Since India became independent in August, 1947, the Indian government has pursued a 'neutralist' policy in world affairs which has raised some doubts and difficulties, more particularly in the Western non-communist camp. India's foreign policy, both generally and in its various manifestations, has been frequently subject to bitter criticism and has even been condemned as immoral and motivated by a pro-Communist bias. Such an analysis is, of course, entirely out of focus. It is hoped that this thesis will help dispel some of the doubts and clear away some of the misinterpretations concerning the policies that the Indian government has pursued on the world stage. Various aspects of Indian foreign policy have been discussed by a number of writers both in general and in specific degrees; however, to this writer's knowledge, no one has attempted to view India's foreign policy in the manner treated in this thesis. Within the limits placed by the proximity to the events discussed, this study tries to survey objectively India's foreign policy in the cold war. Throughout this study India's foreign policy has been discussed in its various manifestations. A country's foreign policy naturally derives from a complex set of historical, geographic, economic and emotional factors, and thus the context within which Indian foreign policy was formulated and the determinants upon which it is based are examined in the first Chapter. Then in Chapter Two, which describes India's approach to the problem of security, are discussed the various efforts made by the Indian government to satisfy, within the bounds permitted by the country's resources, the strategic requirements of the State. Recognizing that India's real security depends on removing tension from the world, however, India has sought the removal of Western controls over dependent Afro-Asian peoples as a concrete step towards peace. The third Chapter discusses this, from India's initial out-spoken championship of the cause of dependent peoples to a more recent moderate approach caused by a realization that Western imperialism is a 'dead issue' and that Communist imperialism is the greater threat. In recognition that the division of the world into power blocs increases the chances of war, the Indian government has striven to ease tension through furthering the ideals of the United Nations Charter, as illustrated in Chapter Four by her opposition to power blocs and to alliances, her advocacy of disarmament, and her championship of Red China's right to a seat at the United Nations. Aware of the delicate peace existing between East and West and realizing that a world war could result from any dispute involving the rival interests of the two power blocs, India has sought to prevent such an occurrence through dealing with each issue on its intrinsic merits. India also understands that the only alternative to coexistence is co-destruction, and she has sought to instill this realization in both the Communist and non-Communist camps. These two aspects of Indian foreign policy are discussed in Chapters Five and Six. Finally, a brief attempt is made to summarize India's foreign policy and to arrive at some general conclusions. I gratefully acknowledge the constant advice and guidance of Dr. P. Harnetty whose constructive suggestions facilitated the writing of this paper. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Most studies done on the female offender have centred on problems of homosexuality. This study is concerned with female drug addicts who have been interned in a treatment-oriented correctional institution. In doing this investigation, the focus was on two aspects: the temporal routine of the inmates and the matrons, and the attitudes of both groups towards: rehabilitation goals, the institution as a treatment centre, and institutional practices. The data collection was based primarily on participation in and observation of the interaction between the inmates and the matrons, supplemented with interviews of the members of both groups. It was through the participant-observation that I was able to penetrate the elements of the core culture. In this sense, the core culture refers to the complex of attitudes and practices of matrons and inmates centering around parole. Several institutional constraints seemed to be influencing the effectiveness of therapy programmes. Among these constraints, attention was given to an examination of: the treatment-versus-custody roles of the staff, the structure and composition of therapy groups, and the extent of inmate participation in therapy programmes. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of a programme of physical education for Grade One blind and partially-sighted children at Jericho Hill School, the British Columbia Provincial Residential School for the Deaf and Blind. The programme instituted was devised by the author in a problem-solving, child-centered manner where the activities were performed at the level of interest and ability of the individual child. The programme included the following activities: 1. Orientation 2. Physical Education Activities: (a) Body awareness (b) Stretching, pulling, twisting (c) Small equipment (d) Large apparatus (e) Creative movements to music (f) Trampolining (g) Water activities (h) Outdoor running, walking (i) Visit to Santa Claus (j) Activities with a sighted class. The programme extended from September, 1965 to March, 1966 with two or three sessions per week lasting from one-half hour to three-quarters of an hour each. Three evaluative measures were used to assess the programme: 1. Objective scores from the pre- and post-programme tests were given where a numerical value could be assigned to these tests. 2. Film loops¹ of the objective test items were used to show pre-and post-programme performances. These were subjectively evaluated by eleven experts in the field of physical education. 3. The classroom teacher reported on her personal record of the effect of the programme on individual children and on the group as a whole. The improved objective test scores, the film loop evaluation by the physical education experts, and the subjective evaluation of the classroom teacher and the Vice-Principal of the Blind Department showed that the programme was successful in producing improvement in the children, especially in the areas of confidence and basic physical skill development. A film² was produced in conjunction with the programme but not as an actual part of the study, showing various activities performed by the children throughout the year. This 23 minute black and white 16 mm film was produced and titled by the author. ¹Stored in the Library of the School of Physical Education and Recreation, The University of British Columbia. ²"Learn to See", available from the Extension Department, The University of British Columbia. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to identify and field test a successful treatment method for bringing about articulation carry-over. Subjects were 8 elementary school students who misarticulated /s/ or /r/ in conversation outside the therapy setting, but correctly articulated the target phoneme 80% or more of the time in conversation with the speech-language pathologist in the therapy setting. The self-monitoring treatment method of Koegel, Koegel, & Ingham (1986) and Koegel, Koegel, Van Voy, & Ingham (1988) was selected for field testing. Data were collected in the context of a multiple baseline across subjects research design. Results of the study did not replicate the positive treatment effects found in the Koegel, et al. studies. The results are discussed in relationship to the subject, treatment, environmental, and measurement variables that may account for the discrepancy in treatment effectiveness. Additional data on accuracy of self-monitoring are discussed.

