INTRODUCTION : Comme dans le cancer, l’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est caractérisée par un phénotype pro-prolifératif et résistant à l’apoptose lié à une altération du métabolisme (effet Warburg) des cellules. Dans le cas de l’HTAP les cellules affectées sont les cellules musculaires lisses des artères pulmonaires (CMLAP). L’obstruction vasculaire des petites artères pulmonaires qui en résulte est responsable de l’augmentation des résistances pulmonaires menant à l’insuffisance cardiaque droite et à la mort prématurée des patients. La protéine FoxO3 est un facteur de transcription dont l’activité et la localisation cellulaire sont modulables, entre autres, par phosphorylation. Dans les cellules cancéreuses, la localisation nucléaire de FoxO3 quand elle n’est pas exclue par phosphorylation a été largement étudiée comme une protéine cruciale pour son rôle suppresseur de tumeur via la régulation de gènes impliqués dans l’apoptose et l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire comme les protéines BIM et P27. En plus de ces fonctions de facteur de transcription, FoxO3 joue un rôle dans le maintien du métabolisme cellulaire, connu pour être reprogrammé en HTAP, notamment en stimulant la synthèse de SOD2, une enzyme responsable de la détoxification mitochondriale. Ainsi FoxO3 est un candidat sérieux pour contrôler le phénotype de type cancer des CMLAP-HTAP. Fait intéressant, AKT et AMPK connus pour être impliqué en HTAP exercent des effets antagonistes sur FoxO3; AKT promeut son exclusion nucléaire tandis que AMPK favorise son accumulation nucléaire et mitochondriale. HYPOTHÈSE : Nous avons ainsi émis l'hypothèse que l'exclusion nucléaire de FoxO3 (secondaire au déséquilibre AKT / AMPK) favorise la reprogrammation métabolique vers la glycolyse conduisant au phénotype pro-prolifératif / résistant à l'apoptose des CMLAP-HTAP et au remodelage vasculaire. MÉTHODES ET RÉSULTATS : Par Western blot (WB) et immunofluorescence sur des CMLAP isolées à la fois de patients HTAP et de patients témoins, nos résultats suggèrent que l'exclusion nucléaire (et mitochondriale) de FoxO3 en raison de sa phosphorylation est une caractéristique des CMLAP-HTAP. In vitro, nous avons démontré que l'activation pharmacologique (localisation nucléaire) de FoxO3 à l'aide d'un adénovirus exprimant une forme constitutivement active et non phosphorylable de FoxO3 ou de la trifluopérazine (TFP) entraînait une réduction de la prolifération des CMLAP-HTAP (marquage Ki67) et de la résistance à l'apoptose (dosage de l'Annexine V). Ces effets sont accompagnés d'une expression potentiellement augmentée de P27 et de SOD2 ainsi qu’une expression diminuée de Survivin. In vivo, nous avons montré que l'activation de FoxO3 à l'aide de la TPF améliore l’HTAP induite chez le rat monocrotaline (diminution de la Pression systolique du ventricule droit (RVSP) et des résistances pulmonaires totales (TPR) et augmentation du volume d’éjection (Sv) et du débit cardiaque (CO)). CONCLUSION : Nos résultats suggèrent que FoxO3 est impliquée dans le remodelage vasculaire pulmonaire. L'activation pharmacologique de FoxO3 peut représenter une nouvelle cible thérapeutique pour améliorer l'HTAP. / INTRODUCTION: Like cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by exaggerated proliferation and resistance to apoptosis related to metabolic alterations (Warburg effect) of pulmonary smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). These anomalies result in a progressive narrowing of the pulmonary arteries, increasing pulmonary resistance and leading to right heart failure and premature death. FoxO3 is a transcription factor whose its activity and localization can be mediated by post translational modifications as phosphorylation. In cancer cells,unphosphorylated and nuclear FoxO3 has been extensively studied as a crucial protein that functions as a tumor suppressor by regulating expression of genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These functions combined with other FoxO3 attributes, including its key role in communicating mitochondrial-nuclear signals, make the FoxO3 a suitable candidate for controlling the cancer-like phenotype of PAH-PASMCs. Interestingly, AKT and AMPK, known to be implicated in PAH, exert antagonistic effects on FoxO3; AKT promotes its nuclear exclusion while AMPK favors its nuclear and mitochondrial accumulation. HYPOTHESIS: We thus made the hypothesis that FoxO3’s nuclear exclusion (secondary to AKT/AMPK imbalance) promotes metabolic reprogramming towards glycolysis leading to enhanced proliferation/resistance to apoptosis of PAH-PASMCs and vascular remodeling. METHODS and RESULTS: Using Western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence in isolated PASMCs from both PAH and control patients, our preliminary data suggest that nuclear (and mitochondrial) exclusion of FoxO3 due to its phosphorylation is a feature of PAH-PASMCs. In vitro, we demonstrated the pharmacological activation (nuclear localization) of FoxO3 using an adenovirus expressing a constitutively active, non-phosphorylable form of FoxO3 or trifluoperazine (TFP) resulted in reduced PAH-PASMC proliferation (Ki67 labeling) and resistance to apoptosis (Annexin V assay). These effects were accompanied with potential effect of P27 and SOD2 and diminished expression of Survivin. In vivo, we showed that FoxO3 activation using TPF improved established PAH in rat model : the monocrotaline rat (reduced RVSP and increased Sv and CO, by right catheterization) without any sign of toxicity. CONCLUSION: We showed that FoxO3 is implicated in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Pharmacological activation of FoxO3 may represent a novel avenue to improve PAH.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-145).

