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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Bioprospecting for Improved Floral Fragrance in Wild Sunflower

Anandappa, Jason 01 January 2022 (has links) (PDF)
The cultivation of crop sunflower or Helianthus annuus is a 20 billion USD industry globally. Crop wild relatives of H. annuus have a long history of being used to breed improved traits into cultivated varieties. Cultivated H. annuus is not known to have a pleasant aroma, and at times seed yield is limited by pollination services, particularly in the production of hybrid seed. Improved floral fragrance could improve pollinator attraction and would add value to ornamental sunflowers in the context of the cut-flower industry. If volatile organic compounds that together generate favorable scents are present in wild Helianthus species, they could be bred into domesticated varieties. In order to assess the diversity of floral fragrance available in crop wild relatives, 30 diverse accessions of wild Helianthus as well as seven varieties of H. annuus spanning a domestication gradient were grown in a greenhouse experiment and variation in floral volatiles was analyzed by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. While alpha-pinene made up a significant portion of the volatiles emitted for most taxa, there was substantial diversity present across the genus. Most volatiles emitted were found to be monoterpenoids with a significant share of sesquiterpenoids. Several wild accessions such as H. debilis subsp. tardiflorus and H. praecox subsp. praecox as well as open-pollinated domesticated accessions of H. annuus show promise for breeding for improved floral fragrance due to high volatile abundance and likely favorable compound compositions.
2

Biologia reprodutiva das Ionopsis Kunth (Orchidaceae) do Brasil / Reproductive biology of the Ionopsis Kunth (Orchidaceae) from Brazil

Aguiar, João Marcelo Robazzi Bignelli Valente 27 February 2014 (has links)
O gênero Ionopsis Kunth (Orchidaceae) apresenta seis espécies epífitas distribuídas ao longo do continente americano, incluindo o Caribe, e também nas ilhas de Galápagos. Neste trabalho foram estudadas a anatomia e histoquímica das estruturas secretoras, e caracterizadas as fragrâncias florais das espécies brasileiras de Ionopsis: I. satyrioides e I. utricularioides. A identificação dos componentes químicos das fragrâncias florais de ambas as espécies foi realizada a partir de análises por GC-MS. Além disso, observações de campo foram realizadas para investigar a polinização de I. utricularioides e identificar seus polinizadores. Foram realizados os tratamentos de autopolinização manual, autopolinização espontânea, polinização cruzada e emasculação para caracterizar o sistema reprodutivo da espécie. Plantas foram marcadas como controle no campo para determinar a taxa de frutificação natural. Para I. utricularioides os dados de frutificação obtidos foram comparados com o que é descrito na literatura para populações de Porto Rico. Também foram determinadas a porcentagem de sementes viáveis nos frutos formados pelos tratamentos e em condições naturais. Além disso, I. utricularioides foi investigada com vermelho neutro para determinar se há produção de néctar no cálcar presente nas flores da espécie. Foram encontrados osmóforos em ambas as espécies de Ionopsis estudadas. Ionopsis satyrioides possui osmóforos nas protuberâncias na base do labelo, que pode ser caracterizado por uma epiderme de células arredondadas que produz uma fragrância composta principalmente por farnesol. Por outro lado, I. utricularioides possui um osmóforo papiloso na região das protuberâncias, além das células epidérmicas arredondadas presentes nas protuberâncias, produzindo uma fragrância com ocimeno ou pentadecan-2-ona como o principal constituinte, de acordo com a população analisada. As espécies puderam ser distinguidas de acordo com as suas fragrâncias. Ionopsis utricularioides é polinizada exclusivamente por abelhas, que são atraídas por engano. O polinário fica aderido à porção dorsal da probóscide. Os tratamentos manuais de polinização revelaram que as populações brasileiras de I. utricularioides são auto-incompatíveis e produzem menos frutos que as caribenhas em condições naturais. Os frutos apresentaram uma taxa de 99% de sementes viáveis. De acordo com a Lei de Baker, organismos autocompatíveis são favorecidos pela seleção natural em ambientes isolados como ilhas. Considerando um evento de dispersão associado a um efeito bottleneck, um pequeno número de indivíduos autocompatíveis de I. utricularioides pode ter sido selecionado ao colonizar a ilha de Porto Rico. / Ionopsis Kunth (Orchidaceae) presents six epiphytic species distributed throughout the Americas and also at the Galapagos Islands and the Caribbean Islands. This study investigated the anatomy and histochemistry of the secretory structures, and characterized the floral fragrances of I. satyrioides and I. utricularioides. Also, it was studied in details the floral and reproductive biology of I. utricularioides at the São Paulo state interior, Brazil. Chemical compounds of the flower fragrances were identified with GC-MS analysis. Field observations were made to investigate the pollination of I. utricularioides and identify its pollinators. It were performed the treatments of manual self-pollination, spontaneous self-pollination, cross-pollinations and emasculation to establish the reproductive system of the species. Plants were kept as controls in their natural habitats in order to define the fruit set. Fructification data were compared with the existing literature data for the Puerto Rico populations. It was also determined the percentage of viable seeds in all of the fruits formed by the treatments and also for those formed in natural conditions. Additionally, for I. utricularioides, it was performed a neutral red test to investigate if there is nectar production at the spur present at the species flowers. It was found osmophores in both of the Ionopsis species studied. Ionopsis satyrioides possesses osmophores at the protuberances at the base of the lip, which can be characterized by an epidermis with rounded cells, which produces a fragrance mainly composed by farnesol. On the other hand, I. utricularioides possesses a papillose osmophore at the protuberances region in addition to the odor producing rounded cells of the protuberances epidermis, producing a fragrance with ocimene or pentadecan-2-one as the major compound. The species can be distinguished according to their fragrances. In the Southeastern Brazil, I. utriculariodies flowers from July to October. The species is pollinated exclusively by bees that are attracted by food deceit. The pollinarium gets attached to the dorsal portion of the bees proboscis, while they insert their head in the flowers searching for nectar. The manual pollination treatments revealed that the Brazilian populations of I. utricularioides are self-incompatible and produces less fruits in natural conditions than the self-compatible Caribbean populations. The fruits present 99% of viable seeds. According to Bakers Law, self-compatible organisms are favored by natural selection in isolated environments, such as islands. Taking in consideration a dispersion event associated with bottleneck effect, a small number of self-compatible individuals of I. utricularioides could have been selected while colonizing the Puerto Rico Island.
3

