這篇論文主要在探討以不同融資方式為主的經濟體，是否會對個別公司的股利政策造成影響，我們針對15個國家1244家公司作探討，發現在以銀行債為主要融資方式的國家，個別公司相對發放較低的股利，並且現金股利亦呈現較高的波動度，顯示資訊不對稱的嚴重性，是造成不同資本市場有不同股利政策的原因之一。 / Abstract This paper examines whether differences in the sophistication of capital markets drive dividend policies to vary across countries, by studying on dividend policies of 1244 firms in 15 countries. We find that reliance on banking sector causes lower dividend payout and incentives for dividend smoothing. The same relationship is also found between quality of accounting system and dividend policies. These results confirm that less information asymmetry defuses the need for using dividends as signaling and discipline tools. Furthermore, we find that there exists a positive relation between development of stock market and payout level. This indicates that more important the stock in providing capital to firms, the more likely the firms increase their dividend payout. Finally, some evidences support that a shorter investment horizon leads to a higher payout ratio and a higher extent of dividend smoothing.

Research on food consumption and expenditures usually employs the use of unitary models that do not account for type of family financial structure. This research presents two collective models of household behavior, conditional and unconditional models, which were used in the analysis of the household data that came from the “Parental Time, Role Strain and Children’s Fat Intake and Obesity Related Outcomes”. This research utilized the Generalized Method of Moments in the estimation of the system of expenditures on food at and away from home to test the validity of the unitary model by testing one of the implications of this model, the income pooling hypothesis, as well as family financial structure. It was found that the omission of family financial structure and not the income pooling hypothesis would lead to the incorrect assertion that the unitary model is the correct model for the analysis of intrahousehold allocation. The collective models proposed in this research were found to be preferred to those of the unitary models. These two models, conditional and unconditional, not only allow for the effect of earned and unearned incomes of fathers and mothers to be different, but also incorporate family financial structure into the analysis of expenditures on food at and away from home. This research shows that the parameters of the unitary models are reduced form parameters that do not represent the effect that the variable of interest has on the household expenditures category of interest. This research finds that these reduced form parameters show the total effect which is composed of three parts. First, the change in the expenditure category of interest that comes about from a change in the variable of interest when we hold family financial structure constant. Second, the change in the expenditure category of interest that comes about from a change in the family financial structure. Third, the change in family financial structure that comes about from a change in the variable of interest.

No description available.

This thesis investigates monetary transmission asymmetries in CEE region. The first part addresses the role of credit growth in monetary transmission in the Czech Republic. Employing Logistic Smooth Transition Vector Autoregression model over the 1998:M1-2012:M3 period, we find that high credit growth dampens the effectiveness of monetary policy. No asymmetries in relative effects of contractionary and expansionary monetary policy shocks have been documented. In the second part, we apply the variation of Panel VAR to examine the role of financial structure in monetary transmission. The analysis is conducted on a sample of eight CEE states, encompassing the 1999:Q1-2009:Q4 period. Higher credit dependence is found to enhance the interest rate pass-through. However, cross-country asymmetries vanish when the credit dependence is interacted with the measure of banking sector competition. The ultimate role of financial structure in output and price fluctuations is indeterminable.

