A necessária atenção que se dá à seleção do tecido base da vestimenta de proteção ao calor e ao fogo é, algumas vezes, negligenciada no momento da confecção do produto. Fatores como a terceirização do processo de costura pelas empresas e a inspeção de qualidade somente no seu final, podem dificultar tanto o acompanhamento do processo de confecção, quanto a observação das especificações das normas regulamentadoras, possibilitando produção de vestimentas ineficazes na sua função protetora. A inflamabilidade da costura de uma vestimenta de proteção ao calor e à chama pode sofrer a influência de fatores, independentes ou combinados, como a estrutura química e como a geometria da fibra as quais compõem a linha de costura, a estrutura da linha, a lubrificação da linha, a tensão do ponto, o tipo da costura e a inflamabilidade do tecido base. Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar o comportamento das costuras feitas com diferentes tipos de linhas, sobre tecido com característica retardante da chama, submetidas ao teste de inflamabilidade vertical. / The necessary attention to the selection of the base fabric of protective clothing to heat and fire is sometimes overlooked at the time of manufacturing the product. Factors such as outsourcing the sewing process and having quality inspections only at the end of the process, can hinder the supervision of the manufacturing and legislation specifications, causing the production of garments ineffective in its protective function. The flammability of the seam of a protection garment to heat and flame, can be influenced by both independent or combined factors, as the chemical structure and geometry of the fiber composing the sewing thread, the structure of line, line lubrication, stitching tension, the type of stitching and flammability of the base fabric. The goal of this study is to compare the behavior of the seams made with different types of threads on fabric with flame retardant characteristics, for vertical flammability testing.

This project developed, analyzed, and quantified the thermal environment for four fire scenarios created in a modified standard room. Eight propane burners were placed in four different configurations while temperature and flux measurements were collected. Fire environments were intended to simulate flashover, indirect flame exposure, and wildland fires. The results will be used for the selection of a fire environment for a full-scale garment flammability test for the Navy Clothing and Textile Research Facility.

" The Navy Clothing and Textile Research Facility (NCTRF) has been conducting fabric research for many decades. This project is a joint effort in establishing new test methods for evaluating the thermal protection garments provide. As a result of this project a new full scale test facility was constructed and is now operational. In this facility, a new traversing manikin test has been developed and will hopefully become a recognized test standard in the future. The traversing manikin test is designed to work with current test methods but also to provide a more detailed evaluation of a garment. Incorporated into the facility is the ability to reconfigure the fire source to recreate design fires that resemble those likely to occur onboard naval ships. While the data gather thus far is limited, it is believed with future testing a large set of data will be available to allow a cross comparison of this test with established test methods. "

The vulnerability of electrical cables exposed to a fire environment is of particular concern to the nuclear power plant community. The community is interested in data that could be used for predicting cable failures during a fire situation. For this reason, a cable test program was conducted using two different types of cable insulation. Several different exposure heat fluxes were tested, as well as different test arrangements such as cable trays and conduits. The program revealed that a single failure temperature for all cable types is not recommended, but if it is necessary a reasonable temperature could be chosen for the thermosets tested in this project.