The study reported in the thesis attempted to examine the decision-making process for the institutionalization of older people in homes for the aged. More specifically, it sought to determine who was responsible for the decisions, to discover if this responsibility was related to selected social factors, and to ascertain if it affected the adjustment of older people to the institutional setting.

The concept of partnership has in the last decade emerged as being fundamental for successful poverty eradication. The importance of partnerships in development efforts is reflected in high level regional and global commitments and initiatives such as the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) of 2001, the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness of 2005, the Accra Agenda for Action of 2008 and the Busan Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation of 2011. With the emergence of the partnership approach to development, there has also been a significant change in focus and direction of development approaches with new approaches such as Research for Development becoming prominent. Partnerships in Research for Development projects are viewed as important means for contributing to knowledge generation resulting in better and improved services, and development programmes. Although partnerships are believed to be essential in achieving development outcomes, little is known about their impact on the communities which their research is supposed to improve. This thesis examines the impact of research for development partnerships using the Challenge Programme on Water and Food’s (CPWF) Limpopo Basin Development Challenge Programme (LBDC) as a case study. The LBDC was organized into four interlinked technical research projects and one coordination project (L1-L5). The diverse range of partners in the LBDC evident in the range of disciplines and sectors represented in the partnership presented an excellent case study into how different organizations with undoubtedly different mandates come together to work on research for development programmes. The objectives of the study were: to determine the key steps for establishing successful research partnerships; examine how partnerships are communicated to communities and relevant stakeholders paying particular attention to the different communication approaches used and the challenges experienced; assess the success of the partnership in achieving its objectives and the contribution of the partnership to the development of the community; and identify valuable lessons that can be considered by those wanting to replicate, and apply of the partnership approach to other projects. The findings are based on primary and secondary data collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews with 19 LBDC programme partners, qualitative document analysis and participant observation. Results indicate that largely the LBDC partnership was successful in delivering on its objectives as the programme was able to raise awareness of the most up to date available research evidence on agricultural water management and results were shared with basin authorities. Results further support existing knowledge on partnerships and they confirm many of the observations and claims made by established commentators in this field regarding good practice in partnerships. It is clear that the establishment of partnerships is a process that has to be well thought out, the importance of communication within and outside the partnership and external role and stakeholder engagement at all phases of the partnership and especially in monitoring and evaluating the progress of the partnership’s work is crucial. Lessons and recommendations from the study could be valuable to development professionals who carry out their research and development work in partnership. / Dissertation (MSocSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Anthropology and Archaeology / Unrestricted