Trois chapitres constituent cette thèse.Le premier traite des performances des modèles de valorisation traditionnels. Au travers une littérature détaillée, il met en exergue les facteurs qui impactent la structure financière ainsi que des ajustements théoriques en vue d’améliorer les différentes méthodes de valorisation. Puis, il aborde la création de valeur issue d’opérations de contrôle et expose les méthodes à privilégier en fonction de contextes déterminés. Il présente ensuite des études statistiques visant à attester de la fiabilité et de la pertinence des méthodes traditionnelles.Le deuxième est dédié à l’évaluation de la décision d’investissement par l’approche des options réelles. Tout d’abord, un cadre définit leur modélisation et leur niveau d’utilisation actuelle par les praticiens. Ensuite, la littérature étudiée développe les interactions des différentes catégories d’options présentes au sein d’un même projet d’investissement. Elle dévoile, notamment, les fondements des modèles de l’option d’attente, qui permet de déterminer le moment opportun pour investir, de l’option de désinvestissement, y compris au sein de contextes particuliers, et de l’option de croissance, qui affecte les choix de diversification et de stratégies d’acquisition. Ces différents modèles font l’objet d’applications pratiques.Enfin, le troisième s’attache à mettre en lumière l’évaluation de la structure du passif financier par l’approche des options réelles. Les modèles optionnels décrits dans la littérature proposent une nouvelle répartition de la valeur d’entreprise entre une valeur économique des capitaux propres et de la dette nette. Puis, les articles étudiés évoquent l’intégration des problèmes d’agence et du refinancement de la dette à partir de modèles optionnels. Enfin, trois études statistiques ont pour objectif de comparer des valorisations de sociétés depuis des méthodes traditionnelles et depuis celle des options réelles. Il s’agit de déterminer si la méthode des options octroie un surplus de valeur aux capitaux propres, de par la prise en compte d’une dette nette économique. Par ailleurs, les analyses réalisées visent à attester de la pertinence et de la fiabilité de la méthode des options réelles par rapport à aux méthodes traditionnelles. / This thesis is organized around three chapters.The first one deals with performances of traditional valuation methods. A detailed literature review highlights the factors that affect the financial structure and theoretical adjustments to improve the different valuation methods. Furthermore, the chapter is dedicated to value creation from control operations and outlines the preferred methods according to specific contexts. Finally, it presents statistical studies to demonstrate the reliability and relevance of traditional methods.The second chapter focuses on the assessment of the investment decision by the real options approach. First, their modeling framework is defined as well as their level of current use by practitioners. Then, the studied literature develops the interactions of different categories of options present within the same investment project. It reveals, in particular, the foundation for models of standby option, which determines the appropriate time to invest, the disinvestment option, including in particular contexts, and the growth option, which affects the choices of diversification and acquisition strategies. These different models are subject to practical applications.The third chapter aims to highlight the assessment of the financial liability structure by the real options approach. Optional models described in the literature suggest a new division of the enterprise value between economic value of equity and net debt. Moreover, the articles studied focus on the integration of agency and debt refinancing problems when using optional templates. Finally, three statistical studies aim to compare the valuation of companies based on traditional and real options methods in order to determine whether the options method gives a surplus value to equity by the inclusion of an economic net det. Furthermore, the purpose of the analyses is to attest to the relevance and reliability of the real options method compared to traditional methods.

With the emergence of biotechnology, the time for drug discovery becomes shorter. In order to obtain the technology they are short of, the pharmaceutical companies choose to forge an alliance with biotech companies. The benefit that the biotech companies get from the alliances is the R&D funds. Therefore the strategic alliaces are formed in the industry very frequently. This thesis uses value activities and equity structures to divide strategic alliance into several types.Through case studies, the thesis sees if there is any difference in the alliances forged by the biotechpharmaceutical firms during different periods and if the financial structure of those firms changes. Millennium Pharmaceuticals and Chiron are two biotech companies being discussed. The pharmaceutical companies chosen are Merck and Eli Lilly. Through the case studies of those above-mentioned firms, the conclusions are as following: 1. The methods for biotech and pharmaceutical firms to cooperate can be divided into two types. One is the pharmaceutical firms offer the greater part of the funds needed during the agreement period; the other is the biotech firms pay the pharmaceutical firms the upfront fees and the milestone fees. 2. Companies gain the most profits from the manufacturing and marketing part of the value chain. Many biotech firms move downstream into this area after gaining adequate sizes. 3. In order to improve the profit abilities, the biotech companies using alliances to get the experience of manufacturing and marketing. 4. The R&D / operating revenues ratio of biotech companies is higher than the one of pharmaceutical companies. So the biotech firms have lower profit margins and ROA. However, the investors anticipate that biotech companies have better profit ability in the future. 5. The revenue growth rate of biotech companies is higher. 6. The pharmaceutical companies are better-organized and have strategies to manage alliances. 7. The pharmaceutical firms decide which stage to forge alliances according to the status of companies¡¦ pipeline. 8. The biotech and pharmaceutical firms have to focus their resources on specific areas to maintain the ability to gain profits 9. It seems that the biotech companies gains more potential benefits from alliances.

