Submitted by Verena Bastos (verena@uefs.br) on 2015-09-16T23:48:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL_Cortes.pdf: 14573536 bytes, checksum: 6e4acc2810a61d9e5ab81fe6e248b786 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-16T23:48:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL_Cortes.pdf: 14573536 bytes, checksum: 6e4acc2810a61d9e5ab81fe6e248b786 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The genera Schaueria, Streblacanthus, Pachystachys and Thyrsacanthus represent 25% of the Tetramerium lineage (Acanthaceae: Justicieae), currently with about 40 species, distributed mainly in wetlands and drylands in South America. They are herbaceous or shrubs, with large or filiform bracts and diverse floral morphology, revealing adaptations to different pollinators. Systematic studies in the group are scarce, and the only phylogenetic study (Daniel et al. 2008) included only 10% of the species, not solving the generic limits within the lineage. The biogeography of Neotropical Tetramerium lineage is quite complex, structured in three biomes: the Amazon Forest, the Atlantic Forest and Seasonally Dry Forest. Still, there are no investigations on its diversification. Using phylogenetic and biogeographic methods based on plastid (trnL-F, trnT-L, trnS-G andrps16) and nuclear (ITS)data, we complemented and assessed the previous phylogenetic hypothesis, time-calibrated the phylogeny and reconstructed the ancestral area of Tetramerium lineage, focusing particularly on the South American genera. The analysis showed three well-defined clades and the need for a new circumscription for the genera:1- Schaueria, (excluding S. azaleiflora, S. hirsuta, S. humuliflora, S. malifolia and S. parviflora) including three new species and Justicia paranaensis; 2- Pachystachys, encompassing three species of Streblacanthus (except Streblacanthus monospermus) Schaueria azaleiflora and two new species; and 3- Thyrsacanthus, comprising also Carlowrightia sulcata, Justicia angustissima and Schaueria humuliflora, and another Mexican clade (Justicia zopilotensis, J. gonzalezii, Mirandea hyssopus and Yeatesia mabryi). The lineage originated in the Old World and dispersed to the Neotropics between the Miocene and Pliocene, reaching North America, Central America and Amazon. Between the late Miocene and early Pleistocene, the dry forests lineage expanded and, concomitantly, the rainforests lineageretracted, supporting the idea of a South American dry vegetation belt during this period. The vicariance between blocks of dry forests in southwestern South America and the Caatinga in northeastern Brazil, however, indicates a fragmentation of this vegetation at least in the Lower Pleistocene, well before the Last Glacial Maxima as proposed by the Pleistocene Arc hypothesis. Based on the phylogenetic results, we present a taxonomic revision of the genusSchaueria?including identification keys, descriptions, illustrations, comments, distribution maps and a study of pollen grains and seeds under scanning electron microscopy ? and propose a new circumscription for the genus Pachystachys. Finally, we present a color guide ofphotos for South American species ofTetramerium lineage. / Os g?neros Schaueria, Streblacanthus, Pachystachys e Thyrsacanthus representam 25%da linhagem Tetramerium (Acanthaceae: Justicieae), contando atualmente com cerca de 40 esp?cies, distribu?das principalmente em zonas ?midas e secas da Am?rica do Sul. S?o plantas herb?ceas ou arbustivas, com br?cteas largas ou filiformes e morfologia floral diversa, revelando adapta??es a diferentes polinizadores. Estudos sistem?ticos no grupo s?o parcos, e o ?nico estudo filogen?tico (Daniel et al. 2008) incluiu apenas 10% das esp?cies, n?o resolvendo os limites gen?ricos na linhagem. A biogeografia da linhagem neotropical de Tetramerium ? bastante complexa, estruturada em tr?s biomas: Floresta Amaz?nica, Floresta Atl?ntica e Floresta Sazonalmente Seca. Ainda assim, n?o existem investiga??es sobre sua diversifica??o. Utilizando m?todos filogen?ticos e biogeogr?ficos baseados em dados moleculares plastidiais (trnL-F, trnT-L, trnS-G, rps16) e nucleares (ITS), n?s complementamos e avaliamos a hip?tese filogen?tica pr?via, datamos e reconstru?mos a ?rea ancestral da linhagem Tetramerium, focando particularmente nos g?neros da Am?rica do Sul. As an?lises mostraram tr?s clados bem definidos e a necessidade de uma nova circunscri??o para os g?neros:1- Schaueria (excluindo S. azaleiflora, S. hirsuta, S. humuliflora, S. malifolia e S. parviflora) incluindo tr?s novas esp?cies e Justicia paranaensis; 2- Pachystachys englobando tr?s esp?cies de Streblacanthus (exceto Streblacanthusmonospermus), Schaueria azaleiflora e duas novas esp?cies; e 3- Thyrsacanthus compreendendo tamb?m Carlowrightia sulcata, Justicia angustissima e Schaueria humuliflora, e mais um clado mexicano (Justicia zopilotensis, J. gonzalezii, Mirandea hyssopus e Yeatesia mabryi). A linhagem originou-se no Velho Mundo e dispersou para o Neotr?pico entre o Mioceno e o Plioceno, alcan?ando Am?rica do Norte, Central e Amaz?nia. Entre o final do Mioceno e o in?cio do Pleistoceno, a linhagem de florestas secas se expandiu e, concomitantemente, as linhagens de florestas ?midas se retra?ram, sustentando a ideia de uma diagonal seca neste per?odo. A vicari?ncia entre os blocos de florestas secas no sudoeste da Am?rica do Sul e da Caatinga no nordeste do Brasil, no entanto, indica uma fragmenta??o dessa forma??o pelo menos no Pleistoceno Inferior, bem antes da ?ltima M?xima Glacial, como proposto pela hip?tese do Arco do Pleistoceno. Com base nos resultados filogen?ticos, n?s apresentamos uma revis?o taxon?mica do g?nero Schaueria ? incluindo chaves de identifica??o, descri??es, ilustra??es, coment?rios, mapas de distribui??o e estudo de microscopia de varredura de gr?os de p?len e de sementes ? e propomos uma recircunscri??o para o g?nero Pachystachys. Finalmente, ? apresentado um guia de fotos coloridas para as esp?cies sul-americanas da linhagem Tetramerium.