CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Este estudo analisa os conflitos surgidos entre grupos de pescadores do municÃpio de IcapuÃ, no litoral leste do CearÃ, que sobrevive tradicionalmente da pesca da lagosta. Esses conflitos tÃm se manifestado na forma de intimidaÃÃes, agressÃes e confrontos violentos entre pescadores do local que disputam os recursos pesqueiros de um mesmo territÃrio de pesca, gerando prejuÃzos financeiros e atà mesmo mortes. Esta pesquisa possui como objetivos especÃficos o resgate histÃrico da trajetÃria da pesca no municÃpio desde o inÃcio dos conflitos, identificando suas causas; dando voz aos pescadores envolvidos atravÃs de seus relatos, alÃm de descrever e analisar os principais atores sociais envolvidos nessas questÃes a fim de compreender as questÃes socioeconÃmicas, ambientais e culturais que permeiam esses conflitos. Para tanto, esta pesquisa adotou o mÃtodo HistÃria de Vida, amplamente empregado nas ciÃncias sociais, alÃm de outros dois mÃtodos frequentemente utilizados em anÃlise de conflitos: Tipologia de Conflitos da Pesca e AnÃlise dos Atores Sociais. A anÃlise dos conflitos proposta pela pesquisa fez uso de dados primÃrios coletados atravÃs de um conjunto de tÃcnicas: levantamentos bibliogrÃficos; âmÃtodo bola de neveâ; entrevistas dos tipos informal, estruturada e semiestruturada; e grupo focal. A pesquisa realizou um total de 23 entrevistas, abrangendo pescadores, representantes de ÃrgÃos pÃblicos, associaÃÃes de classe (moradores) e repÃrteres que realizaram coberturas sobre os episÃdios de conflitos no municÃpio. TraÃou-se um breve histÃrico dos conflitos da pesca da lagosta no Cearà e IcapuÃ, dos anos cinquenta (inÃcio da exploraÃÃo do crustÃceo no municÃpio) atà os dias atuais, com a finalidade de identificar as reais causas desses embates e classificÃ-los, seguindo tipologias sugeridas na literatura. Os resultados mostraram que os principais atores sociais sÃo as comunidades de Redonda e Barrinha (dentre as dezessete existentes no municÃpio), o IBAMA e a Capitania dos Portos (ÃrgÃos pÃblicos responsÃveis pela fiscalizaÃÃo da pesca) e o MinistÃrio da Pesca e Aquicultura (responsÃvel pelas licenÃas e registros que legalizam a atividade pesqueira). As principais causas dos conflitos estÃo relacionadas com a persistÃncia de um grupo de pescadores em usar e multiplicar as artes de pesca predatÃrias. Esse comportamento tem provocado reaÃÃo por parte de pescadores que defendem a pesca responsÃvel, os quais tÃm adotado como estratÃgia de repressÃo a fiscalizaÃÃo feita pelos prÃprios pescadores, resultando na apreensÃo e queima de embarcaÃÃes. Essa situaÃÃo à agravada pelas falhas na fiscalizaÃÃo oficial e ausÃncia de polÃticas pÃblicas efetivas para o setor da pesca. / This study aims to analyze the disputes between groups of fishermen of Icapui municipality on the east coast of Cearà who carries on traditionally lobster fishing for their subsistence. These conflicts have manifested themselves in the form of intimidation, assaults and violent clashes between local fishermen who compete for the same fishery resources and fishing bank, causing financial damage and even death among them. This research has the following objectives a historical trajectory of fishing in the city since the beginning of the conflict, identifying their causes, giving voice to the fishermen involved through their stories, besides describing and analyzing the main social actors in order to understand the socioeconomic issues, environmental and cultural factors that underlie these conflicts. Therefore, this study applied the Life History method, widely used in social sciences, and two methods often used in conflict analysis: Typology of Fishery Conflict and Analysis of Social Actors. The analysis of conflict proposed by this research used primary data collected through a set of techniques: bibliographic review; "snowball method"; informal, semi-structured and structured interviews; and focus group. The research did a total of 23 interviews, involving fishermen, representatives of public agencies, civil associations (residents) and reporters who had covered the conflict episodes in the city. A brief history of lobster fishing conflicts of Cearà and Icapui was done, since the fifties (early exploration of the crustacean in the city) until the present day, in order to identify the real causes of these conflicts and classify them according typology suggested in the literature. The results showed that the main social actors are the communities of Redonda and Barrinha (among seventeen existing in the municipality), IBAMA and the Port Authority (public agencies responsible for fishery law enforcement) and the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture (responsible for licensing and records that legalize the fishing activity). The main causes of conflicts are related to the persistence of a fishermen group in using and multiplying the artifacts of predatory fishing. This behavior has provoked reaction from fishermen who support responsible fisheries and have adopted the strategy of law enforcement done by their own, resulting in seizing and burning boats. This situation is exacerbated by failures in the official inspection and absence of effective public policies for the fishery sector.