No description available.

Este estudo analisa os efeitos do sistema financeiro, caracterizado tanto em termos de desenvolvimento financeiro quanto por sua estrutura financeira, sobre as decisões de investimento e restrições financeiras de firmas brasileiras. Dessa forma, este trabalho investiga como o desenvolvimento financeiro afeta o comportamento das firmas e que tipo de estrutura financeira, isto é, se market-based ou bank-based, prepondera na condução do investimento corporativo e na redução das restrições financeiras das firmas. A relevância deste estudo reside em seu caráter original conduzido a partir da análise de um tema ainda pouco explorado na literatura nacional. A investigação é realizada dentro de um contexto teórico e aplicado e assumindo que o sistema financeiro exerce impacto substancial sobre as decisões de investimento. Com o propósito de contribuir para a escassa literatura internacional e à exígua literatura para o Brasil são consideradas neste estudo informações de 404 firmas brasileiras para o período de 1998 a 2006. A fim de identificar a presença de restrição financeira no comportamento da firma e para controlar e separar seus efeitos de outros fatores nas decisões de investimento, as firmas da amostra são classificadas segundo os índices de restrição financeira KZ e WW. A partir do emprego de dados macroeconômicos em uma análise microeconômica, é estimada uma versão do modelo acelerador do investimento pelo método GMM-system para analisar os efeitos do sistema financeiro sobre os investimentos corporativos. Os resultados sugerem que para firmas financeiramente não restritas o impacto do desenvolvimento financeiro sobre as decisões corporativas ocorre de forma direta, conduzindo a maiores investimentos. Já para firmas financeiramente restritas este efeito ocorre de forma indireta. Nesse caso, um maior desenvolvimento financeiro reduz a dependência dessas firmas por recursos internos para investir e aumenta a resposta de seus investimentos às oportunidades de crescimento. Evidências também são encontradas de que a estrutura financeira exerce influência sobre os investimentos de firmas financeiramente restritas, mesmo após os resultados serem controlados pelo nível de desenvolvimento financeiro. Este resultado aponta para a relevância de um sistema financeiro baseado em mercados para atenuar as restrições financeiras de firmas restritas. Os resultados também sugerem que na presença de oportunidades de crescimento um sistema financeiro baseado em mercados destaca-se ao permitir que a resposta do investimento das firmas a um aumento da demanda seja maior que em um sistema baseado em bancos. / This study analyzes the effects of the financial system, characterized both in terms of financial development as also by its financial structure, on the investment decisions and financial constraints of Brazilian firms. Thereby, this work investigates how the financial development affects a firm\'s behavior and which kind of financial structure, that is, if market-based or bank-based, prevails in driving corporate investment and in reducing a firms\' financial constraints. The relevance of this study lies on its original feature carried from the analysis of a topic not much explored in the national literature. The research is conducted within a theoretical and applied context and by assuming that the financial system exerts substantial impact on investment decisions. In order to contribute to the scarce international literature and to the limited literature for Brazil this study considers information on 404 Brazilian firms over the 1998-2006 period. With the aim to identify the presence of financial constraint on firm behavior and control and separate its effects from other factors on investment decisions, the firms are classified according to the KZ and WW financial constraint indexes. Through the use of macroeconomic data in a microeconomic analysis, a version of the accelerator investment model is estimated by the GMM-system method to analyze the effects of the financial system on corporate investments. The results suggest that for financially unconstrained firms the impact of financial development on corporate decisions is direct, leading to higher investments. On the other hand, for financially constrained firms this effect occurs in an indirect way. In this case, a higher financial development reduces the investment dependence of these firms on internal resources and increases the response of investment to growth opportunities. Evidence is also found that the financial structure affects the investment of financially constrained firms, even after the results are controlled for the level of financial development. This result points to the relevance of a market-based financial system for mitigating the constrained firms\' financial constraints. Results also suggest that in the presence of growth opportunities the response of a firm\'s investment to the increased demand is higher in a market-based financial system than in a bank-based one.