TITLE: Barriers to accessing dental care amongst the elderly in retirement villages in Johannesburg. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND The aging population in South Africa has increased from 3.2 million in 2001 to 3.7 million in 2007 (Africa, 2009). Oral health problems in aging include edentulism, denture related conditions such as denture stomatitis, coronal and root surface caries, periodontal disease, xerostomia, and oral cancer (WHO, 2010). These conditions have been shown to impact negatively on the oral health related quality of life and general health of the elderly (Locker, 1988; Kandelman et al, 2008). However despite the oral disease experiences and availability of free oral health services in the public sector, oral health service utilisation amongst the elderly in South Africa continues to be low (Van Wyk, 1994, DoH, 2010). In addition there is no current available data on their oral health status, their oral health needs and barriers experienced in terms of accessing oral health services. AIMS The aim of the study was to determine barriers to dental care access by an elderly population residing in government subsidised retirement villages in the Johannesburg Metropolitan region, during the period of January to December 2011. OBJECTIVES To describe the oral health status of the residents in order to estimate their normative oral health needs. To describe perceived oral health needs of the residents from the retirement villages. To determine the proportion of elderly residents from retirement villages who have accessed dental care in the past 12 months. To identify and describe barriers to oral health services. To determine factors associated with oral health service utilisation. MATERIALS & METHODS The study was a cross-sectional study with an analytic component. Participants were recruited from 10 retirement villages located across region B to region G in Johannesburg. Permission to access the site and participants was granted by each individual site manager. Three hundred and eight individuals gave consent and agreed to participate in the study. Data was collected from questionnaires and a clinical oral examination assessing the DMFT and CPITN scores according to WHO criteria was conducted. RESULTS The sample (n=308) had a mean age of 72 years old. The mean DMFT of 17 and mean CPITN of 1.6 indicated that there was a need for dental care amongst the participants. Perceived oral health need related significantly to normative need and utilisation (p<0.01). Less than a third (28%) of the study population had accessed dental care in the past 12 months. Structural, financial and personal factors were found to have contributed to the barriers experienced by the elderly in Johannesburg. Participants with a high perceived need were found to more likely (OR: 2.37 CI: 1.00-5.83: P=0.05) to utilise services than those who were over the age of 80 and those living with partners. CONCLUSION Though oral health access was freely available in the public sector, the study found that there were unmet dental treatment needs amongst participants. Most participants perceived they needed dental care yet only less than a third accessed dental services in the past 12 months due to the structural, financial and personal barriers experienced. RECOMMENDATIONS The elderly need to be made aware of their exemption from user fees in the public sector. The inclusion of denture provision services via outreach programmes may assist in reducing the denture waiting list at public dental clinics. KEYWORDS: Dental access, utilisation, barriers.

There is a dearth of research on the application of hard Operational Research (OR) techniques (simulation, linear programming, goal programming, etc.) in determining optimal ordering, inventory and allocation policies for goods within distribution systems in developing countries. This study aims to assist decision making at a not-for-profit organization (NPO), Foodbank South Africa (FBSA), within its allocation system through a combined ‘soft-hard’ OR approach. Two problem-structuring tools (soft OR), Causal Mapping (CM) and Soft System Methodology’s Root Definitions (RDs), are used to structure the organization's goals (in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the decision-context) and gain a better understanding of the ‘decision-issues’ in the allocation system at its Cape Town warehouse.

Submitted in fulfilment or partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in the Department of Philosophy of Education at the University of Zululand, 1987. / One of the great issues of the present time in the Republic of South Africa is the problem of all members of the school-going population securing equal educational opportunities. All pupils basically have the freedom to learn. However, pupils cannot reach their full development when denied equal educational opportunities. Educationt positively acknowledges both the communal factors and the diversity of religious and cultural life-styles and languages of the inhabitants. These diversities in the different cultural groups in South Africa are presently receiving structural prominence. The problem, however, justly raised is whether sufficient prominence is being given to commonalities. Very little binding exists between f the heterogenous cultural groups in the R.S.A. Serious polarisation exists and this is apparent in many fields including education. In education in particular this alienation, distrust and anomalous behaviour is examplified by disruption of school programmes in many ways. The question of how education may fulfil a more constructive binding function in such a heterogenous divided society was therefore a problem necessitating problem solving research. The aim of the study was therefore to discover educationally acceptable values of promoting undestanding for, and empathy towards one another among R.S.A. cultural groups. To seek communal factors in the establishment of identity and individual cultural identity and, finally, to seek the achievement and maintainance of common high standards of educational provision in respect of schools, and other educational institutions, and support services. / Sperry; the Ernst and Ethel Eriksen Trust; and the University of Zululand.

No description available.