Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-110).

Feeding preferences of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki were evaluated on 60 field-collected pecan Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) cultivars. The Moneymaker cultivar of C. illinoinensis was most preferred by C. formosanus, and the degree of feeding on this cultivar was significantly different (P < 0.05) from all other cultivars tested. Creek was the least preferred cultivar, but the degree of feeding was not significantly different from other cultivars. There was a trend for lower consumption by C. formosanus on commercially versus native cultivars. In a multiple-choice test, the Desirable pecan cultivar, was significantly (P less than 0.05) more preferred than southern yellow pine (Pinus palustris), chinaberry (Melia azedarach), and the pecan cultivar, Barton, respectively. The significance is that Formosan termites fed on both pecan cultivars and southern yellow pine which is a commercially important wood. They also fed on chinaberry, which is a commonly used tree in landscape. Coptotermes formosanus were significantly (P less than 0.05) more attracted to green leaf material from the Creek cultivar as compared to the other 50 cultivars tested. However, the Creek cultivar was the least preferred in the consumption test. This suggested that Formosan termites may be attracted to pecan trees and chemicals associated with the wood. It is evident that Formosan termites feed on various types of pecans in agro-ecosystems, this may be attributed to leaf characteristics as well as other factors such as random foraging and swarming behavior. These results further demonstrate that pecan cultivars are at risk to C. formosanus feeding.

Abstract Formosan macaque (Macaca cyclopis) is the endemic and threatening species of Taiwan, but information regarding their social behaviors is rare. Troop fission of macaque¡¦s social behaviors was the rarely and accidental behavior. Two fission of Formosan macaques troops, from B0 and C0, at Mt. Longevity of Taiwan were the objects in this study. Field study was concentrated from November 1999 when fission occurred till May 2000. The records included the troop¡¦s composition changes and interactions of troops after fission, and using these records to infer the reason of troop fission in Formosan macaques. The focal sampling method and scan sampling method were used to collect individuals¡¦ behaviors¡Bsocial behaviors and habitat utilization of four troops¡]main troop B, branch troop Ba, main troop C and branch troop Ca¡^ after fission. Troop B and Ba remained separately six months after fission. But two months after fission, a fusion occurred between troop Ca and troop C. In the phenomenon of fission, the individuals who left the original troop and emigrated to the branch troop were all the subordinate or periphery individuals in the original troops. When they emigrated to the branch troops, their ranks were higher than that of the original troops. Adult females initiated the troop fission, and the other individuals joined later. Compared with the adult male, the composition of troop adult females were much stable and were the nucleus of branch troops. Only the adult sex ratios of troop Ca was lower than that of the original troop. Females delivered infants in branch troops were pregnant before troop fission. These two cases indicated that: fission occurred in Formosan macaque was not due to increasing mating partners or chances, but because of some adult females¡¦ fitness lost in their original troop. After fission, the branch troops, Ba and Ca, were 1/4 ~ 1/5 troop size to the main troop. When main troop B met the branch troop Ba, the behaviors of main troop B indicated troop B was dominant to the branch troop Ba. The main troop B and branch troop Ba had a significant difference in home range using ¡]£q2 = 49.195, d.f.= 14, p< 0.05¡^. The branch troop Ba¡¦ home range was larger than that of the main troop B or of the original troop B0. The difference of night resting-sites between the main troop B and the branch troop Ba was not significant¡]£q2 = 11.6, d.f.= 13, p> 0.598¡^.

­^¤åºK­n The marine sponge Dysidea avara was collected along south seashore area of Kenting. Fractionation of the EtOH extract by using silica gel column chromatografphy and HPLC yielded avarol¡]1¡^ and avarone¡]2¡^. The structure elucidation of 1 and 2 was achieved by NMR¡]300 MHz¡^, EIMS, FABMS, UV, IR and specific rotation. In order to study the structure and activity relationship, compound 1 was acylated to yield a series of avarol derivaties¡]14 ~ 20¡^. In addition, three compounds¡]22 ~ 24¡^ were prepared from methylhydroxyquinone via acylation. Derivatives 14 ~ 20 and 22 ~ 24 were confirmed by spectral methods including NMR, MS, UV and IR as 2¡¦,5¡¦-O -dibenzoylavarol¡]14¡^¡B2¡¦,5¡¦-O-¡ep-chlorobenzoyl¡favarol¡]15¡^¡B2¡¦,5¡¦-O-dicinnamoyl -avarol¡]16¡^¡B2¡¦,5¡¦-O-¡ep-bromobenzoyl¡favarol¡]17¡^¡B2¡¦,5¡¦-O -dioctanoylavarol¡]18¡^¡B2¡¦,5¡¦-O-¡ep-florobenzoyl¡favarol¡]19¡^¡BDiacetylavarol¡]20¡^¡Bmethylhydroxyquinone¡]22¡^¡B2¡¦,5¡¦-O-¡ep-chlorobenzoyl¡fmethylhydroxyquinone¡]23¡^¡Bdiacetylmethylhydroxyquinone¡]24¡^. All of these compounds were send to National Health Research Institute and National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine for antitumor and antiviral tests in vitro. The investigation of their structure and activity relationship is now in progress.