This thesis consists of three chapters on financial structure, managerial compensation, and product markets. The unifying theme of these chapters is to examine how the financial decisions of firms are affected by market imperfections. Chapter 1 places emphasis on the impact of internal imperfections arising from asymmetric beliefs (or behavioral biases) and agency conflicts by examining how these internal imperfections affect managerial compensation and corporate financial structure. On the other hand, Chapters 2 and 3 incorporate external market imperfections especially arising from imperfect product market competition. More specifically, these two chapters develop market equilibrium frameworks to examine how the matching market for CEOs and firms interacts with the product market to affect the distributions of CEO compensation and firm size. In Chapter 1, we develop a dynamic model to examine the effects of asymmetric beliefs of a firm's manager and blockholders regarding the profitability of the firm's projects, and differing attitudes towards their risk, on its capital structure. The firm's capital structure reflects the tradeoff between the positive incentive effects of managerial optimism that increases the manager's output and blockholders' private benefits against the negative effects of risk-sharing costs. We provide several testable implications for the effects of the degree of managerial optimism as well as permanent and transitory components of the firm's risk on different components of capital structure. In our calibration of the model, performed separately for different industries, we show that while optimism and risk have qualitatively similar effects on capital structure in different industries, their quantitative effects are significantly different. The interactive effects of asymmetric beliefs and agency conflicts could potentially explain a significant portion of the substantial inter-industry variation in capital structure. Chapter 2 studies how the distributions of CEO talent and compensation vary across industries, and how product market characteristics affect these distributions. We develop a market equilibrium model that incorporates the competitive assignment of CEOs to firms in a framework in which firms engage in imperfect product market---specifically, monopolistic---competition. Using the distributions of CEO pay and firm value in each of twelve Fama-French industries, we calibrate the parameters of our structural model, and indirectly infer the unobserved distributions of CEO talent and firm quality that together determine firm output. We then conduct several counterfactual experiments using the calibrated models corresponding to each of the industries. We find that the distribution of CEO talent does, indeed, vary dramatically across industries. More importantly, contrary to the conclusions of earlier studies that abstract away from the effects of the product market (Tervio, 2008 and Gabaix and Landier, 2008), the impact of CEO talent on firm value appears to be quite significant. Our estimates of the effect of CEO talent on firm value for the industries in our sample are two orders of magnitude higher than those obtained by the aforementioned studies. Further, our estimates suggest that the compensation of CEOs is quantitatively in line with their contributions to firms. Broadly, our study shows that it is important to incorporate the product market environment in which firms operate when assessing the contributions of CEOs to firms. Chapter 3 builds a market equilibrium framework in which the CEO-firm matching process is affected by the product market. We show that under reasonable assumptions there is a unique equilibrium in which only managers with ability above a unique cutoff level are matched to firms. This very simple screening process endogenizes the distribution of active managers who match with firms. Our calibration of the model using a parametric approach, which is in contrast with the empirical analysis performed in Chapter 2, strongly supports the principle arguments on the importance of CEO talent and appropriate CEO talent levels (on average) in Chapter 2. In addition, due to the law of demand and supply, which is a key feature of the extended model, we obtain somewhat different influence of some of product market characteristics on CEO pay. Furthermore, our parametric approach allows us to draw some implications for the effects of CEO talent distribution on the market equilibrium.

