Claims arising from the breach of a contractual obligation (in private law relationships) The topic of this Master's degree thesis is "Claims arising from the breach of a contractual obligation in private law relationships". The aim of this thesis is especially to outline the claims that may arise to the contractual party in case the other party breaches its contractual obligation. The text characterizes the particular claims, compares them mutually and subsequently shows their main differences. Each chapter contains an important passage focused on legal enactment of particular claims in the New Civil Code that comes into effect on 1st January 2014. The thesis is composed of four chapters, each of which deals with one legal institute that may be considered as a consequence of the breach of contract, namely the liability for default, the liability for damage, the contractual penalty and the liability for defects. The chapter One analyzes situation when the debtor breaches his duty to perform duly and in due time. The purpose of the chapter Two is to describe the essential preconditions for occurrence of the liability for damage, to provide with information about scope and methods of damages including (im)possibility of contractual limitation of damages under Czech law. The second chapter also...

本研究所使用違約機率（Probability of Default, 以下簡稱PD）的預測方法為Robust Logistic Regression（穩健羅吉斯迴歸），本研究發展且應用這個方法是基於下列兩個觀察：1. 極端值常常出現在橫剖面資料，而且對於實證結果往往有很大地影響，因而極端值必須要被謹慎處理。2. 當使用Logit Model（羅吉斯模型）估計違約率時，卻忽略極端值。試圖不讓資料中的極端值對估計結果產生重大的影響，進而提升預測的準確性，是本研究使用Logit Model並混合Robust Regression（穩健迴歸）的目的所在，而本研究是第一篇使用Robust Logistic Regression來進行PD預測的研究。 變數的選取上，本研究使用Z-SCORE模型中的變數，此外，在考慮公司的營收品質之下，亦針對公司的應收帳款週轉率而對相關變數做了調整。 本研究使用了一些信用風險模型效力驗證的方法來比較模型預測效力的優劣，本研究的實證結果為：針對樣本內資料，使用Robust Logistic Regression對於整個模型的預測效力的確有提升的效果；當營收品質成為模型變數的考量因素後，能讓模型有較高的預測效力。最後，本研究亦提出了一些重要的未來研究建議，以供後續的研究作為參考。 / The method implemented in PD calculation in this study is “Robust Logistic Regression”. We implement this method based on two reasons: 1. In panel data, outliers usually exist and they may seriously influence the empirical results. 2. In Logistic Model, outliers are not taken into consideration. The main purpose of implementing “Robust Logistic Regression” in this study is: eliminate the effects caused by the outliers in the data and improve the predictive ability. This study is the first study to implement “Robust Logistic Regression” in PD calculation. The same variables as those in Z-SCORE model are selected in this study. Furthermore, the quality of the revenue in a company is also considered. Therefore, we adjust the related variables with the company’s accounts receivable turnover ratio. Some validation methodologies for default risk models are used in this study. The empirical results of this study show that: In accordance with the in-sample data, implementing “Robust Logistic Regression” in PD calculation indeed improves the predictive ability. Besides, using the adjusted variables can also improve the predictive ability. In the end of this study, some important suggestions are given for the subsequent studies.