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Stereoselektive Synthese von aliphatischen Flüssigkristallen mit angularen axialen Fluorgruppen.Joraschek, Norbert. Unknown Date (has links)
Universiẗat, Diss., 1991--Paderborn.
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Stereoselektive Synthese potentiell mesogener Cyclohexylverbindungen mit axialem Fluorsubstituenten.Winters, Rolf. Unknown Date (has links)
Universiẗat, Diss., 1991--Paderborn.
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Oligomere und hochenergetische Borazide sowie elektrophile N+-F-FluorierungsmittelFraenk, Wolfgang. Unknown Date (has links)
Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--München.
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Metallvermittelte Perfluoralkylierungen und die elektrochemische Fluorierung zu Perfluoralkylverbindungen / Metal-mediated perfluoroalkylations and the electrochemical fluorination to perfluoroalkyl compoundsWirthensohn, Raphael Sebastian January 2023 (has links) (PDF)
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung von mehrfach perfluoralkylierten Verbindungen.
Das erste Kapitel behandelt die Kupfer-vermittelte mehrfache Pentafluorethylierung von aromatischen Systemen, sowie die Untersuchung deren Folgechemie. Dabei wurden iodierte Aryl-Derivate mit dem Kupferorganyl CuC2F5 umgesetzt. Mit dieser Methode konnten symmetrisch und unsymmetrisch pentafluorethylierte Anilin- und Phenol-Derivate dargestellt werden. Die Anilin-Derivate wurden zu den entsprechenden Diazoniumsalzen umgesetzt, welche zunächst vollständig charakterisiert und anschließend deren Folgechemie untersucht wurde.
Das zweite Kapitel behandelt die Darstellung von Bis(trifluormethyl)sulfon durch elektrochemische Fluorierung mittels des Simons-Prozesses. Dabei wurde der Umsatz der Reaktion durch Verwendung der teilfluorierten Verbindung (Trifluormethyl)methylsulfon als Startmaterial optimiert. / Within this thesis multiple perfluoroalkylated compounds were synthesized and characterized.
The first chapter deals with the copper-mediated multiple pentafluoroethylation of aromatic systems, and the investigation of their further reactivity. In this work, iodinated aryl derivatives were reacted with the copper organyl CuC2F5. Symmetrically and asymmetrically pentafluoroethylated aniline and phenol derivatives were prepared via this method. The aniline derivatives were reacted to give the corresponding diazonium salts, which were first fully characterized and then their further reactivities were investigated.
The second chapter deals with the preparation of bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfone by electrochemical fluorination using the Simons process. Here, the conversion of the reaction was optimized by using the partially fluorinated compound (trifluoromethyl)methyl sulfone as starting material.
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Entwicklung von effektiven Methoden zur Darstellung flüssig-kristalliner Verbindungen über Cyclohexenonbausteine.Metzner, Werner. Unknown Date (has links)
Universiẗat, Diss., 1991--Paderborn.
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Applications of Fluorinated Aryl Boronates in Organic Synthesis / Die Anwendungen von fluorinierten Arylboronaten in der organischen SyntheseBudiman, Yudha Prawira January 2020 (has links) (PDF)
Fluorinated compounds are an important motif, particularly in pharmaceuticals, as one-third of the top performing drugs have fluorine in their structures. Fluorinated biaryls also have numerous applications in areas such as material science, agriculture, crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, etc. Thus, the development of new synthetic routes to fluorinated chemical compounds is an important area of current research. One promising method is the borylation of suitable precursors to generate fluorinated aryl boronates as versatile building blocks for organic synthesis.
Chapter 1
In this chapter, the latest developments in the synthesis, stability issues, and applications of fluorinated aryl boronates in organic synthesis are reviewed. The catalytic synthesis of fluorinated aryl boronates using different methods, such as C–H, C–F, and C–X (X = Cl, Br, I, OTf) borylations are discussed. Further studies covering instability issues of the fluorinated boronate derivatives, which are accelerated by ortho-fluorine, have been reported, and the applications of these substrates, therefore, need special treatment.