<p>The strong increase in number of Great cormorants <i>Phalacrocorax carbo</i> in Sweden in recent years has led to conflicts - particularly with fishery. This thesis focuses on the possible effects of cormorant predation on fish populations. In total, data from 15 lakes in South Sweden were included in this study while most studies were carried out in Lake Ymsen. The results suggest that the impact of cormorant predation on natural fish populations was small, and I observed no decline in fish mass after cormorants established. Cormorant predation on eel was difficult to evaluate because of several confounding factors.</p><p>Ruffe, roach and perch were the most important prey species to the cormorants and most fish taken were small. Cormorants do not seem to catch species and sizes in proportion to their occurrence in the fish community.</p><p>Total fish removal by cormorants varied considerably among lakes (0.2-15.0 kg/ha) and cormorant population sizes at the different lakes were significantly positively correlated with fishery catches, which in turn was significantly positively correlated with total phosphorous levels. Thus, cormorant densities in lakes, and perhaps elsewhere, seem to be governed chiefly by fish densities. The fact that cormorant predation appears not to reduce fish densities suggest cormorants to be regulated by other means than prey depletion. The mechanism behind population regulation could be a behavioural response of fish, making fish more difficult to catch for the cormorants.</p><p>In recent years, cormorant populations have been subjected to intensive legal and illegal actions with the aim to reduce cormorant numbers. However, the actions currently carried are well below the efforts needed to limit population sizes. To conclude, cormorants appear to compete little with fishery, with regards to free-living fish. The main problem is that cormorants sometimes damage and take away fish in fishing gears.</p>

The strong increase in number of Great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in Sweden in recent years has led to conflicts - particularly with fishery. This thesis focuses on the possible effects of cormorant predation on fish populations. In total, data from 15 lakes in South Sweden were included in this study while most studies were carried out in Lake Ymsen. The results suggest that the impact of cormorant predation on natural fish populations was small, and I observed no decline in fish mass after cormorants established. Cormorant predation on eel was difficult to evaluate because of several confounding factors. Ruffe, roach and perch were the most important prey species to the cormorants and most fish taken were small. Cormorants do not seem to catch species and sizes in proportion to their occurrence in the fish community. Total fish removal by cormorants varied considerably among lakes (0.2-15.0 kg/ha) and cormorant population sizes at the different lakes were significantly positively correlated with fishery catches, which in turn was significantly positively correlated with total phosphorous levels. Thus, cormorant densities in lakes, and perhaps elsewhere, seem to be governed chiefly by fish densities. The fact that cormorant predation appears not to reduce fish densities suggest cormorants to be regulated by other means than prey depletion. The mechanism behind population regulation could be a behavioural response of fish, making fish more difficult to catch for the cormorants. In recent years, cormorant populations have been subjected to intensive legal and illegal actions with the aim to reduce cormorant numbers. However, the actions currently carried are well below the efforts needed to limit population sizes. To conclude, cormorants appear to compete little with fishery, with regards to free-living fish. The main problem is that cormorants sometimes damage and take away fish in fishing gears.