Desde a invenção dos óculos de sol sua popularidade cresceu enormemente. Esse fato ocasionou a necessidade de criar normas para certificação de óculos de sol, cujo principal objetivo é manter os consumidores protegidos contra danos e perigos secundários decorrentes do uso de óculos. No Brasil a NBR 15111 faz recomendações para o desempenho dos óculos de sol, entretanto, nenhuma instituição de certificação efetua todos os procedimentos requeridos pela norma no país. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema para testes de inflamabilidade e os resultados obtidos em óculos de sol de acordo com o procedimento descrito na NBR 15111. O ensaio de inflamabilidade consiste em pressionar uma haste metálica aquecida a 650 ºC ± 20 ºC contra as superfícies da amostra lentes e armações dos óculos de sol com uma força equivalente ao peso da haste aquecida por um período de 5 segundos. Após este período, cessa-se o contato da haste aquecida com a superfície testada. Para que a amostra seja aprovada, esta não deve se inflamar e nem continuar a derreter após o término do procedimento. Para realizar essa verificação, deve-se fazer inspeção visual durante todo ensaio. O equipamento aqui desenvolvido está em conformidade com as recomendações feitas pela NBR 15111 para o teste de inflamabilidade e consiste das seguintes partes: um termopar afere a temperatura da haste metálica aquecida no interior do forno, que envia a informação a um controlador PID para estabilizar a temperatura em 650 ºC. Então, um circuito de potência desenvolvido controla a potência elétrica aplicada na resistência elétrica do forno utilizando o sinal de PWM gerado pelo PID. Há um atuador linear conectado à haste aquecida por meio de um cabo de aço que controla a movimentação vertical desta. O protótipo construído também apresenta um painel de controle, indicador de temperatura e um suporte de fixação para a amostra de óculos na parte inferior. Foi criada uma interface com o computador em LabView para fazer aquisição de dados e armazená-los automaticamente no disco rígido. O equipamento construído estabiliza na temperatura de trabalho em 22 minutos, tem a capacidade de efetuar ensaios de inflamabilidade consecutivos e está em conformidade com todas as recomendações da NBR 15111. Foram testados 48 pares de óculos utilizando o protótipo desenvolvido e todos os procedimentos foram executados de acordo com o descrito na norma. Das amostras, 47 apresentavam lentes de policarbonato e apenas uma apresentava lentes de vidro, enquanto que todas tinham armações feitas de policarbonato. Nenhuma amostra se inflamou ou continuou a derreter após o término do teste, entretanto, todas as superfícies de policarbonato em contato com a haste metálica aquecida sofreram derretimento. Dos resultados apresentados, conclui-se que óculos de sol feitos de policarbonato são extremamente resistentes à ignição. / Sunglasses popularity has skyrocketed since its invention. This fact has further led to the need for creating sunglasses standards. The main purpose of a sunglass standard is to keep consumers safe from damages and secondary hazards due to sunglass use. In Brazil, the NBR 15111 made recommendations for desired sunglasses features, unfortunately, none certification institution addresses all test procedures required by the standard. This work presents the development of a flammability test system and results for sunglasses tests based on the NBR 15111 requirements. The flammability test procedure consists in a hot steel rod at 650 ºC ± 20 ºC pressed against the sunglasses surfaces with a force equals to the weight of the steel rod for a period of 5 seconds and then remove it. The sample should not ignite or continue to glow after the end of the test. During the procedure, we carry out visual inspection. The equipment developed comply with all NBR 15111 recommendations for the flammability test. First, the thermocouple measures the hot steel rod temperature inside the furnace and send it to the PID controller to set the temperature to 650 ºC. Then the power circuit drives power to the furnace electrical resistance using the PID PWM output. There is a linear actuator controlling the vertical movement of the hot steel rod, connected by a steel cable. The prototype built also has a control panel, temperature indicator and a fastening support at the bottom for placing the sunglass sample. We created a PC interface with LabView to collect data and store it automatically to the hard drive. The built equipment reaches the working temperature in 22 minutes; it can perform consecutive flammability tests and comply with all NBR 15111 recommendations. We assessed 48 pairs of sunglasses using the prototype developed and all procedures were carried out as required by the NBR 15111. From the samples, 47 had polycarbonate lenses and one had glass lenses, while all frames were made of polycarbonate. None sample ignited or continued to glow after the hot steel rod removal, however, all polycarbonate surfaces in contact with the hot steel rod has melted. Results were been presented and the proof argues that sunglasses made of polycarbonate are extremely resistant to ignition.