Numerous groups have reported methods to employ highly fluorinated aryl boronates that anticipate the protodeboronation issue; thus, polyfluorinated aryl boronates, especially those containing ortho-fluorine substituents, can be converted into chloride, bromide, iodide, phenol, carboxylic acid, nitro, cyano, methyl esters, and aldehyde analogues. These substrates can be applied in many cross-coupling reactions, such as the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction with aryl halides, the Chan-Evans-Lam C–N reaction with aryl amines or nitrosoarenes, C–C(O) reactions with N-(aryl-carbonyloxy)phthalamides or thiol esters (Liebskind-Srogl cross-coupling), and oxidative coupling reactions with terminal alkynes. Furthermore, the difficult reductive elimination from the highly stable complex [PdL2(2,6-C6F2+nH3-n)2] was the next challenge to be targeted in the homocoupling of 2,6-di-fluoro aryl pinacol boronates, and it has been solved by conducting the reaction in arene solvents that reduce the energy barrier in this step as long as no coordinating solvent or ancillary ligand is employed.
Chapter 2
In this chapter, phenanthroline-ligated copper complexes proved to be efficient catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of highly fluorinated aryl boronate esters (ArF–Bpin) with aryl iodides or bromides. This newly developed method is an attractive alternative to the traditional methods as copper is an Earth-abundant metal, less toxic, and cheaper compared to the traditional methods which commonly required palladium catalysts, and silver oxide that is also often required in stoichiometric amounts. A combination of 10 mol% copper iodide and 10 mol% phenanthroline, with CsF as a base, in DMF, at 130 ˚C, for 18 hours is efficient to cross-couple fluorinated aryl pinacol boronates with aryl iodides to generate cross-coupled products in good to excellent yields. This method is also viable for polyfluorophenyl borate salts such as pentafluorophenyl-BF3K. Notably, employing aryl bromides instead of aryl iodides for the coupling with fluorinated aryl–Bpin compounds is also possible; however, increased amounts of CuI/phenanthroline catalyst is necessary, in a mixture of DMF and toluene (1:1).
A diverse range of π···π stacking interactions is observed in the cross-coupling products partly perfluorinated biaryl crystals. They range from arene–perfluoroarene interactions (2-(perfluorophenyl)naphthalene and 2,3,4-trifluorobiphenyl) to arene–arene (9-perfluorophenyl)anthracene) and perfluoroarene–perfluoroarene (2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-2’methylbiphenyl) interactions.
Chapter 3
In this chapter, the efficient Pd-catalyzed homocoupling reaction of aryl pinacol pinacol boronates (ArF–Bpin) that contain two ortho-fluorines is presented. The reaction must be conducted in a “noncoordinating” solvent such as toluene, benzene, or m-xylene and, notably, stronger coordinating solvents or ancillary ligands have to be avoided. Thus, the Pd center becomes more electron deficient and the reductive elimination becomes more favorable. The Pd-catalyzed homocoupling reaction of di-ortho-fluorinated aryl boronate derivatives is difficult in strongly coordinating solvents or in the presence of strong ancillary ligands, as the reaction stops at the [PdL2(2,6-C6F2+nH3-n)2] stage after the transmetalations without the reductive elimination taking place. It is known that the rate of reductive elimination of Ar–Ar from [ML2(Ar)(Ar)] complexes containing group-10 metals decreases in the order Arrich–Arpoor > Arrich–Arrich > Arpoor–Arpoor. Furthermore, reductive elimination of the most electron-poor diaryls, such as C6F5–C6F5, from [PdL2(C6F5)2] complexes is difficult and has been a challenge for 50 years, due to their high stability as the Pd–Caryl bond is strong. Thus, the Pd-catalyzed homocoupling of perfluoro phenyl boronates is found to be rather difficult.
Further investigation showed that stoichiometric reactions of C6F5Bpin, 2,4,6-trifluorophenyl–Bpin, or 2,6-difluorophenyl–Bpin with palladium acetate in MeCN stops at the double transmetalation step, as demonstrated by the isolation of cis-[Pd(MeCN)2(C6F5)2], cis-[Pd(MeCN)2(2,4,6-C6F3H2)2], and cis-[Pd(MeCN)2(2,6-C6F2H3)2] in quantitative yields. Thus, it can be concluded that the reductive elimination from diaryl-palladium complexes containing two ortho-fluorines in both aryl rings, is difficult even in a weakly coordinating solvent such as MeCN. Therefore, even less coordinating solvents are needed to make the Pd center more electron deficient. Reactions using “noncoordinating” arene solvents such as toluene, benzene, or m-xylene were conducted and found to be effective for the catalytic homocoupling of 2,6-C6F2+nH3-nBpin. The scope of the reactions was expanded. Using toluene as the solvent, the palladium-catalyzed homocoupling of ArF–Bpin derivatives containing one, two or no ortho-fluorines gave the coupled products in excellent yields without any difficulties.