ABSTRACT Field observation and of sound recording of Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at Mt. Longevity were conducted from Oct. 1999 to Oct. 2000. Spectrographic analyses revealed at least 25 basic patterns with 32 different vocal types from a total of 375 hrs recordings (55 hrs for scan sampling and 320 hrs for focal animal sampling). The three most frequent calls in overall vocal repertoire were coo calls (18.59%), hack (17.78%) and contact rattle (11.85%). The other calls included squeak (11.34%), noise and undulated scream (6.61%), sneeze (4.54%), greeting (3.77%), squeal (3.41%), vibrato growl (3.02%), growl (2.86%), cluck (2.54%), female copulation call (2.45%), squawk (2.14%), tonal scream (2.03%), alarm call (1.74%), threat rattle (1.66%), chuckle (0.92%), rise (0.61%), weeping (0.56%), male copulation call (0.32%), babble (0.30%), whine (0.29%), roar (0.27%), bark (0.24%) and mounting grunt (0.15%). Formosan macaques employ a complex vocal system composed of discrete signals as well as graded signals which vocal patterns connected by intermediate gradations. Discrete signal included coo call, greeting, contact rattle, mounting grunt, two copulation calls, babble, whine, weeping. Whereas the graded signals included the aggressive signals (threat rattle, growl, bark, roar, vibrato growl and alarm call), chuckle, the submissive signals (noise and undulated scream, squeal, tonal scream and squeak) and the distress signals (squawk, hack, cluck and sneeze). According to the context of emission, some of vocalizations could be divided into: (1) Affiliative contact calls: The calls, as the coo calls, greeting and contact rattles, may be summarized as affinitive contact calls for reduction and/or maintenance of close proximity between group members. (2) Aggressive calls: The growls, threat rattles and vibrato growls were uttered by dominant animals menacing sub-dominate group mates, members of other groups or other species. (3) Submissive calls: these submissive calls (including the various form of scream, squeal and squeak) with obviously structure differences. Male and female copulation calls and alarm call of M. cyclopis were clearly related to particular interactions or specific external stimulus. The acoustic structures might be influenced by specific social factors, motivation or the arousal state of the callers. The acoustic structure of submissive calls was associated with the aggression with or without physical contact. Noise and undulated scream were usually used in aggressive interactions with physical contact (68%), whereas squeal, tonal scream and two types of squeak were used without physical contact (75%). Age specific difference of vocal behavior seemed to more pronounced than asymmetries between the sexes. Infants have the highest vocal rate (1142.2 vocalizations/10 h) and relative frequency of vocalization (44.58 %) than other age/sex classes and they decreased from infants to adults. With increasing age, visual signals could not only complement vocal signals but also replace the vocal cues. The relative frequency of four vocal patterns (coo call, greeting, squeak and hack) decreased from infants to adults, whereas that of threat rattle and growl increased from infant to adults. On the other hand, there were five vocal patterns (including cluck, sneeze, whine, weeping and babble) only used by juveniles and infants. In addition, seven vocal patterns included squeak (64 %), hack (63.6 %), squawk (76%), cluck (85.7 %), sneeze (90 %), weeping (88 %) and babble (100%) mainly were used by infants. Among them, three vocal patterns (squeak, hack and squawk) were produced mostly by infant II. Only infants used babble. Roar and bark were only present in adults and sub-adults. Obvious sex differences of relative frequencies of vocal patterns occurred in adults, the vocal activity of females consistently higher compared to that of males. In six patterns (vibrato growl, chuckle contact rattle, squeal, squeak and hack), females uttered more often than male peers. Mounting grunts and male copulation calls were exclusively used by adult males whereas female copulation calls were only produced by adult/sub-adult females. Vocalizations were produced/ceased by certain sex/age class that might associate with social organization, morphological feature and circumstances experience. The vocal repertoires of Formosan macaques revealed the high similarities in the species within genus Macaca, especially to M. fuscata, M. mulatta and M. radiata. It may be due to phylogeny, habitats and social organizations.

