance? Finally, is religion the major influence on the likelihood of engaging in Islamic finance? Three surveys of 385 retail consumers, 296 business firms and 134 bank managers in Libya are conducted in 2007/08 to achieve this objective. Descriptive analysis and multivariate statistical analysis (including factor analysis, discriminant analysis and binary logistic regressions) are used to analyse the data. The principal findings are that awareness of Islamic methods of finance and socioeconomic, demographic and business characteristics are key determinants of the likelihood of the use of Islamic finance. Further, religion plays a key, though not the only, role in influencing these attitudes. The thesis findings are of key importance in informing future financial industry practice and financial policy formation in Libya.

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