DFT calculations at the B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP/6-311+g(2d,p)/IEFPCM // B3LYP-D3/SDD/6-31g**/IEFPCM level of theory predicted an exergonic process and lower barrier (< 21 kcal/mol) for the reductive elimination of Pd(C6F5)2 complexes bearing arene ligands, compared to stronger coordinating solvents (acetonitrile, THF, SMe2, and PMe3), which have high barriers ( > 33.7 kcal/mol). Reductive elimination from [Pd(ηn-Ar)(C6F5)2] complexes have low barriers due to: (i) ring slippage of the arene ligand as a hapticity change from η6 in the reactant to ηn (n ≤ 3) in the transition state and the product, which led to less σ-repulsion; and (ii) more favorable π-back-bonding from Pd(ArF)2 to the arene fragment in the transition state.
Chapter 4
In this chapter, the efficient Pd-catalyzed C–Cl borylation of aryl chlorides containing two ortho-fluorines is presented. The reactions are conducted under base-free conditions to prevent the decomposition of the di-ortho-fluorinated aryl boronates, which are unstable in the presence of base. A combination of Pd(dba)2 (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) with SPhos (2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl) as a ligand is efficient to catalyze the C–Cl borylation of aryl chlorides containing two ortho-fluorine substituents without base, and the products were isolated in excellent yields. The substrate scope can be expanded to aryl chloride containing one or no ortho-fluorines and the borylated products were isolated in good to very good yield. This method provides a nice alternative to traditional methodologies using lithium or Grignard reagents. / Fluorierte Verbindungen sind insbesondere in der Pharmazie wichtige Bausteine, da ein Drittel der wirksamen Medikamente Fluorsubstituenten beinhalten. Fluorierte Biaryle haben auch zahlreiche Anwendungen in Bereichen wie der Materialwissenschaft, der Landwirtschaft, dem Design molekularer Festkörperstrukturen, der supramolekularen Chemie etc. Daher ist die Entwicklung neuer synthetischer Wege zu fluorierten chemischen Verbindungen sehr gefragt. Eine der vielversprechenden Methoden ist die Borylierung geeigneter Vorstufen zur Erzeugung fluorierter Arylboronate, die als vielseitige Bausteine für die organische Synthese dienen können. ...
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Reaktionstechnische Untersuchungen zur präparativen enzymatischen 3-Fluorneuraminsäure und GlycolylneuraminsäureBeliczey, Juliane. Unknown Date (has links)
Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Bonn.
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Rekonstruktion von Metamorphosepfaden mit stabilen Isotopen Laserfluorinierung am Beispiel des Sächsischen Granulitgebirges /Hagen, Bettina. Unknown Date (has links) (PDF)
Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Bonn.
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Aktivierung von Trifluormethylschwefelpentafluorid zur Generierung von Fluorierungsmitteln und Trifluormethylierung aromatischer SubstrateHerbstritt, Domenique Lisa 04 July 2024 (has links)
Die stöchiometrische Aktivierung von Trifluormethylschwefelpentafluorid mit dem Carben SIMes (1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene) wird thermisch und photochemisch beschrieben. Beide Formen der Aktivierung führen zur Detektion von 1,3-dimesityl-2,2-difluoroimidazolidin (SIMesF2), 1,3-dimesitylimidazolidin-2-sulfid (SIMes=S) und 1,3-dimesityl-2-fluoro-2-trifluoromethylimidazolidin (SIMes(CF3)F). Die Aktivierung von SF5CF3 wurde mit Radikalabfang-Experimenten untersucht, wobei die Ergebnisse auf die Bildung von CF3-Radikalen in der photochemischen Reaktion, nicht aber in der thermischen Reaktion hindeuten. Mechanistisch wird ein Einelektronentransfer von SIMes auf SF5CF3 postuliert. Weiterhin wurde die Reaktivität von SIMesF2 als Deoxyfluorierungsreagenz für verschiedene organische Substrate beobachtet. Zur mechanistischen Aufklärung der Acylfluorid-Synthese wurde das Imidazolidiniumsalz [SIMes-F]+F(HF)2- synthetisiert. Letzteres reagiert mit Benzoesäure zu Benzoylfluorid. Quantenmechanische Rechnungen bestätigen die These, dass ein externes Polyhydrogenfluorid für die Fluorierung der Benzoesäure verantwortlich ist. Anschließend wurde eine photoredoxkatalytische Trifluormethylierungen von Aromaten entwickelt. Ebenso wie bei der stöchiometrischen SF5CF3 Aktivierung wurde auch im Falle der photoredoxkatalytischen Aktivierung ein Einelektronentransfer auf SF5CF3 durch Oxidation des angeregten Katalysators oder Reduktion