No description available.

Ulm, Univ., Diss., 2007.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-100).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-106).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-98).

This diploma thesis is a part of a project aiming to develop and study specific inhibitors of FOXO3 transcriptional activity. FOXO3 belongs together with FOXO1, FOXO4 and FOXO6 to FOXO subfamily of forkhead family transcription factors. FOXO transcription factors are evolutionary conserved proteins playing important roles in numerous cellular processes, such as apoptosis, cell cycle regulation and metabolism. Due to their ability to induce apoptosis and to block the cell cycle they are considered tumor suppresors. However, it has been shown that increased activity of FOXO proteins is connected with many kinds of cancer. In such cases FOXO proteins function to maintain cell homeostasis. They promote tumor resistance against chemotherapy as well as they speed up its growth. The aim of this project is to develop specific inhibitors able to bind to FOXO3 DNA-binding domain (DBD, residues 156-269) and to block its interaction with target DNA. Development of specific inhibitors of FOXO3 transcriptional programme requires knowledge of solution structure of all FOXO DBDs and detailed insight into their interaction with target DNA. So far crystal structures of complexes of FOXO1, FOXO3 and FOXO4 with target DNA and solution NMR structures of apo DBDs of FOXO3 and FOXO4 have been solved. One of the goals of...

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of trans-membrane receptors that transmit signals from extracellular stimuli to target intracellular signal transduction pathways. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) is a GPCR which binds the decapeptide GnRH. In the pituitary gonadotrope, GnRH stimulates gonadotropin (LH and FSH) biosynthesis and secretion to regulate reproduction. GnRH and the GnRH-Rs are also present in many extra-pituitary tissues, although their role at these sites remains largely undetermined. GnRH-Rs are known to recruit a diverse array of signalling pathway mediators in different cell-types. These include; Gq/11-PLCβ-IP3/DAG-Ca2+/PKC signalling, monomeric G-proteins and integrins to mediate cell adhesion and migration, the activation of the major members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) super-family (extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38MAPK), and β-catenin and other mediators of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. This thesis describes the regulation of Forkhead Box O (FOXO) transcription factors by GnRH. The mammalian FOXO transcription factors, FOXO1, FOXO3a and FOXO4, are emerging as an important family of proteins that modulate the expression of genes involved in cell-cycle regulation, induction of apoptosis, DNA damage repair and response to oxidative stress. In this thesis, emphasis is placed on delineating the novel role of FOXO transcription factors in mediating two important and widely-researched areas of GnRH biology. Firstly, the role of FOXO transcription factors in mediating cell-growth inhibition in response to GnRH treatment is assessed in a heterologous HEK293/GnRH-R expressing cell line. Secondly, the role of transcription factors in regulating luteinising hormone-β (LHβ)-subunit expression is investigated in the LβT2 gonadotrope cell line. Activation of the GnRH-R can inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in certain tumour-derived cell lines. Several studies have reported that these events can occur as a result of changes in the expression profiles of specific cell-cycle regulatory and apoptotic genes, many of which are FOXO-target genes, including GADD45, FasL, p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. In this thesis, a role for FOXOs in targeting the expression of several of these genes in response to GnRH is assessed, highlighting a specific role for FOXO3a in mediating GADD45 and FasL expression. The signalling mechanisms through which FOXO3a regulates GADD45 expression in response to GnRH is also described. Finally, a stable FOXO3a-knock-down cell line was generated in order to further examine FOXO3a involvement in GnRH-induced cell-growth inhibition. GnRH is an essential regulator of the reproductive process by stimulating the synthesis of LH and FSH in pituitary gonadotropes, thereby regulating gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. Diverse signalling pathways have been reported to regulate LHβ-subunit expression in response to GnRH, including the ERK/JNK/p38MAPK cascades and factors such as Egr1, SF1 and β-catenin. In the second part of this thesis, the role of FOXOs in regulating LHβ-subunit expression in response to GnRH is described. The data presented suggests that GnRH can regulate LHβ-subunit expression through both indirect and direct FOXO3a-mediated mechanisms. Firstly, FOXO3a was found to regulate Egr1 expression to indirectly target LHβ-promoter activity. Secondly, a role for β-catenin as a FOXO3a co-factor to directly regulate LHβ-subunit expression, together with Egr1 and SF1, is also proposed. FOXO3a expression and sub-cellular localisation was assessed and demonstrated in LβT2 cells and in adult human male pituitary sections. The research presented in this thesis adds to the diversity of signalling pathways and mediators that GnRH can target in different cellular backgrounds in order to mediate a variety of cellular processes. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of GnRH on tumour-derived cell lines are well-documented, and this research highlights a novel role for FOXO3a in mediating these events. The regulation of gonadotropin synthesis remains an important topic of research, and the novel implication of FOXO3a in mediating LHβ-subunit expression adds further complexity to gonadotrope physiology.

No description available.