This thesis deals with current issues in the field of nature conservation, t. i. landscape fragmentation due to transport infrastructure in selected model areas in the Czech Republic. The project also evaluates the issue of landscape structure and its development with a focus on individual landscape elements and their characteristics. The thesis focuses on the impact of landscape fragmentation on dimensionally small organisms. Model locations are cadastral areas of two popular tourist destinations in the South Bohemian Region at Lipensko site. The target organisms were invertebrates, common representatives of families Carabidae and Formicidae. Occurence of those species is typical for these areas. Landscape structure of the two areas and its changes during a period of sixty years has been defined by analyzing the document. Existence of suitable habitat for various kinds of target species was calculated through Meff index. Obtained values represent a numerical expression of the existence of suitable areas for the studied organisms in both locations. Interviews conducted in model areas also pointed out to a very low public awareness of the issue of landscape fragmentation.

This thesis deals with the landscape fragmentation in relation to the spatial and migration requirements of large carnivores in Western Carpathians region. Based on the data of the model species (Lynx Lynx) occurrence and selected environmental factors, the habitat suitability for Lynx Lynx is discussed using the Maxent habitat model. Employing the Effective Mesh Size method, the current landscape fragmentation caused by the transport infrastructure and urban development is studied in detail in terms of the fragmentation geometry. In addition to the analysis of measure of the current fragmentation, this thesis also includes a prediction of development of the landscape fragmentation in relation to the planned large transport constructions up to the year 2030. Comparing the habitat suitability model with the measure of current landscape fragmentation, the areas with the greatest potential of the Lynx Lynx permanent occurrence as well as the problematic areas in view of the dispersion and individuals migration are determined. Comparing the habitat suitability model with the prognosis of development of the landscape fragmentation, the impact of the planned road constructions on the suitable habitat is assessed.

This diploma thesis presents a tool for dynamic memory allocator analysis, focused on their performance. The work identifies the important memory allocator performance metrics, as well as the environment and program factors influencing these metrics. Using this knowledge, a tool was designed and implemented. This tool allows to gather and analyze these metrics. The tool provides the ability to create memory allocator usage scenarios for the purpose of the allocator behavior analysis under different conditions. The tool was tested on several available memory allocators with free license.

The European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) (hereinafter EGS) is under the Law on Nature Protection and is included as a critically endangered into the Red List of Endangered Species. In the Czech Republic, which represents the northwestern border of the species range, EGS currently occurs on 34 localities, which are relatively small and isolated from each other. The spread of this species to central Europe was connected with neolithic deforestation. Disjunctive type of distribution of EGS was caused by strong decline of its abundance during the second half of the 20th century due to changes in field management, fragmentation of landscape and other factors. It can be expected that this process left traces on the genetic structure of EGS populations. The major objective of this study was a detailed analysis of genetic variability of EGS populations in the Czech Republic and searching for corelations with available data about its biology and demography. It was used 13 microsatellite loci and in total were processed 408 samples from 27 localities in CZ and 3 samples from one Hungarian locality as an outgroup. With aid of various methods, details of substructure and diferentiation of individual populations, genetic variability, degree of inbreeding and geographic distribution of genetic variability...

The diploma thesis focuses on analysis of fatty alcohols with mass spectrometry. Theoretical part describes distribution, main properties, usage and analytical methods for analysis of fatty alcohols. Experimental work focuses on the search for a proper derivatisation procedure for fatty alcohols, which would enable their detection with soft ionisation techniques of mass spectrometry, as well as their structural analysis. The main aim of the structural analysis is to find the methyl branching in the fragmentation spectra of derivatives of the fatty alcohols.

Bats (Chiroptera) are usually considered as a group greatly endangered by destructing their habitats through the human activity. However, a significant part of bat species at the central Europe use human buildings as shelters, moreover the natural shelters are marginal or unknown in several species. Considering the linkage of the great part of our bat species to the fragmented area and in connection with a long term human influence on the central european landscape we ask whether at least part of our species see human activity through providing proper shelters as positive. Based on the analysis of landscape structure and ruggedness effect on density, diversity and population structure of bat assamblages acquired by standardized mist net captures located in lowlands (elevations below 500 m) of Czech Republic (204 localities, 3585 bats, 22 bat species), we found that even though most of reactions were species specific and few species seemed to be positively associated with urban environments, most of the bat species rely on the broad-leaved forest cover and other natural habitats such as water bodies. The most significant factor influencing sexual segregation for bats was ruggedness of surrounding landscape. Keywords: Bats, Chiroptera, fragmentation, Europe, temperate zone

The diploma thesis analyzes the issues of voluntary consolidation of municipal structures in the European countries. The period between the 1990 and 2013 was chosen as the time frame for the thesis because of the possibility to incorporate the countries of the former Soviet bloc to comparison. The text is divided into two main parts, where different perspectives are used. The first part is mainly theoretical using the top-down, state-focused perspective. The European countries are distributed into different categories according to the type and degree of voluntariness in the consolidation process. The cases of the countries are individually analyzed to illustrate the tools and factors that influenced success or failure of the municipal merger processes. The second part of the text, using the bottom-up perspective, is focused on the individual cases of the municipal amalgamation in the Czech Republic. It describes every case alone and analyzes assumptions and factors affecting decisions of small municipalities to merge. The combination of the two perspectives allows creating a basic set of strategies and instructions which, under certain circumstances, may convince small municipalities to merge.

A vast range of factors shape the genetic structure of plant populations. In this thesis, I focus on two of them. The first factor, polyploidization, is a process of chromosome set multiplication through whole-genome duplication within a single species (autopolyploids) or hybridization of two different species (allopolyploids). It rapidly brings changes into genomes, allowing species to occupy distinct niches, adapt to new habitats, colonize them, or adapt to changing environment in their native range. But it comes at a certain cost - difficulties in mitosis and meiosis, changes in cellular architecture. Furthermore, after cytotype establishment, new individuals have to deal with cytotype exclusion effect, competition with parental individuals and higher nutrition requirements. In this thesis, I present the effect of polyploidization on populations of three species- Arabidopsis arenosa, Aster amellus and Festuca rubra. The second factor changing the population genetic structure presented in this thesis is the fragmentation of populations. Population fragmentation can be caused by natural or anthropogenic activities and often leads to overall reduction in population size and reduced connectivity among fragments. Restricted gene flow may threaten long-term population survival due to inbreeding...

The aim of this thesis is the literature review and comparing the projects of land consolidation in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. This work is based on the available literature, databases of public institutions and documents of Land office in Slovak Republic a private engineering office GEOPOZEM CB IN Budweis. The thesis includes the short history of the land consolidation until year 1993, when Czechoslovakia was split for two countries. Subsequently, the work is focused on individual files land consolidation, separately within the Czech and Slovak Republic, the selection of criteria for the comparison of various projects of land consolidation and analyzing the specific parameters describing the content of chosen land consolidation.

The aim of the work was to describe the biodiversity of model groups of organisms (vascular plants, epigeic beetles and small mammals) in six transect crossing the two year old high way situated close to the town Písek (South Bohemia). The different methods were used for studied groups (phytocenological mapping, pitfall traps and mousetraps). The results documented the possibility of all studied organisms for the quick recolonization of new biotopes beside of the high way.