Desde a invenção dos óculos de sol sua popularidade cresceu enormemente. Esse fato ocasionou a necessidade de criar normas para certificação de óculos de sol, cujo principal objetivo é manter os consumidores protegidos contra danos e perigos secundários decorrentes do uso de óculos. No Brasil a NBR 15111 faz recomendações para o desempenho dos óculos de sol, entretanto, nenhuma instituição de certificação efetua todos os procedimentos requeridos pela norma no país. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema para testes de inflamabilidade e os resultados obtidos em óculos de sol de acordo com o procedimento descrito na NBR 15111. O ensaio de inflamabilidade consiste em pressionar uma haste metálica aquecida a 650 ºC ± 20 ºC contra as superfícies da amostra lentes e armações dos óculos de sol com uma força equivalente ao peso da haste aquecida por um período de 5 segundos. Após este período, cessa-se o contato da haste aquecida com a superfície testada. Para que a amostra seja aprovada, esta não deve se inflamar e nem continuar a derreter após o término do procedimento. Para realizar essa verificação, deve-se fazer inspeção visual durante todo ensaio. O equipamento aqui desenvolvido está em conformidade com as recomendações feitas pela NBR 15111 para o teste de inflamabilidade e consiste das seguintes partes: um termopar afere a temperatura da haste metálica aquecida no interior do forno, que envia a informação a um controlador PID para estabilizar a temperatura em 650 ºC. Então, um circuito de potência desenvolvido controla a potência elétrica aplicada na resistência elétrica do forno utilizando o sinal de PWM gerado pelo PID. Há um atuador linear conectado à haste aquecida por meio de um cabo de aço que controla a movimentação vertical desta. O protótipo construído também apresenta um painel de controle, indicador de temperatura e um suporte de fixação para a amostra de óculos na parte inferior. Foi criada uma interface com o computador em LabView para fazer aquisição de dados e armazená-los automaticamente no disco rígido. O equipamento construído estabiliza na temperatura de trabalho em 22 minutos, tem a capacidade de efetuar ensaios de inflamabilidade consecutivos e está em conformidade com todas as recomendações da NBR 15111. Foram testados 48 pares de óculos utilizando o protótipo desenvolvido e todos os procedimentos foram executados de acordo com o descrito na norma. Das amostras, 47 apresentavam lentes de policarbonato e apenas uma apresentava lentes de vidro, enquanto que todas tinham armações feitas de policarbonato. Nenhuma amostra se inflamou ou continuou a derreter após o término do teste, entretanto, todas as superfícies de policarbonato em contato com a haste metálica aquecida sofreram derretimento. Dos resultados apresentados, conclui-se que óculos de sol feitos de policarbonato são extremamente resistentes à ignição. / Sunglasses popularity has skyrocketed since its invention. This fact has further led to the need for creating sunglasses standards. The main purpose of a sunglass standard is to keep consumers safe from damages and secondary hazards due to sunglass use. In Brazil, the NBR 15111 made recommendations for desired sunglasses features, unfortunately, none certification institution addresses all test procedures required by the standard. This work presents the development of a flammability test system and results for sunglasses tests based on the NBR 15111 requirements. The flammability test procedure consists in a hot steel rod at 650 ºC ± 20 ºC pressed against the sunglasses surfaces with a force equals to the weight of the steel rod for a period of 5 seconds and then remove it. The sample should not ignite or continue to glow after the end of the test. During the procedure, we carry out visual inspection. The equipment developed comply with all NBR 15111 recommendations for the flammability test. First, the thermocouple measures the hot steel rod temperature inside the furnace and send it to the PID controller to set the temperature to 650 ºC. Then the power circuit drives power to the furnace electrical resistance using the PID PWM output. There is a linear actuator controlling the vertical movement of the hot steel rod, connected by a steel cable. The prototype built also has a control panel, temperature indicator and a fastening support at the bottom for placing the sunglass sample. We created a PC interface with LabView to collect data and store it automatically to the hard drive. The built equipment reaches the working temperature in 22 minutes; it can perform consecutive flammability tests and comply with all NBR 15111 recommendations. We assessed 48 pairs of sunglasses using the prototype developed and all procedures were carried out as required by the NBR 15111. From the samples, 47 had polycarbonate lenses and one had glass lenses, while all frames were made of polycarbonate. None sample ignited or continued to glow after the hot steel rod removal, however, all polycarbonate surfaces in contact with the hot steel rod has melted. Results were been presented and the proof argues that sunglasses made of polycarbonate are extremely resistant to ignition.