Biologia reprodutiva das Ionopsis Kunth (Orchidaceae) do Brasil / Reproductive biology of the Ionopsis Kunth (Orchidaceae) from Brazil

João Marcelo Robazzi Bignelli Valente Aguiar 27 February 2014 (has links)
O gênero Ionopsis Kunth (Orchidaceae) apresenta seis espécies epífitas distribuídas ao longo do continente americano, incluindo o Caribe, e também nas ilhas de Galápagos. Neste trabalho foram estudadas a anatomia e histoquímica das estruturas secretoras, e caracterizadas as fragrâncias florais das espécies brasileiras de Ionopsis: I. satyrioides e I. utricularioides. A identificação dos componentes químicos das fragrâncias florais de ambas as espécies foi realizada a partir de análises por GC-MS. Além disso, observações de campo foram realizadas para investigar a polinização de I. utricularioides e identificar seus polinizadores. Foram realizados os tratamentos de autopolinização manual, autopolinização espontânea, polinização cruzada e emasculação para caracterizar o sistema reprodutivo da espécie. Plantas foram marcadas como controle no campo para determinar a taxa de frutificação natural. Para I. utricularioides os dados de frutificação obtidos foram comparados com o que é descrito na literatura para populações de Porto Rico. Também foram determinadas a porcentagem de sementes viáveis nos frutos formados pelos tratamentos e em condições naturais. Além disso, I. utricularioides foi investigada com vermelho neutro para determinar se há produção de néctar no cálcar presente nas flores da espécie. Foram encontrados osmóforos em ambas as espécies de Ionopsis estudadas. Ionopsis satyrioides possui osmóforos nas protuberâncias na base do labelo, que pode ser caracterizado por uma epiderme de células arredondadas que produz uma fragrância composta principalmente por farnesol. Por outro lado, I. utricularioides possui um osmóforo papiloso na região das protuberâncias, além das células epidérmicas arredondadas presentes nas protuberâncias, produzindo uma fragrância com ocimeno ou pentadecan-2-ona como o principal constituinte, de acordo com a população analisada. As espécies puderam ser distinguidas de acordo com as suas fragrâncias. Ionopsis utricularioides é polinizada exclusivamente por abelhas, que são atraídas por engano. O polinário fica aderido à porção dorsal da probóscide. Os tratamentos manuais de polinização revelaram que as populações brasileiras de I. utricularioides são auto-incompatíveis e produzem menos frutos que as caribenhas em condições naturais. Os frutos apresentaram uma taxa de 99% de sementes viáveis. De acordo com a Lei de Baker, organismos autocompatíveis são favorecidos pela seleção natural em ambientes isolados como ilhas. Considerando um evento de dispersão associado a um efeito bottleneck, um pequeno número de indivíduos autocompatíveis de I. utricularioides pode ter sido selecionado ao colonizar a ilha de Porto Rico. / Ionopsis Kunth (Orchidaceae) presents six epiphytic species distributed throughout the Americas and also at the Galapagos Islands and the Caribbean Islands. This study investigated the anatomy and histochemistry of the secretory structures, and characterized the floral fragrances of I. satyrioides and I. utricularioides. Also, it was studied in details the floral and reproductive biology of I. utricularioides at the São Paulo state interior, Brazil. Chemical compounds of the flower fragrances were identified with GC-MS analysis. Field observations were made to investigate the pollination of I. utricularioides and identify its pollinators. It were performed the treatments of manual self-pollination, spontaneous self-pollination, cross-pollinations and emasculation to establish the reproductive system of the species. Plants were kept as controls in their natural habitats in order to define the fruit set. Fructification data were compared with the existing literature data for the Puerto Rico populations. It was also determined the percentage of viable seeds in all of the fruits formed by the treatments and also for those formed in natural conditions. Additionally, for I. utricularioides, it was performed a neutral red test to investigate if there is nectar production at the spur present at the species flowers. It was found osmophores in both of the Ionopsis species studied. Ionopsis satyrioides possesses osmophores at the protuberances at the base of the lip, which can be characterized by an epidermis with rounded cells, which produces a fragrance mainly composed by farnesol. On the other hand, I. utricularioides possesses a papillose osmophore at the protuberances region in addition to the odor producing rounded cells of the protuberances epidermis, producing a fragrance with ocimene or pentadecan-2-one as the major compound. The species can be distinguished according to their fragrances. In the Southeastern Brazil, I. utriculariodies flowers from July to October. The species is pollinated exclusively by bees that are attracted by food deceit. The pollinarium gets attached to the dorsal portion of the bees proboscis, while they insert their head in the flowers searching for nectar. The manual pollination treatments revealed that the Brazilian populations of I. utricularioides are self-incompatible and produces less fruits in natural conditions than the self-compatible Caribbean populations. The fruits present 99% of viable seeds. According to Bakers Law, self-compatible organisms are favored by natural selection in isolated environments, such as islands. Taking in consideration a dispersion event associated with bottleneck effect, a small number of self-compatible individuals of I. utricularioides could have been selected while colonizing the Puerto Rico Island.

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