des zuvor oxidierten Katalysators vorgeschlagen. Experimentelle Untersuchungen des Mechanismus deuten auf die Entstehung von CF3-Radikalen, SF4 und Schwefel hin. Durch die Zugabe von Octanol zur Reaktionsmischung konnte die Bildung von Fluoroctan neben der Bildung von trifluormethylierten Aromaten erzielt werden. Dies deutet auf die Entstehung von Schwefeltetrafluorid hin und zeigt, dass SF5CF3 gleichzeitig als CF3-Quelle und als Quelle für SF4 dienen kann. / The stoichiometric activation of trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride with the carbene SIMes (1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene) is described thermally and photochemically. Both forms of activation lead to the detection of 1,3-dimesityl-2,2-difluoroimidazolidine (SIMesF2), 1,3-dimesitylimidazolidine-2-sulfide (SIMes=S) and 1,3-dimesityl-2-fluoro-2-trifluoromethylimidazolidine (SIMes(CF3)F). The activation of SF5CF3 was investigated by radical scavenging experiments, and the results indicate the formation of CF3 radicals in the photochemical reaction but not in the thermal reaction. Mechanistically, a one-electron transfer from SIMes to SF5CF3 is postulated. Furthermore, the reactivity of SIMesF2 as a deoxyfluorination reagent for several organic substrates was observed. The imidazolidinium salt [SIMes-F]+F(HF)2- was synthesized for the mechanistic investigation of the acyl fluoride synthesis. The latter reacts with benzoic acid to form benzoyl fluoride. Quantum mechanical calculations confirm that an external polyhydrogen fluoride is responsible for the fluorination of benzoic acid. Subsequently, a photoredox catalytic trifluoromethylation of aromatic compounds was developed. As in the case of stoichiometric SF5CF3 activation, a one-electron transfer to SF5CF3 by oxidation of the excited catalyst or reduction of the previously oxidized catalyst was also proposed in the case of photoredox catalytic activation. Experimental studies indicate the formation of CF3 radicals, SF4 and sulfur. The addition of octanol to the reaction mixture results in the formation of fluorooctane in addition to the formation of trifluoromethylated aromatics. This indicates the formation of sulfur tetrafluoride and shows that SF5CF3 can simultaneously serve as a CF3 source and as a source of SF4.
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Synthesis of polymers and oligomers containing fluorinated side groups for the construction of hydrophobic surfaces / Synthese von Polymeren und Oligomeren mit fluorierten Seitengruppen zur Erzeugung von hydrophoben OberflächenZhuang, Rong-Chuan 27 June 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Oligomers and polymers based on functionalized Rf-amides were successfully synthesized for the fabrication of hydrophobic surfaces with either linear or network structure. Firstly, new functionalized Rf-amides (RfCONH-, Rf is a perfluoroalkyl segment) were developed in most cases by a one step reaction and a simple work-up procedure. The reaction behaviors of synthesized Rf-amides in polyreactions were well understood. New fluorinated oligoester polyols, blocked IPDI's, and end-hydroxyl terminated oligo(urea urethane)s have been synthesized, the detail structures and properties are well understood. These materials could be suitable components of powder coatings. On the other hand, the end-hydroxyl terminated oligo(urea urethane)s could be used as reactive additives in high solid content and water-borne coatings. Hydrophobic smooth surfaces based on linear polymers, poly(urea urethane)s and alternating MI copolymers, containing fluorinated side groups were successfully constructed. The attachment of fluorinated side groups into polymers can dramatically alter the surfaces of corresponding polymers from more hydrophilic to hydrophobic due to the enrichment of fluorinated side groups on the top of the surface. The backbone configuration, the polarity of backbones, and the thermal treatment on surfaces can influence the surface properties of corresponding materials. Finally, hydrophobic surfaces of cross-linked polyurethanes as model top coatings were constructed under melt condition at high temperature (180 and 190 oC) using the combination of fluorinated oligouretdiones and non-fluorinated oligoester polyols. It was found that the hydrophobicity of resulting cured films is a matter of the competition between the formation of cross-linking network and the segregation of fluoromoieties on the top of the surface.
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