Este estudo analisa os efeitos do sistema financeiro, caracterizado tanto em termos de desenvolvimento financeiro quanto por sua estrutura financeira, sobre as decisões de investimento e restrições financeiras de firmas brasileiras. Dessa forma, este trabalho investiga como o desenvolvimento financeiro afeta o comportamento das firmas e que tipo de estrutura financeira, isto é, se market-based ou bank-based, prepondera na condução do investimento corporativo e na redução das restrições financeiras das firmas. A relevância deste estudo reside em seu caráter original conduzido a partir da análise de um tema ainda pouco explorado na literatura nacional. A investigação é realizada dentro de um contexto teórico e aplicado e assumindo que o sistema financeiro exerce impacto substancial sobre as decisões de investimento. Com o propósito de contribuir para a escassa literatura internacional e à exígua literatura para o Brasil são consideradas neste estudo informações de 404 firmas brasileiras para o período de 1998 a 2006. A fim de identificar a presença de restrição financeira no comportamento da firma e para controlar e separar seus efeitos de outros fatores nas decisões de investimento, as firmas da amostra são classificadas segundo os índices de restrição financeira KZ e WW. A partir do emprego de dados macroeconômicos em uma análise microeconômica, é estimada uma versão do modelo acelerador do investimento pelo método GMM-system para analisar os efeitos do sistema financeiro sobre os investimentos corporativos. Os resultados sugerem que para firmas financeiramente não restritas o impacto do desenvolvimento financeiro sobre as decisões corporativas ocorre de forma direta, conduzindo a maiores investimentos. Já para firmas financeiramente restritas este efeito ocorre de forma indireta. Nesse caso, um maior desenvolvimento financeiro reduz a dependência dessas firmas por recursos internos para investir e aumenta a resposta de seus investimentos às oportunidades de crescimento. Evidências também são encontradas de que a estrutura financeira exerce influência sobre os investimentos de firmas financeiramente restritas, mesmo após os resultados serem controlados pelo nível de desenvolvimento financeiro. Este resultado aponta para a relevância de um sistema financeiro baseado em mercados para atenuar as restrições financeiras de firmas restritas. Os resultados também sugerem que na presença de oportunidades de crescimento um sistema financeiro baseado em mercados destaca-se ao permitir que a resposta do investimento das firmas a um aumento da demanda seja maior que em um sistema baseado em bancos. / This study analyzes the effects of the financial system, characterized both in terms of financial development as also by its financial structure, on the investment decisions and financial constraints of Brazilian firms. Thereby, this work investigates how the financial development affects a firm\'s behavior and which kind of financial structure, that is, if market-based or bank-based, prevails in driving corporate investment and in reducing a firms\' financial constraints. The relevance of this study lies on its original feature carried from the analysis of a topic not much explored in the national literature. The research is conducted within a theoretical and applied context and by assuming that the financial system exerts substantial impact on investment decisions. In order to contribute to the scarce international literature and to the limited literature for Brazil this study considers information on 404 Brazilian firms over the 1998-2006 period. With the aim to identify the presence of financial constraint on firm behavior and control and separate its effects from other factors on investment decisions, the firms are classified according to the KZ and WW financial constraint indexes. Through the use of macroeconomic data in a microeconomic analysis, a version of the accelerator investment model is estimated by the GMM-system method to analyze the effects of the financial system on corporate investments. The results suggest that for financially unconstrained firms the impact of financial development on corporate decisions is direct, leading to higher investments. On the other hand, for financially constrained firms this effect occurs in an indirect way. In this case, a higher financial development reduces the investment dependence of these firms on internal resources and increases the response of investment to growth opportunities. Evidence is also found that the financial structure affects the investment of financially constrained firms, even after the results are controlled for the level of financial development. This result points to the relevance of a market-based financial system for mitigating the constrained firms\' financial constraints. Results also suggest that in the presence of growth opportunities the response of a firm\'s investment to the increased demand is higher in a market-based financial system than in a bank-based one.