RODRIGUES, Danielle Viana. Análise dos conflitos entre pescadores artesanais de lagosta no município de Icapuí, Ceará. 2013. 113 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Economia agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T13:44:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_dvrodrigues.pdf: 2518697 bytes, checksum: fb75d47d6da1d8902bd95af691e086bb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T13:44:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_dvrodrigues.pdf: 2518697 bytes, checksum: fb75d47d6da1d8902bd95af691e086bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-05T13:44:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_dvrodrigues.pdf: 2518697 bytes, checksum: fb75d47d6da1d8902bd95af691e086bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / This study aims to analyze the disputes between groups of fishermen of Icapui municipality on the east coast of Ceará who carries on traditionally lobster fishing for their subsistence. These conflicts have manifested themselves in the form of intimidation, assaults and violent clashes between local fishermen who compete for the same fishery resources and fishing bank, causing financial damage and even death among them. This research has the following objectives a historical trajectory of fishing in the city since the beginning of the conflict, identifying their causes, giving voice to the fishermen involved through their stories, besides describing and analyzing the main social actors in order to understand the socioeconomic issues, environmental and cultural factors that underlie these conflicts. Therefore, this study applied the Life History method, widely used in social sciences, and two methods often used in conflict analysis: Typology of Fishery Conflict and Analysis of Social Actors. The analysis of conflict proposed by this research used primary data collected through a set of techniques: bibliographic review; "snowball method"; informal, semi-structured and structured interviews; and focus group. The research did a total of 23 interviews, involving fishermen, representatives of public agencies, civil associations (residents) and reporters who had covered the conflict episodes in the city. A brief history of lobster fishing conflicts of Ceará and Icapui was done, since the fifties (early exploration of the crustacean in the city) until the present day, in order to identify the real causes of these conflicts and classify them according typology suggested in the literature. The results showed that the main social actors are the communities of Redonda and Barrinha (among seventeen existing in the municipality), IBAMA and the Port Authority (public agencies responsible for fishery law enforcement) and the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture (responsible for licensing and records that legalize the fishing activity). The main causes of conflicts are related to the persistence of a fishermen group in using and multiplying the artifacts of predatory fishing. This behavior has provoked reaction from fishermen who support responsible fisheries and have adopted the strategy of law enforcement done by their own, resulting in seizing and burning boats. This situation is exacerbated by failures in the official inspection and absence of effective public policies for the fishery sector. / Este estudo analisa os conflitos surgidos entre grupos de pescadores do município de Icapuí, no litoral leste do Ceará, que sobrevive tradicionalmente da pesca da lagosta. Esses conflitos têm se manifestado na forma de intimidações, agressões e confrontos violentos entre pescadores do local que disputam os recursos pesqueiros de um mesmo território de pesca, gerando prejuízos financeiros e até mesmo mortes. Esta pesquisa possui como objetivos específicos o resgate histórico da trajetória da pesca no município desde o início dos conflitos, identificando suas causas; dando voz aos pescadores envolvidos através de seus relatos, além de descrever e analisar os principais atores sociais envolvidos nessas questões a fim de compreender as questões socioeconômicas, ambientais e culturais que permeiam esses conflitos. Para tanto, esta pesquisa adotou o método História de Vida, amplamente empregado nas ciências sociais, além de outros dois métodos frequentemente utilizados em análise de conflitos: Tipologia de Conflitos da Pesca e Análise dos Atores Sociais. A análise dos conflitos proposta pela pesquisa fez uso de dados primários coletados através de um conjunto de técnicas: levantamentos bibliográficos; “método bola de neve”; entrevistas dos tipos informal, estruturada e semiestruturada; e grupo focal. A pesquisa realizou um total de 23 entrevistas, abrangendo pescadores, representantes de órgãos públicos, associações de classe (moradores) e repórteres que realizaram coberturas sobre os episódios de conflitos no município. Traçou-se um breve histórico dos conflitos da pesca da lagosta no Ceará e Icapuí, dos anos cinquenta (início da exploração do crustáceo no município) até os dias atuais, com a finalidade de identificar as reais causas desses embates e classificá-los, seguindo tipologias sugeridas na literatura. Os resultados mostraram que os principais atores sociais são as comunidades de Redonda e Barrinha (dentre as dezessete existentes no município), o IBAMA e a Capitania dos Portos (órgãos públicos responsáveis pela fiscalização da pesca) e o Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura (responsável pelas licenças e registros que legalizam a atividade pesqueira). As principais causas dos conflitos estão relacionadas com a persistência de um grupo de pescadores em usar e multiplicar as artes de pesca predatórias. Esse comportamento tem provocado reação por parte de pescadores que defendem a pesca responsável, os quais têm adotado como estratégia de repressão a fiscalização feita pelos próprios pescadores, resultando na apreensão e queima de embarcações. Essa situação é agravada pelas falhas na fiscalização oficial e ausência de políticas públicas efetivas para o setor da pesca.