Polymer-clay nanocomposites have received a lot of attention because of outstanding improvements in properties when compared with neat polymeric materials. The aim of this study was to prepare epoxy-clay nanocomposites by mixing organically modified montmorillonite with an epoxy resin and to investigate the effects of clay content on the mechanical, thermal and flammability properties of the resultant nanocomposites. The production of the epoxy-clay nanocomposites was accomplished by in-situ polymerization. In the nanocomposite synthesis, organically modified clay content was varied from 1 wt.% to 9 wt.%. Araldite LY556 epoxy resin, Aradur 918 anhydride hardener, and DY070 imidazole type accelerator were used in the epoxy system. Closite 30B, an organoclay modified with methyl, tallow, bis-2-hydroxyethyl, quaternary ammonium chloride (MT2EtOH), was used as the clay material. X-ray diffraction results showed that d-spacing between the platelets of organoclay increased from 1.80 nm to 4.4 nm. The microstructures of nanocomposites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs indicated that at 1 wt.% clay loading, no clay aggregates were observed. On the other hand, beyond 1 wt.% clay loading, formation of clay agglomerations was observed. Tensile strength and tensile strain values of nanocomposites decreased with clay loading. The tensile strength value of neat epoxy resin decreased from 55 MPa to 29 MPa with 9 % clay loading. On the other hand, Young&amp / #8217 / s modulus increased with clay content and a maximum value was obtained at 5 wt. % clay loading. At 9 % clay loading, Young&amp / #8217 / s modulus value was 26 % higher than that of the neat epoxy resin. Impact strength property had a minimum value at 7 wt. % clay content. Flexural strength and flexural strain at break property behaved in a similar trend. They had a minimum value at 5 % clay loading. At this clay loading, flexural strength value became approximately 43 % lower compared to the flexural strength of the neat epoxy resin. On the other hand, at 9 wt.% clay loading flexural modulus value increased approximately 48 % compared to the pure epoxy resin. Up to 7 wt.% clay ratio, initial decomposition temperature of epoxy resin was slightly improved. Also, according to TGA results, amount of char formation increased with clay loading. DSC results indicate that Tg of the cured nanocomposite resins decreased from 147 oC to 129 oC with 9 wt. % clay loading. The flammability of neat epoxy resin was not significantly affected with Cloisite 30B addition.

No description available.

A necessária atenção que se dá à seleção do tecido base da vestimenta de proteção ao calor e ao fogo é, algumas vezes, negligenciada no momento da confecção do produto. Fatores como a terceirização do processo de costura pelas empresas e a inspeção de qualidade somente no seu final, podem dificultar tanto o acompanhamento do processo de confecção, quanto a observação das especificações das normas regulamentadoras, possibilitando produção de vestimentas ineficazes na sua função protetora. A inflamabilidade da costura de uma vestimenta de proteção ao calor e à chama pode sofrer a influência de fatores, independentes ou combinados, como a estrutura química e como a geometria da fibra as quais compõem a linha de costura, a estrutura da linha, a lubrificação da linha, a tensão do ponto, o tipo da costura e a inflamabilidade do tecido base. Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar o comportamento das costuras feitas com diferentes tipos de linhas, sobre tecido com característica retardante da chama, submetidas ao teste de inflamabilidade vertical. / The necessary attention to the selection of the base fabric of protective clothing to heat and fire is sometimes overlooked at the time of manufacturing the product. Factors such as outsourcing the sewing process and having quality inspections only at the end of the process, can hinder the supervision of the manufacturing and legislation specifications, causing the production of garments ineffective in its protective function. The flammability of the seam of a protection garment to heat and flame, can be influenced by both independent or combined factors, as the chemical structure and geometry of the fiber composing the sewing thread, the structure of line, line lubrication, stitching tension, the type of stitching and flammability of the base fabric. The goal of this study is to compare the behavior of the seams made with different types of threads on fabric with flame retardant characteristics, for vertical flammability testing.

The ignition of a solid is an inherently complex phenomenon influenced by heat and mass transport mechanisms that are, even to this day, not understood in entirety. In order to use ignition data in meaningful engineering application, significant simplifications have been made to the theory of ignition. The most common way to classify ignition is the use of material specific parameters such as such as ignition temperature (Tig) and the critical heat flux for ignition (CHF). These parameters are determined through standardized testing of solid materials – however, the results of these tests are generally used in applications different from the environments in which these parameters were actually determined. Generally, ignition temperature and critical heat flux are used as material properties and are presented readily in sources such as the SFPE Handbook. However, these parameters are not truly material properties; each are inherently affected by the environment in which they are tested. Ignition parameters are therefore system dependent, tied to the conditions in which the parameters are determined. Previous work has demonstrated that ignition parameters (such as Tig or CHF) for the same material can vary depending on whether the sample is tested in a vertical or horizontal orientation. While the results are clear, the implications this may have on the use of ignition data remains uncertain. This work outlines the fundamental theory of ignition as well as a review of studies related to orientation. The aim of this study it to analyze the influence of sample orientation on ignition parameters. All experimental work in this study was conducted using cast black polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA or commonly referred to as acrylic). This study explores ignition parameters for PMMA in various orientations and develops a methodology through which orientation can be incorporated into existing ignition theory. An additional study was also conducted to explore the statistical significance of current flammability test methodologies. Ultimately, this study outlines the problem of the system dependency of ignition and provides commentary on the use of ignition data in engineering applications.