This study investigated the mother-infant relationships of Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at the Mt. Longevity during the first 24 weeks of infants¡¦ age. The field observation took place from January to November 2002 and from April to December 2003. The total observation time recorded was 450 hours. The death rate of infant males (23.7%) was higher than that of infant females (2.8%). The death rate of infants born at the later period (41.7%) was higher than those of infant born at the earlier and the peak periods (7.7%, 8.2%). The death rate of infants from primiparous females (30.8%, 4/13) was slightly higher than that of infants from multiparous females (9.8%, 6/61, p>0.05). During the observation period, I followed 43 mother-infant dyads, but 5 infants died or disappeared, and only 38 pairs left. Mother¡Vinfant relationships in Formosan macaques were influenced by infant age and sex, matriline size and the number of immature sister of the infant. The percentages of time that mother-infant contact, sucking, mother carrying ,cradle infant, and the percentages of number that contact made by mother and mother restrain infant broken contact were decrease as infants grow older. On the other hand, the percentage of time that mother-infant distance > 1 meter and mother grooming increased as infants older. But mother reject infant contact was not affected by infant¡¦s age. Adult females spent more time carrying female than male infants when infants were one week old. Developments in jumping and eating were seen earlier in male than female infants. The percentages of time in ventro-ventral contact in mother-infant dyads decreased as the number of infants¡¦ immature sisters increased within infants¡¦ first month of age. When a mother wounded, she spent less time in contacts with her infant; however, when the infant wounded, mother¡Vinfant dyads spent more time in contacts. The data provide a better fit to the Reciprocity hypothesis because the percentage of the female (87.3%, 234/268) to take care of infants was higher than male (12.7%). The percentage of the adult female (allomother) to take care of female infants (59.0%, 79/134 ) is higher than taking care of male infants (41.0%, p<0.005 ). The percentage of the adult female that takes care of non-blood related infants (81.6%, 71/87) is considerably higher than the percentage of taking care of blood-related infants (18.4%, p<0.0001). The percentage of adult female that grabs infants roughly (87.4%, 83/95) is higher than juvenile female (7.4%, 7/95 ).

The impacts that environmental factors brought to the population of the Formosan landlocked salmon are discussed in this paper and the evidence results indicate that the air temperature and typhoon have taken negative effect during past 15 years. Under the population simulations, without considering the environmental factors, it is clear that the population growth rate tends towards a steady state in the long run. On the contrary, the population would be in decline or suffer the extermination while we consider those factors.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-110). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xii, 110 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Our chemical investigation on the soft coral Sinularia facile which was collected off the coast of Kengting, Taiwan, has led to the isolation of ten metabolites 1¡Ð10, including four cembranoids and six polyhydroxylated steroids. Cembranoids isolated are two new natural compounds, (3E,7E,11E,15E)-cembra-3,7,11,15-tetraen-1-ol (1) and (1R*,12R*,3E,7E,10E,15E)-cembra-3,7,10,15-tetraen-12-ol (2), and two known compounds diepoxycembrene A (3) and isocembrol A (4). Moreover, five new polyhydroxylated steroids, cholest-5-ene-1£\,3£]-diol- 11£\-monoacetate (5), cholesta-5,24-diene-1£\,3£] -diol-11£\-monoacetate (6), cholesta-5,24-diene-1£\,3£]-11£\-triol (7), 24- methylenecholesta-5-ene-1£\, 3£]-diol-11£\,18-diacetate (8) and 24(S)- methylcholest-5-ene-1£\,3£]-diol- 11£\-monoacetate (9), and one known compound, 24-methylenecholest-5- ene-1£\,3£],11£\-triol (10). The chemical structures of these compounds (1¡Ð10) were elucidated by spectroscopic evidences (IR, MS, 1D NMR, and 2D NMR) and by comparison of the spectral data of these compounds in the literature. Cytotoxicity of these compounds toward various cancer cell lines has also been determined.

The Japan-British Exhibition was held at the White City, Shepherd’s Bush, London from May 14 to October 29, 1910. This exhibition was held 15 years after Japan’s acquisition of Taiwan as her first colony, and it was a great opportunity for Japan to show her successful management of Taiwan to the world. In this event, while Japanese industries and cultures were widely introduced, the ‘Formosan Hamlet’ was reconstructed and some Taiwanese aborigines showed their life, performed their war dance, and mimicked battles in front of visitors there.